Change & Crisis
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Transcript of Change & Crisis
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Change & CrisisCusp of the
Renaissance1000s-1400s
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Main Points• Feudalism declines• Democratic tradition evolves in
England and France• Europe is torn apart by plague,
war, and religious strife
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Feudalism Declines• Growing Food Supply• Guilds• Commercial Revolution• Urban Life• Revival of Learning
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Feudalism Declines: Growing Food Supply
• Horsepower
• Three-Field System
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Feudalism Declines: Guilds• Merchant guilds
– Control # of goods being traded
– Set prices
• Craft guilds– Apprentice,
Journeyman, Master
– Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions
• Economically/socially/politically influential
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Feudalism Declines: Commercial Revolution
• Expansion of trade and business
• Fair Days
• Banking
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Feudalism Declines: Urban Life
• 1000-1150 – population increases from 30,000,000 to 42,000,000
• Merchant Class/Burghers
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Feudalism Declines: Revival of Learning
• Muslim connection
• Universities
• Thomas Aquinas & the Scholastics
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England: Back Story
• Many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms/feudal states until 800s
• Growth of towns & villages leads to more centralized government
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England: Early Invasions
• 800s: Danish Vikings• 870s: Alfred the Great
establishes England• 1016: Danish Vikings
return• 1042: Edward takes the
throne, but dies without heir
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1066 – Norman Conquest (William the Conqueror)
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England: Government• Goals
– hold & acquire
French land
– Strengthen power over nobles and the Church
• Henry II (r. 1154-1189) & Eleanor of Aquitaine
Henry II depicted in Cassell's
History of England (1902)
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England: Government• Juries – King Henry II
• Common Law – King Henry II
• Magna Carta (1215) – King John
– No taxation without representation
– Trial by a jury of peers
– Protection of the law
• Parliament (1295) – King Edward I
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France: Back Story
• Post-Charlemagne: French counts and dukes rule lands as feudal lords
• 987: last Carolingian,
Louis the Sluggard, died
• Hugh Capet established Capetian Dynasty
• 987-1328
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France: Philip II (r. 1180-1223)
• Goal: weaken power of English kings
• Seized Normandy from King John in 1204 – went on to triple land in his control
• Central Government– Royal Bailiffs
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France: Louis IX & Philip IV
• Centralization
• Estates General
BUT LET’S NOT GET AHEAD OF OURSELVES…
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Disasters: Church Divided (1300s)
• Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII
• Avignon popes weaken the Church
• “A Roman, a Roman, we want a Roman.”
• Urban VI vs. Clement VII – The Great Schism
• 1414: Great Schism ends with election of Martin V
• Church permanently weakened
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Disasters: Hundred Years’ War• Last Capetian king
dies without an heir• Edward III (king of
England) claims French throne as grandson of Philip IV
• French put forth Philip VI as King
• War 1337-1453• Real Cause: Chivalry
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Disasters: Hundred Years’ War
• Early English victories – better organized, better army, industrialized
• French make a comeback and win
• Joan of Arc
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Disasters: Hundred Years’ War
• Impact:–Nationalism–Monarch’s power increases– Internal turmoil for England–End of the Middle Ages ???
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Next up….
RENAISSANCE