Chang Te-hui and his journey toQaraqorum at the summons of Qubilai Qan

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Authors Sontag, Richard Marton, 1947-

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CHANG TE-HUI AND HIS JOURNEY TO QARAQORUM

AT. THE•SUMMONS OF QUBILAI QAN

by

. R ichard M arton S on tag

A The s i s . S u b m itt ed t o t h e F a c u lty o f th e

DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES

In P a r t ia l F u l f i l lm e n t o f th e R eq u irem en ts For th e D egree o f .

MASTER OF ARTS

In th e G raduate C o l l e g e .

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1

1 9 7 8

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

T h is t h e s i s has been su b m itte d in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f r e q u ire m en ts f o r an advanced d e g ree a t The U n iv e r s i t y o f A rizon a and ■ i s d e p o s i t e d in th e U n iv e r s ity : L ib ra ry to be made a v a i la b l e to b orrow ers under r u le s o f th e L ib ra ry .

B r ie f q u o ta t io n s from t h i s t h e s i s a re a l lo w a b le w ith o u t s p e c ia l p e r m is s io n , p r o v id e d t h a t a c c u r a te acknow ledgm ent o f s o u r c e i s made. R eq u ests f o r p e r m is s io n f o r ex ten d ed q u o ta t io n from Or r e p r o d u c tio n o f t h i s m a n u scr ip t in w hole or in p a r t may be g r a n ted by th e head o f th e m ajor d epartm ent or t h e Dean o f th e G raduate C o lle g e when in h i s ju d g ­ment th e p rop osed u se o f th e m a te r ia l i s in t h e ' . i n t e r e s t s o f s c h o la r s h ip In a l l o th e r in s t a n c e s , h ow ever, p e r m is s io n m ust be o b ta in e d from th e a u th o r . 1

SIGNED:

.APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR . .

T h is t h e s i s has been approved on th e d a te shown b e lo w : *

' C. H. H edtke (A c tin g D ir e c to r )

A s s o c ia te . P r o fe s s o r o f O r ie n ta l S tu d ie s

PREFACE

The s tu d y o f th e C h in e s e ■la n g u a g e a n d -c u ltu r e i s a v e r y d i f f i c u l t

t a s k .which i s t o t a l l y im p o s s ib le w ith o u t th e e f f o r t s o f an e n l ig h t e n e d

f a c u l t y . I w ou ld , in p a r t i c u l a r , l i k e t o thank Dr. S tep h en H. W est,

my t h e s i s d i r e c t o r , . la n g u a g e p r o f e s s o r and good f r i e n d , f o r h i s c o n s ta n t ..

e n th u s ia sm and d e v o t io n t o t h i s p r o j e c t . D r s . J in g -s h e n . Tao and

C h a rle s H edtke were on my o r a ls co m m ittee and made many u s e f u l s u g g e s ­

t io n s . c o n c e r n in g t h is , p r o j e c t . . I w ould a l s o l i k e t o th an k H eather

Murphy f o r t y p in g th e f i n a l c o p y . A l l my lo v e t o my w i f e , C on n ie , f o r .

draw ing th e map and f o r p r o v id in g th e i n s p i r a t i o n , s u p p o r t , and

u n d e r s ta n d in g n e c e s s a r y f o r me t o c o m p le te t h is , p r o j e c t . ..

I have u se d th e modern W ad e-G iles sy s te m o f r o m a n iz a t io n as

found in R ob ert Henry M athew s' , M athew s1 C h in e s e -E n g l is h D ic t io n a r y

(Harvard- U n iv e r s i t y P r e s s , 1963) f o r th e r o m a n iz a t io n o f C h in ese

c h a r a c t e r s . The r o m a n iz a t io n o f Mongol names f o l lo w s th e Y u a n -sh ih

(K uo-fang e d . , T a ip e i , 1 9 6 7 ) . The c i t a t i o n s a re in a cc o rd w ith th e

H arvard J o u r n a l o f A s i a t i c S tu d ie s -S ty le S h e e t .

T here w ere s e v e r a l p l a c e s a lo n g Chang T e - h u i1s r o u t e , in Mon­

g o l i a , t h a t I was u n a b le t o l o c a t e . F or c o n t in u i t y , I h a v e in c lu d e d them

in th e map and h ave marked them w ith an a s t e r i s k (* ) d e n o t in g t h a t t h e s e

are ap p rox im ate p o s i t i o n s o n ly .

i i i

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

; ; Page

ABSTRACT . . . . . . ........................................ . . . . . ................................... V

1 . HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 . BIOGRAPHY OF CHANG TE-HUI .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3 . TEXTUAL ACCOUNT . . . ......................... .......................................................................... 13

4 . A N A L Y S IS .................... .... ................................................. .... . . . . . . . . . . 18

5 . ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF CHANG TE-HUI'S"A RECORD OF A JOURNEY BEYOND THE NORTHERN RANGES" ......................... 25

From C hen-yang, The B eg in n in g o f th e J o u r n e y ..............................25From Chung-shan t o th e O-hu Range ............................................................27The Sand Dunes N orth d f P o - l o ..................................................................... 29F ish Marsh and th e P r in c e s s ' Summer P a la c e ................................... 31Lu-chu R iv er and B lack M ountain .............................. .................................. 32From B lack M ountain to Qaraqorum ................................... . . . . . 34The T* a-m i R iv e r , th e S ton e C airn and

Q u b i la i ls Tent P a la c e and Summer R e tr e a t ................................... 35Q u e stio n s and Answers in th e Royal C ourt: I - -

A D is c u s s io n o f W hether o r Not th e Chin D yn asty Was L ost B ecau se o f T h e ir T ru st andEmployment o f C on fu cian S c h o la r s ....................................................... 37

The S e a so n a l S a c r i f i c e and th e C h ih -sun F e a s t .............................. 40Q u e stio n s and Answers in th e Royal C ourt: I I - -

D is c u s s io n s on Why One V e n e r a tes C on fu ciu s and How t o S e l e c t and Use S t e a d fa s t T a le n t t o P a c ify and S e t t l e China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

S a c r i f i c e o f th e Fourth Month and That Which I s Seen o f th e G eneral C o n d it io n s o f Q u b i la i ' s Changing Tent (Camps) f o r W inter and Summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

The Announcement to R eturn and th e SecondRecommendation o f Men o f T a le n t . . . . . .................... . . . 46

A G eneral Record o f Im p ress io n s o f th eN orthern T r a v e l s ......................... .....................................................................48

APPENDIX A: CHANG TE-HUI'S TRAVELING ROUTE FROM CHEN-YANGTO QARAQORUM...................................................................... . . . 50

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 52

i v

ABSTRACT

As th e M ongols c o n q u e r e d .C h in a , t h e y r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e i r :

t r a d i t i o n a l means f o r g o v e r n in g th e s te p p e w ere in ad eq u ate : when .a p p l ie d

t o th e h ig h ly s o p h i s t i c a t e d C h in ese s t a t e . The M ongols r e c o g n iz e d t h a t

in o r d e r f o r them t o s o lv e t h i s prob lem i t was n e c e s s a r y to adopt

t r a d i t i o n a l C h in ese g o v ern m en ta l fo r m s . To a c h ie v e t h i s , t h e M ongols

n o t o n ly em ployed l o c a l C h in ese a d m in is t r a t o r s , b u t a l s o s e n t f o r p e o p le

who ■w ere n o te d fo r t h e i r e x p e r t i s e in g o v ern m en t' t o i n s t r u c t them in

C h in ese b u r e a u c r a t ic t r a d i t i o n s . In t h i s way. C h 'a n g -c h 'u n came t oH M ft - ■

C in g g is Qan, Y e h - lu C h 'u - t s ' a i t o O godei and Chang T e -h u i t o Q u b i la i . ■

. The r o le o f t h e s e t r a v e l e r s and th e r e c o r d s o f t h e i r jo u r n e y s

e n jo y a u n iq u e r o le w it h in th e fram ework o f p rim ary s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s . .

U n lik e , o th e r h i s t o r i c a l d o cu m en ts , su ch as th e d y n a s t ic h i s t o r i e s ,

th e y a re contem porary a c c o u n ts o f e v e n ts and p la c e s t h a t h ave b een

a c t u a l l y w it n e s s e d by th e t r a v e l e r s . . As s u c h , th e y p r o v id e a r a r e

b le n d o f p e r s o n a l i n s i g h t w ith h i s t o r i c a l o b j e c t i v i t y and a re in v a lu a b le

t o o l s in f u r t h e r in g th e s e a r c h f o r a g r e a t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f s p e c i f i c

p e r io d s in h i s t o r y .

v-

CHAPTER 1

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

"Terrajin u n it e d th e t r i b e s o f M o n g o lia and was e l e c t e d Qan

( i . e . , C in g g is Qan) a t th e q u r i l t a i , o f a ssem b ly o f M ongol p r in c e s and

n o b le s , o f 1206 . He th en d e c id e d t o a t t a c k N orth C h in a , and by 1209

.had fo r c e d th e H s i-H s ia K ing, Li A n -ch 'u an ( r . 1 2 0 6 -1 2 1 1 ) in t o v a s s a la g e .

" nIn 1211 C in g g is began h i s a t ta c k " a g a in s t th e C h in . The O n g u t 's , '

a T u rk ic N e s to r ia n t r i b e who w ere e n t r u s t e d w ith t h e d e f e n s e o f th e

n o r th e rn f r o n t i e r ( S h a n s i . p r o v in c e ) by th e C h in , a l l i e d th e m s e lv e s w ith

C in g g is ,, p r o v id in g him w ith e a s y e n tr y i n t o . Chin t e r r i t o r y . T hroughout

1 212 , th e M ongols d e s tr o y e d , th e Chin d e f e n s e s a lo n g th e G reat W all and

in th e f r o n t i e r r e g io n s o f n o r th e r n S h a n s i and H op ei. Then in 1215 ,

C in g g is d iv id e d h i s army in t o th r e e g r o u p s . The C en ter was le d by

C in g g is and h i s y o u n g e s t s o n T u lu i ; th e L e ft was com m anded.by h i s

b r o th e r J o c i- Q a s u r ; and th e R ig h t was. commanded by h i s so n s J O c i, .'" , ,

C h a g a ta i, and O g o d e i. T hese t h r e e f o r c e s marched, th ro u g h S h a n s i,

H o p e i, and S h an tu n g , com ing to g e th e r , a t Y en -ch in g (modern P ek in g ) in

1

1 . The in fo r m a tio n f o r t h i s s e c t i o n has b een c u l l e d fro m :R en e: G r o u s s e t ,: D ie J e n g h iz - lO ia n ite M ongols (The E m pires o f th e S te p p e ,V o l . 2 , New B ru n sw ick , 1 9 7 0 ) , pp . 2 2 6 -2 5 9 ; Igor, de R a c h e w il t z , " P e r so n n e l and P e r s o n a l i t i e s in N orth C hina in th e E a r ly Mongol P e r io d ," J o u r n a l o f th e Econom ic and S o c ia l H is to r y o f th e O r ie n t , 9 , 8 8 -1 4 4 (1 9 6 6 ); and Henry II. H ow orth, . The M ongols P roper and th e Kalmuks (H is t o r y o f th e . M on go ls, V o l . 1 , . London, 1 8 7 6 ) , pp . 4 9 - 1 8 6 .•

1.

2

1 214 . The M o n g o ls , s t i l l in e x p e r ie n c e d and u n p rep ared f o r s i e g e w ar- •,

f a r e , f a i l e d t o ta k e th e c a p i t a l a t Y e n -c h in g , and C in g g is a c c e p te d th e

p e a c e p r o p o s a l made by th e Chin em peror H su a n -tsu n g ( r . 1 2 1 3 -1 2 2 3 ) and

began th e r e tu r n t o M o n g o lia .

A f t e r th e M ongols had l e f t , H su a n -tsu n g , c o n s id e r in g Y e n -c h in g

u n s a f e , moved th e c a p i t a l t o P i e n - l ia n g (modern K a if e n g ) . C in g g is ,

.h e a r in g about th e r e t r e a t a c r o s s th e Y e llo w R iv e r , .c o n s id e r e d ■t h e ' move

a b rea ch o f th e p e a c e .'a g reem en t and r e tu r n e d to la y . s i e g e t o Y e n -c h in g ,

and when th e- g o v ern o r o f Y e n -c h in g com m itted s u ic id e , in 1 2 1 5 , th e c i t y

f e l l .

At t h i s t im e C in g g is s h i f t e d h i s m ajor cam paigns w estw ard , b u t

- b e fo r e he l e f t he p la c e d th e g e n e r a ls M uqali and -Sumuqa in command o f

th e arm ies in C h in a , and th ey , c o n t in u e d t h e w ar a g a i n s t . t h e Chin w i t h . .

c o n s id e r a b le s u c c e s s . A f t e r M u q a li's d e a th in 1223 th e war in China

bogged down, a l lo w in g th e Chin t o r e c a p tu r e some o f t h e i r t e r r i t o r y '

and t o r e b u i l d . t h e i r d e f e n s e s . The army in C hina was now commanded

by M u q a li's s o n , Bo.l,

C in g g is r e tu r n e d t o M o n g o lia in 1 225 . In 1226 he u se d th e

r e f u s a l o f th e H si-H sia ; K ing t o sen d t r o o p s f o r t h e w e s te r n cam paign

as a p r e t e x t t o renew t h e a t t a c k a g a in s t them . B y .1227 th e H s i-H s ia

c a p i t a l , N in g - h s ia , was b e s ie g e d . I t was a t t h i s t im e , w h ile in summer •

r e t r e a t , t h a t C in g g is d ie d . S h o r t ly a f te r w a r d , N in g - h s ia f e l l and th e

M ongols becam e th e m a s te r s o f t h a t t e r r i t o r y . The s u b ju g a t io n o f th e

Chin em pire now f e l l in t o th e hands o f C in g g is * s u c c e s s o r , h i s t h ir d

son, O god ei.

3

O godei was e l e c t e d G reat Qan a t th e q u r l l t a i o f 1229 . In 1230ii ,,

he began th e f i n a l t h r u s t a g a in s t th e C h in . In 1232 O godei d iv id e d h i s

f o r c e s , , s e n d in g h i s b r o th e r T u lu i around th e f la n k s o f th e Chin army

" iiso h e c o u ld a t ta c k from th e s o u th . O g o d e i, m ea n w h ile , p r e s s e d th e

a t ta c k from th e n o r th . P i e n - l i a n g , th e Chin c a p i t a l , was b e s ie g e d by -

th e M ongol g e n e r a l S u b o te i . By t h i s t im e , th e M ongols w ere u s in g

c a t a p u l t s ,- n a p th a , and su ch o th e r s i e g e im p lem en ts a s to w e r s , t o a t t a c k

f o r t i f i e d c i t i e s . .The Chin em peror f l e d t h e c i t y and K a ife n g , a f t e r' 2 •

. o f f e r i n g s t i f f •r e s i s t a n c e , . f e l l in 1 233 . The Sung governm ent saw an

o p p o r tu n ity t o r id th e m s e lv e s o f th e Chin and s e n t t r o o p s to a id th e

M o n g o ls . The Chin em p eror, f in d in g , h im s e l f tra p p e d in h i s l a s t f o r t i ­

f i e d c i t y , com m itted s u i c i d e .a s th e M ongols b egan t h e i r f i n a l s i e g e . ••

H is d ea th s ig n a le d th e end o f th e Chin d y n a s ty and t h e b e g in n in g o f t:

th e M ongol r e ig n o v e r N orth C hina.

D uring th e war a g a in s t th e C h in , t h e M ongols had t o s o lv e th e

prob lem o f o r g a n iz in g and a d m in is t e r in g th e l o c a l p o p u la t io n in th e

con q u ered t e r r i t o r i e s . The M ongols' m ethod o f d e a l in g w ith t h i s

s i t u a t i o n was to em ploy d e f e c t o r s , e sp ec ia lly governm ent o f f i c i a l s and

le a d e r s o f l o c a l m i l i t i a . The s a f e t y .a n d w e l l - b e in g o f th e p o p u la t io n

was th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e s e men, who w ere o f t e n in c o n t r o l o f w h o le

c o u n t ie s o r la r g e r com m an d eries. S in c e th e M ongols had e s t a b l i s h e d t h e 2

2 . For a v i v i d a c c o u n t o f th e f a l l o f P i e n - l i a n g , s e e L iu C h ' i , K u e i-c h ' j e n - c h ih (C h ih - p u - t s u - c h a i - t s 1u n g -s h u , T a i p e i , 1968) chuan 1 1 .

4

p r a c t i c e o f s la u g h t e r in g a l l who r e s i s t e d them , t h e s e le a d e r s had

u s u a l ly v o l u n t a r i l y su r r e n d e r e d in o r d e r to sa v e th e l i v e s o f th e p e o p le

under: them .

The d e f e c t o r s w ere u s u a l ly r e t a in e d in t h e i r p r e v io u s p o s i t i o n s

by th e M on go ls, who r e c o g n iz e d t h a t t h e y a lr e a d y had a u t h o r i t y and th e

r e s p e c t o f th e p e o p le . For t h i s r e a s o n , t h e s e d e f e c t o r s w ere e f f e c t i v e

in t e r m e d ia r ie s b etw een th e M ongols and th e l o c a l p o p u la t io n , and t h e r e ­

fo r e g r e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e d t h e p r o c e s s o f e x a c t in g men and goods n eed ed

f o r th e M ongol c a m p a ig n s . As v ie w e d by th e M ongols and t h e i r a d v i s o r s ,

th e r e t e n t io n o f t h e s e men in p o s i t i o n s o f a u t h o r i t y was a means t o

in s u r e th e c o n t in u a t io n o f l o c a l s t a b i l i t y .. '

When C in g g is w ith d rew from N orth China, a f t e r th e f a l l o f .

Y en -e h in g and' s h i f t e d h i s cam paign w estw a rd , he to o k w ith him a la r g e

c o n t in g e n t o f h i s arm y, th e r e b y s e v e r e ly r e d u c in g th e number o f M ongol

o f f i c e r s and t r o o p s l e f t t o .c o n t i n u e t h e ■war a g a in s t th e C h in . T h is ,

in tu r n ,, le d t o an. even g r e a te r r e l i a n c e , on th e p a r t o f C in g g is ' ■

4g e n e r a ls r e m a in in g in N o r t h .C h in a ,. on th e d e f e c t o r s . T h ese e v e n ts

r e s u l t e d in th e d e f e c t o r s t a k in g a la r g e r r o l e in t h e a d m in is t r a t io n o f

th e s u b ju g a te d a r e a s . They r e l i e d on th e M ongols w here m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s 3 4

3 . The r e a so n s f o r s u r r e n d e r in g w e r e : 1). th e y saw t h a t fh e • . f a l l o f th e Chin was . im m in en t; 2) t h e y s i e z e d upon t h i s s i t u a t i o n t o .. r e b e l a g a i n s t t h e i r , t r a d i t i o n a l enemy ( t h i s r e f e r s t o th e • Kh.ita n ) ; and 3) th e y d e f e c t e d in o r d e r t o be w ith t h e i r r e l a t i v e s a lr e a d y in th e hands o f th e M on go ls. See de R a c h e w il t z , " P e r so n n e l and P e r s o n a l i -

. t i e s , " . 1 0 6 -1 0 7 . -

4 . T h is h as le d de R a c h e w iltz t o doub t w h e th e r .th e M ongols c o u ld have h e ld th e con q u ered t e r r i t o r y in N orth C hina w ith o u t th e aid . o f t h e s e d e f e c t o r s . I b id , 1 1 8 -1 1 9 . -

5

w ere c o n c e r n e d , b u t w ere p e r m it te d t o manage th e a d m in is t r a t iv e a f f a i r s

o f t h e i r d i s t r i c t s w ith o u t any i n t e r f e r e n c e .

T h is same s i t u a t i o n had o c c u r r e d in th e M ongol s te p p e d u r in g

th e r i s e o f C in g g is Qan. The le a d e r s o f d i f f e r e n t c la n s and t r i b e s ,

who o f th e ir .o w n v o l i t i o n had s h i f t e d t h e i r l o y a l t y t o C in g g i s , w ere

a llo w e d to r e t a in hegem ony o v er t h e i r own p e o p le and p o s s e s s i o n s .

They, were; g iv e n t i t l e s and s e a l s o f a u th o r ity ,; and . t h e ir . 'p o s i t io n s w ere .

h e r e d i t a r y . The C h in e s e -d e f e c to r s ,- h a v in g g iv e n t h e i r a l l e g i a n c e •

W ithout r e s i s t a n c e , t o th e .M o n g o ls , w ere a cco rd ed th e same p r i v i l e g e s a s ■

w ere t h e i r s te p p e c o u n t e r p a r t s . They w ere awarded th e same t i t l e s

and s e a l s , and , in f a c t , becam e, so e n tr e n c h e d in t h e i r p o s i t i o n s t h a t ■

th e y w ere o f t e n a b le t o p a s s on t h e i r t i t l e s and la n d h o ld in g s t o t h e i r

s o n s .' ' -

. A f t e r th e d em ise o f th e C h in , t h e s e C h in ese o v e r lo r d s , or

m y ria rch s (wan-.hu)' ,. v iew ed th e m s e lv e s a s th e p r o t e c t o r s o f C h in ese c u l ­

tu r e , a n d , . as s u c h , . s t a f f e d t h e i r a d m in is t r a t io n s w ith C h in ese' o f f i c i a l s

and p a t r o n iz e d u p r o o te d s c h o l a r s .5

One su ch man was S h ih T ' i e n - t s e . • S h ih d e f e c t e d t o .th e -M o n g o ls

" nin 1 2 1 3 .- When O godei resum ed th e war a g a in s t th e . C h in , h e d i v id e d t h e

C h in ese army in t o t h r e e g r o u p s , th e l e f t , r ig h t and c e n t e r . S h ih was

a p p o in te d t o th e command o f t h e c e n t e r army and w a s■ g iv e n 1 th e rank o f

m y ria rch . Sh ih em erged as one o f th e m ost p o w er fu l C h in e se o v e r lo r d s 0 * 6

71

5 .. -H is b io g r a p h y , i s found in . th e Yuan s h ih (P o -n a , e d . ,) ,1 5 5 ;1 0 a -1 8 a . H e r e a f te r th e Yuan sh ih w i l l be c i t e d as YS•

6 . de- R a c h e w iltz , •’•'P erson n el and P e r s o n a l i t i e s ," 1 2 1 .

■and, in f a c t , became so p o w er fu l and i n f l u e n t i a l t h a t he becam e one o f

th e two C h in ese t o h o ld th e p o s t o f prim e m in i s t e r d u r in g th e Yuan

d y n a s ty . S h ih 's p o s i t i o n and p a tr o n a g e o f C h in ese o f f i c i a l s and

l i t e r a t i f ig u r e s p r o m in e n t ly in Chang T e - h u i 's l i f e , f o r i t was in th e

h e a d q u a r te r s o f S h ih T ' i e n - t s e , a f t e r th e f a l l o f P i e n - l i a n g , t h a t

Chang T e -h u i was f i r s t em p loyed . 7

7 . J in g -s h e n T ao, The Ju rch en in T w e lf th -C e n tu r y C hina: A S tu d y o f S i n i c i z a t i o n ( S e a t t l e and .London, 1976) , p . 9 7 . ■

CHAPTER 2

BIOGRAPHY OF CHANG TE-HUI 8

Chang' T e -h u i's - Tu. f e * t s t y l e i s Y ao-ch ' in g '4-% , He

was b o m in 1194 in C h ia o -c h 'e n g ^ in C h i-n in g w" (so u th w e s tc"- 'TX. 1 -pj' •

T' a i-y u a n ^ jf.„■ , S h a n s i p r o v i n c e ) . D e s p ite h a v in g f a i l e d h i s c h in - s h ih

e x a m in a t io n s he w a s ,. th ro u g h th e r o u te o f h e r e d ita r y : p r i v i l e g e , a s s ig n e d

t o th e p o s t o f a m inor o f f i c i a l in th e C e n so r a te ^ if" • A fte r ,

th e f a l l o f P i e n - l ia n g ( K a i f e n g ) , Chang c r o s s e d n o r th o f th e Y e llo w

R iv e r and was l i v i n g in C h ien g -a n C ounty when th e m y ria rch

Sh ih T ' ie n - t s e - , who- w as h e a d q u a rte r ed a t Chen - 1 in g : p S - (modern

H o p ei, b etw een H an-tan and Ta-m ing ^

4 5 2

) , a p p o in te d him

t o a p o s i t i o n in th e F in a n ce O f f ic e . ' B ec a u se o f h i s

s u c c e s s as. an a d m in is t r a t o r , h e was summoned t o th e c o u r t o f th e h e i r - ,

a p p a r e n t , Q u b i la i , in 1 2 4 7 . When he r e tu r n e d in 1 2 4 8 , he was p la c e d in

ch a rg e o f th e C h e n -t in g s c h o o l . Q u b ila i a scen d ed th e th r o n e in 1260

and a p p o in te d Chang P a c i f i c a t i o n C om m issioner o f th e n o r th e r n c i r c u i t

o f Honan J (q. : <S ? » and s u b s e q u e n t ly , H a n -lin 8

8 . I am. f o l lo w in g th e b io g r a p h y .o f Chang. T e -h u i t h a t i s found in Su • T' i e n - c h l le h , K uo-chad m in g -c h 1 en s h ih - l l i e h ( T a i p e i , 1969) , 1 0 .7 a - 1 1 b . A b r i e f e x a m in a tio n o f Chang' s b io g r a p h y in th e YS and K’ 0 S h a o -m in 1s H sin Yuan sh ih (J e n -sh o u -p e n e r h - s h ih - w u - s h ih , ' T a ip e i , 1956) showed t h e s e t o be e i t h e r la c k in g in m a t e r ia l or ta k e n from S u -s w ork .

7

8

A c a d e m ic ia n . In 1261 he was a p p o in te d t o P a r t ic ip a t o r in th e D e l ib e r a ­

t i o n s o f th e A f f a ir s o f th e S e c r e t a r ia t ^ ^ l a t e r

t o P a c i f i c a t i o n C a m is s i o n er o f T u n g^ p 'in g C ir c u it ^ ^ (a c o u n ty

i n th e n o r th w e s te r n c o r n e r o f S h a n tu n g ) , Chang was a g a in a p p o in te d P a r t ic -

■ip a t o r in th e D e l ib e r a t io n s o f th e A f f a i r s o f th e S e c r e t a r ia t in 1 2 6 6 , and

in 1268 h e w as s e l e c t e d t o h e a C ensor in W a itin g A f t e r

s e r v in g in t h i s p o s t , h e r e s ig n e d from s e r v i c e and w ent i n t o r e t i r e m e n t .

Chang d ie d in 1274 a t t h e a g e o f e i g h t y .

From t h i s o v e r v ie w o f Chang T e - h u i ' s t i t l e s and o f f i c e s , i t i s

c l e a r t h a t h i s r i s e t o p rom in en ce was a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e M ongol co n ­

q u e st ,: and t h a t he had a r e l a t i v e l y u n im p o rta n t r o l e i n t h e Chin b u r e a u ­

c r a c y . I t i s a l s o q u i t e p r o b a b ly t h a t a t t h i s tim e h e was unknown t o

th e p rom in en t l i t e r a t i t h a t h e was t o a s s o c i a t e w ith and p a t r o n iz e in

h i s l a t e r l i f e . T h ese a ssu m p tio n s a re b o rn e o u t by t h e f a c t t h a t h e

i s n o t m en tio n ed i n any con tem p orary r e c o r d s , su ch as th e K u e i-c h ' i e n -

c h i h . I t i s t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y to exam ine th e e v e n ts i n - h i s - l i f e t h a t

l e d him from h i s t o r i c a l an on ym ity t o th e c o u r t o f Q u b ila i Qan.

W hile Chang was s e r v in g in th e c a p a c i t y o f a m inor o f f i c i a l

in th e Chin C e n s o r a te , h e ju d g ed a m urder t r i a l t h a t r e v e a l s h i s s e n s e

o f j u s t i c e and human i n s i g h t . The c a s e was t h a t o f a c h i e f who had

m urdered a f o r tu n e t e l l e r . The o f f i c i a l s in ch a rg e o f t r a c k in g down

th e c u l p r i t w ere le d t o b e l i e v e t h a t a monk, who was l i v i n g w ith a woman,

com m itted th e c r im e . The monk, a f r a i d o f b e in g f lo g g e d , c o n fe s s e d t o

th e d e e d . When a sk ed why h e had k i l l e d th e f o r tu n e t e l l e r , h e r e p l i e d ,

"In th e p a s t I had d i s c u s s e d my i l l i c i t p la n s w ith h im , t h e r e f o r e

I k i l l e d him t o s to p up h i s m o u th ." The monk was in c a r c e r a t e d w h ile

9

a w a it in g th e f i n a l d i s p o s i t i o n o f th e c a s e . T e^ h u i, s u s p e c t in g th a t

th e monk had b een f a l s e l y a c c u s e d , c o n t in u e d th e s e a r c h fo r th e r e a l

k i l l e r , who was l a t e r a p p reh en d ed , T e - h u i 's t a l e n t in e x e c u t in g h i s

o f f i c e earn ed him th e r e s p e c t o f h ig h e r o f f i c i a l s who recommended

him f o r p r o m o tio n .

A f t e r T e -h u i c r o s s e d n o r th o f th e Y e llo w R iv e r in 1 2 3 3 , i t

was a l s o h i s t a l e n t t h a t b ro u g h t him to th e a t t e n t io n o f Sh ih T’ i e n - t s e ,

who gave him a p o s i t i o n in h i s h e a d q u a r te r s . In 1 2 3 5 , T e -h u i accom pa­

n ie d Sh ih T * ie n - t s e on th e so u th e r n cam paign a g a in s t th e Sung. S h ih

r e l i e d on him h e a v i ly f o r h i s a b i l i t y in p la n n in g s t r a t e g y . From t h i s :

cam p aign , s e v e r a l i n c id e n t s have s u r v iv e d t h a t d e m o n str a te T e - h u i ' s

co n cern fo r human l i f e as w e l l as h i s grow in g in f lu e n c e in

S hill T ' i e n - t s e ' s m i l i t a r y h e a d q u a r te r s . ■

At t h i s tim e many s o l d i e r s w ere f l e e i n g from t h e i r d u t ie s and

th o s e who w ere ca u g h t w ere k i l l e d as a w arn in g t o th e r e s t . - T e -h u i

s p o k e : ou t a g a in s t t h i s pun ishm ent and t h i s l e d - t o th e p r a c t i c e o f - -

se n d in g d e s e r t e r s ou t to q u a r te r in and d e fen d b o r d e r c i t i e s in s t e a d

o f p u t t in g them to d e a t h .

A f te r th e f a l l o f K uang-chou A - ?il ( so u th e r n H onan), th e

farm ers and c i t i z e n s o f P i-s h a n j o in e d t o g e t h e r to r e s i s t th e

in v a d in g M on go ls. Chang knew th a t i t was f u t i l e f o r t h e s e p e o p le t o .

r e s i s t , and t h a t many, on b o th s i d e s , w ou ld l o s e t h e i r l i v e s n e e d l e s s l y .

He s u g g e s te d t h a t th e a t ta c k be p o s tp o n e d u n t i l a f t e r h e had made an.

e f f o r t t o d i s c u s s th e s i t u a t i o n w ith th e farm ers and c i t i z e n s . . The

d i s c u s s i o n s r e s u l t e d in th e p e o p le o f P i- s h a n s u r r e n d e r in g an d , t h e r e ­

f o r e , many l i v e s w ere s a v e d .

10 .

Upon r e tu r n in g n o r t h , T e - h u i , in a d d i t io n to h i s p o s i t i o n in

th e F in a n ce O f f i c e , was a p p o in te d a d i r e c t o r o f th e a f f a i r s o f C h e n -t in g

d i s t r i c t . In t h i s p o s i t i o n he r e v e a l s h i s com p assion f o r th e common

p e o p le . B ecau se o f th e so u th e r n cam p aign , th e p e o p le o f C h e n -t in g w ere

p h y s i c a l l y d r a in e d and w ere n o t a b le t o p erform t h e i r c o r v e e d u t i e s .

The l o c a l o f f i c i a l s , f o l lo w in g th e exam ple, o f th e m er c h a n ts , gave

u s u r io u s lo a n s t o th e p e o p le in o r d e r to b o l s t e r t h e i r t r i b u t e l e v i e s .

T h is l o a n . was • c a l le d ' y a n g - k a o - l i ■ ^ 4^4 , and had a 100%' y e a r ly

i n t e r e s t r a t e , so each y e a r th e amount owed d o u b le d . At th e end o f

th e y e a r , th e o f f i c i a l s came t o c o l l e c t t h e money owed t o th em .an d

found th a t.m a n y o f th e p e o p le w ere u n a b le t o p ay . T e -h u i d is c u s s e d

t h i s a f f a i r w ith S h ih T’ i e n - t s e and th e y r e q u e s te d t h a t th e c o u r t p u t .

an end t o ; t h i s ty p e o f lo a n . As a r e s u l t o f th e r e q u e s t , . i t was.

. d e c id e d t h a t th e p e o p le w ould have t o p ay back o n ly t h e p r in c ip a l and

one y e a r 1s i n t e r e s t . T e -h u i a l s o made su r e th a t th e r ic h w ere th e

f i r s t t o pay t a x e s so th a t th e . t a x e s o f th e p o o r , w h en ever p o s s i b l e ,

c o u ld be r e d u c e d . As a . r e s u l t o f t h e s e a c t i o n s , T e - h u i . was prom oted

. t o P a r t ic ip a t o r in th e D e l ib e r a t io n s . o f G h e n -t in g - fu \g_

and , in t h i s p o s i t i o n , he b rou gh t many b e n e f i t s , t o th e p e o p le and h i s

fame sp r e a d even t o th e im p e r ia l c o u r t . . I t i s . a t t h is , t im e t h a t Chang

T e -h u i, p r o b a b ly a t th e recom m endation o f S h i h l T ' ie n - t s e , w as c a l l e d t o

Q u b i la i ' s encam pm ent.

As th e M ongols con quered t e r r i t o r y in N orth C h in a , th e y w ould

sen d c a p tu r ed p e o p le o f v a l u e ,. su ch as a r t i s a n s and s c h o l a r - o f f i c i a l s ,

t o a r e a s t h a t w ere s e c u r e ly under t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n . A f te r a p e r io d

o f t im e , t h o s e l i t e r a t i who r e fu s e d t o s e r v e th e M ongols (b e ca u se o f

11

C on fu cian e t h i c a l p r i n c i p l e s su ch a s n o t s e r v in g two r u l e r s ) b egan to

roam about th e c o u n t r y s id e . In t h i s w ay, many l i t e r a t i found t h e i r way

t o d i s t r i c t s u n d er th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f th e m y r ia r c h s , who, a s n o te d

a b o v e , c o n s id e r in g t h e m s e lv e s th e p r o t e c t o r s and p e r p e t u a t o r s o f C h in e se

c u l t u r e , w ou ld g i v e them m oral and f i n a n c i a l S u p p o r t.

Chang T e - h u i ' s p o s i t i o n as an o f f i c i a l in th e h e a d q u a r te r s o f

th e m y ria rch S h ih T ' i e n - t s e gave him am ple o p p o r tu n ity t o a s s o c i a t e

w it h , and p a t r o n iz e , t h e s e d i s a f f e c t e d s c h o la r s . In f a c t , h e com esJ-

down to . u s a s one o f t h e "Three W o rth ie s o f D ragon M ountain" ^ 2-

th e o th e r two b e in g Yuan Hao-wen and Li C h ih .^ He becam e a good f r i e n d

o f Yuan Hao-wen . and c o m p ile d the: f i r s t e d i t i o n .o f Yuan 1 s works . from

a m a n u scr ip t l e f t by Yen C h u n g-ch ieh /jh ^ . ^ He a l s o w rote .

an e p i lo g u e t o Y u a n 's C o l l e c t io n o f th e C e n tr a l P la in -p :jj.|': .,.

- 11- ■d a ted , f i f t e e n t h day o f f o u r th moon (May IS ) o f 1 2 5 0 , • and i t i s c l e a r

t h a t he was in s tr u m e n ta l in h a v in g , t h e C o l l e c t io n p u b l i s h e d .

A c c o r d in g t o Chang T e - h u i1s b io g r a p h y , he made a se co n d t r i p

t o Q araq oru ra^ , t h i s t im e accom p an ied by Yuan H ao-w en, In a m e m o r ia l,

th e y r e q u e s te d t h a t Q u b ila i becom e th e grand p a t r ia r c h o f C o n fu c ia n ism * 10 11 12

•9 . S ee th e f o o t n o t e s on p age 39 f o r th e b io g r a p h ic a l in fo rm a ? t i o n o f t h e s e men.

10 . Yen i s t h e son . o f th e m y r ia rch Yen S h ih ./f% % . . Forin fo r m a tio n on t h i s c o m p ila t io n s e e S u zu k i S h i o j i , Gen Komon ("Kanshi T a i - k e i , T o k y o 1965) , p . 6 7 . .. . — " '

1 1 . S ee H ok-lam Chan, The H is to r io g r a p h y o f th e Chin D y n a s ty : T hree S tu d ie s ("Munchener O s t a s ia t i s c h e S t u d ie n , 4 , W iesb a d en , 1 9 7 0 ) , p . 71 .

1 2 . For more in fo r m a t io n s e e L ing T 'in g ^ k 'a n "Yuan I -s h a n h s ie n -sh 'e n g n ie n - p 'u " in Chiu C h in -je n ch ' i , Wu Ch 1 i n g - h s i , ed .( T a i p e i , 1 9 6 7 ) , p p . 1 0 4 8 -1 0 4 9 . L ing i s o f th e o p in io n t h a t i t was n o t Yuan Hao-wen who accom p an ied Chang T e - h u i .

12

and t h a t th e C on fu cian h o u s e h o ld s be exem pt from t a x l e v i e s .. Both

r e q u e s t s w ere a c c e p te d b y th e k in g .

On th e b a s i s o f t h i s a c c o u n t , i t becom es o b v io u s th a t.C h a n g

T e - h u i 's r i s e to r o y a l r e c o g n i t io n had i t s r o o t s in t h e f a l l o f th e

C h in , f o r i t i s o n ly a f t e r 1233' t h a t h i s t a l e n t s in governm ent a re-

g iv e n a ch an ce t o grow and m a tu re .. I t can be s e e n , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t from

h i s r a th e r in a u s p ic io u s b e g in n in g s (he f a i l e d th e p a la c e .e x a m in a t io n s

fo u r t i m e s p r o b a b l y due to. th e c o r r u p t n a tu r e o f th e e x a m in a t io n s

d u r in g th e l a s t p e r io d o f th e C h in ) , . Chang T e-h u i r o s e t o becom e n o t .

o n ly an o f f i c i a l o f pow er-and i n f l u e n c e , b u t a l s o an a s s o c i a t e o f th e

m ost p rom in en t l i t e r a t i o f h i s tim e.; in a l l . , a c a p a b le man to g iv e

c o u n s e l to Q u b ila i Qan.

■ CHAPTER 3

TEXTUAL ACCOUNT ' .

The o r i g i n a l t e x t o f t h i s t r a v e l d ia r y is - found in th e e ig h th

" ~ . ------ -chuan o f th e P le a s a n t T a lk s in th e Jade Hal l ^ ^ % a lo c a t e d

in th e o n e-h u n d red th chuan o f The C om plete Works o f th e M aster o f .

Autumn R iv u le ts . 13 ■th e c o l l e c t e d w orks o f

th e n o te d Yuan d y n a s ty l i t e r a t u s , Wang Yun i_ c|'"f ( 1 2 2 7 -1 3 0 4 ) . 'i’ne

d i a r y was, f i r s t e n t i t l e d s im p ly , "A R ecord o f a Jo u rn ey if & 1. and

th e a u th o r w a s . n o te d as th e " P a r t ic ip a t o r in D e l ib e r a t io n , Chang Yao-

c h ' in g f i ' l i ^£ f ." At one t im e d u r in g th e -Ming d y n a s ty ,

th e t i t l e was changed t o "A R ecord o f a J ou rn ey to th e B order C a irn s

<5 . ^ , u ^ b u t t h i s t i t l e appears. I n a p p r o p r ia te s in c e th e

jo u r n e y w ent f a r beyond th e th e n known b o r d e r s o f C h in a . ' L a te r , 13 14 15 * *

13 . Wang YUn, C h " iu -c h ie n h s ie n - s h e n g t a - c h 'u a h - c h i ; _____ fSsu-nu t s 1 u n g -k 'a n /_ h e r e a f t e r SPTK / , T a ip e i , 1 9 6 5 ) ,. 1 0 0 .9 3 3 b -9 3 5 b .

14 . B iograp h y found in YS, 1 6 7 .1 9 a -2 2 a ,

15 . P r e s e r v e d in M o -li S h a n -je n ( c a . 1 9 0 0 ) , K u -ch in y u -c h it s 'u n g - s h u . (1914 l i t h o g r a p h ic e d . ) . T h is work, was n o t a v a i la b le f o rmy u s e . "See Yao T s'u n g-w u , "Chang T e-h u i ' L in g -p e i C h i-h s in g ' ts iu p e n . c h ia o -c h u " /h e r e a f t e r LPCH J , W en -sh ih -ch e h su e h -p a o , 11 (1 9 6 2 ) . 2 .

13

14

N orth o f th e Pass.3& j ' was. added t o th e t i t l e by Li W e n -t ' ie n

, 16.f- X (1834^.1895) 1° and th e d ia r y becam e known a s , '''A R ecord

o f a Jou rn ey North o f th e P ass .% j i f ' ." For. e x a m p le , i t i s

c a l l e d t h i s in b o th th e C o l le c t a n e a o f th e Hut o f .G r a d u a l L earn in g

' i j i <ti£' '■ ji- ' 17/ t!7 i- //^_ and th e C o l le c t a n e a o f th e B order Lands in Our

Im p e r ia l D y n a sty ^ f j | ; S . JBt ^ ' t 18 The t i t l e seem s

vague when com pared t o th e c o n t e n ts o f th e t r a v e l d ia r y i t s e l f ,

Yao T s 'u n g - w u ^ u % , in h i s r e c e n s io n o f th e t e x t , f e l t t h a t

the. t i t l e sh o u ld be "A R ecord o f a Jo u rn ey to Qaraqorum ^ ftE f f , 1

b u t d is c o u n ts t h i s c h o ic e on t h e p r e m ise t h a t th e fame o f Qaraqorum was

w id e sp r e a d o n ly in th e Yuan, and t h e r e f o r e th e t i t l e w ou ld be a b i t

g r a n d io s e . -

Y ao1s r e c e n s io n a r o se from h i s i n t e r e s t in th e ex ch a n g es b etw een

Q u b ila i and th e C h in ese s c h o la r s d u r in g th e M ongols' f i r s t s o v e r e ig n t y v

o v er th e C e n tr a l P la in . The work w as p a r t o f a g e n e r a l r e e v a lu a t io n * 19

•16. B iograp h y fou n d in Min E r h -c h 'a n g ( 1 8 8 6 - ? ) , P e i-c h u a n chl^-pu ( S s u - k 1 u sh a n -p en t s ' .u n g -s h u c h ' u - p ie n , T a i p e i , 1959) 4 .2 2 a^-22b. '

17'. . Hu H sia n g -h u n g ,. C h ie n -h su e h - l u ; t s '.ung- s h u . T h is work w as n o t a v a i la b l e f o r my u s e . See LPCH 2 .

n 18 . P 'u ^unknown g iv e n name.7 ( c a . 190.0.), H u an g-ch ' ao fa n -s h uy u - t i t s 1 u n g -sh u (T a ip e i, . 1 9 6 8 ) , pp . 1 4 4 7 -1 4 5 3 .

19 . LPCH 2.

IS

o f a v a i la b l e t e x t u a l m a t e r i a l s . W ith th e a id o f S e c h in J a g e h i d h e ‘

c o l l a t e d th e v a r io u s e d i t i o n s o f th e t r a v e l d ia r y and co m p iled one

e x t e n s iv e com m entary t h a t drew h e a v i l y on t w e n t ie t h c e n tu r y r e s e a r c h .

Y a o 's var ioru m e d i t i o n i s b a sed on r e c e n s io n s o f th e t e x t r e c o r d e d in

th e C om plete Works o f th e M aster o f Autumn R iv u le t s a n d . th e D ocum ents

on th e A d v a n ta g es and D is a d v a n ta g e s o f Commandery and S t a t e in t h e

Empire (fQ ^ ^ He found t h a t t h a t w h ich

i s record ed : in t h e P le a s a n t T a lk s in t h e Jad e H a ll in th e C o l le c t a n e a

o f th e Ink Sea and G old Pot np" 5' "W ' and C o l le c t a n e a

o f th e S h o u -sh a n Kb L ib r a r y 'cf7 , ’> , ^ ^ a re in c o m p le te . He---- ■ ■■■.-- ■ ■■■■■■ : ------ ----: —v— ------ y ■ -l ". ■ * >1).

a l s o - d i s r e g a r d e d th e . c i t a t i o n s o f th e t r a v e l d ia r y in th e seco n d ■

s e c t io n , o f L i t e r a t u r e and A r ts in chuan t h i r t e e n , o f t h e Record o f

th e T hree D e p a r tm e n ts . North- o f th e . .P a s s ^k. 'Xv ^ and

in th e M is c e l la n e o u s s e c t i o n in chuan s i x o f th e G a z e te e r o f

-y 24-Ch! e n g - t e - f u . 7'fy /"jf ‘o w h ich w ere r id d le d w ith s c r i b a l e r r o r s

and c o r r u p t io n s . Yao d id ad op t th e t i t l e u sed in t h e s e tw o r e c o r d s .

w h ich th e y , c h a n g e d - to "A R ecord o f a J o u r n e y Beyond: , th e . N orth ern

Ranges: I 4 The t i t l e ch an ge was .very. a p p r o p r ia te , s i n c e

2 0 . Ku Yen-wu ( 1 6 1 3 - 1 6 8 2 ) , T ' i e n - h s i a ch u n -k u o l i ^ p i n g - s h u . .(SPTK e d . ) . 3 4 . 3 8 a -4 2 p . ;. y ■ v ” " "

2 1 . Chang H a i- p 'e n g ( 1 7 5 5 - 1 8 1 6 ) , M o-hai c h jn -h u t s 1u n g -sh u (S h a n g h a i, 1 9 2 1 ) . T h is work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my: u s e . See LPCH 2 ,

• 2 2 . - C h '.ien H s i - t s o ( d . 1844 ) , S h o u -sh a n Ko t s 'u n g - s h u (S h a n g h a i, 1 9 2 2 ) . T h is work was n o t - a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e . See LPCH 2 . .

2 3 . Huang K 'o - j u n . ( c a . 1 7 5 0 ) , K1o u - p e i s a n - t 1in g ch ib , (c o m p ile d in 1 7 5 8 ) . 1 5 . 1 3 b -1 7 a . T h is work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e . See LPCH 2

24.. Ch1 e n g - t e - fu c h ih (c o m p ile d in 1 8 2 9 ) . T h is work was n o t a v a i la b l e fo r my u s e . See LPCH 2 .

16

th e p la c e s th a t Chang T e -h u i t r a v e le d t o d u r in g t h a t y e a r a re l i s t e d in

th e " T r e a t is e on G eography /o " -n th e Yuan H isto 'ry under

"•The T r a v e lin g S e c r e t a r ia t fo r th e Area N orth o f th e R anges

^ The e n tr y in c lu d e s th e p r im ary c i r c u i t o f Qaraqorum.

B e s id e s Yao T s 'u n g -w u 's v ar ioru m e d i t i o n , th e o n ly o th e r anno­

t a t e d e d i t io n i s T in g Ch1i e n ' s ] (1 8 4 3 -1 9 1 9 ) I n v e s t i g a t i o n and ■

V e r i f i c a t io n .o f th e Geography in A R ecord o f a Jou rn ey by .th e P a r t i c ip a ­

t o r in D e l ib e r a t io n s Chang Y a o -c h ’ in g 4 ^ •& ' f ?

hdL T 'l. ^ ^ ' , found in th e C o l le c t a n e a o f th e C hekiang L ib ra ry

wf i t i r . 25 26

For t h i s t r a n s l a t i o n I h ave u se d Yao T s ’u n g -w u 's var ioru m t e x t

"A C om plete C o l la t e d and F o o tn o ted T ext o f Chang T e - h u i ' s ' R ecord o f a •

Jo u rn ey Beyond th e N orth ern Ranges ' ^ ^ v

T his work i s b ased on th e o r ig in a l m an u scrip t 'c o p y o f the-. S su -k 'u t ' i yao ■

£"h e r e a f t e r . SKTY_7 c o l l a t e d w ith Ku Yen-wu' s /1'fiyt -fs -jjv m a n u scr ip t ■ e d it io n o f

Documents on th e A dvantages and D isa d v a n ta g es o f Commandcry and S ta te in th e

Empi r e , and th e ' c i t a t i o n s , from P le a sa n t T alks in . th e Jade- H a ll found in th e ;

C o lle c ta n e a in th e Shou-shan ko L ibrary and C o lle c ta n e a o f th e Ink Sea and

G old P o t .. . Yao d iv id e s t h e o r ig i n a l t e x t in t o t h i r t e e n s h o r t c h a p t e r s .

C h ap ters e i g h t > t e n , and tw e lv e have .been ta k e n from chUan t e n o f th e

2 5 . " L in g -p e i H s in g -c h u n g -s h u -s h e n g " in th e " T r e a t is e on G eogra­p h y ," in t h e YS, 5 8 . 3 8 b -3 9 a .

26 . T ing Ch1i e n , Yuan Chang T s 'a n - i Y a o -c h 'in g C h j-h s in g t i - l i k 1 a o -ch en g in C h e-ch ia n g t 'u - s h u -k u a n t s ' u n g - s h u , 3 v o l s . , (P ' e n g - l a i - hsixan t i - l i - h s u e h t s 'u n g -sh u , 1 9 1 5 ) , V o l. I l l , la - 1 2 b .

17

B io g r a p h ic a l S k e t c h e s - o f Famous. M in is t e r s in th e R e ig n in g D yn asty

v's| {? and Q iang T e - h u i ’s b io g r a p h y in t h e Yuan H is to r y " ^.

Yao- r i g h t l y 'r e a so n s t h a t th e a d d it io n o f t h e s e th r e e c h a p te r s f i t s w ith

t h e c o n t e x t and rounds- ou t th e d ia r y . I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s e

s e c t i o n s w ere e x t r a c t e d from th e t e x t a t one t im e , and I h ave fo l lo w e d

Yao in my t r a n s l a t io n by in c o r p o r a t in g th em , b u t , in k e e p in g w ith t h e i r

s o u r c e , h ave changed th e n a r r a t o r ' s v o i c e from f i r s t to t h ir d p e r s o n . 27 28

2 7 . Su T 'i.en -ch u eh . (1 2 9 4 -1 3 5 2 );, Kuo-Chao m in g ^ ch 'en s h ih - lu e h . ( T a ip e i , 1969) 1 0 .7 a -1 1 b .

2 8 . YS, 1 6 3 .9 b -1 3 b .

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSTS

The Mongol p e r io d (120.6-156.8) p rod u ced a r ic h , s t o r e o f t r a v e l

d i a r i e s , b o th in European and C h in ese ' l i t e r a t u r e . Through th e e y e s o f

p a p a l en voys and m is s io n a r ie s ' , su ch as John o f P i an d i C arp ine and

W illia m o f Ruhruck., Europe le a r n e d o f M on golian s o c i e t y and c u s to m s .

The g r e a t t r a v e l e r Marco P o lo t o ld o f th e c u l t u r a l , t e c h n o lo g ic a l and .

econ om ic w onders o f C h in a .' T h ese t r a v e l d i a r i e s r e n d e r d e t a i l e d

d e s c r ip t io n s o f th e h a r d s h ip s e n c o u n te r e d on th e j o u r n e y , th e m i l i t a r y

s k i l l . and r e l i g i o u s . b e l i e f s o f th e M on go ls, d e s c r i p t io n s o f th e g r e a t .

Qans (F r ia r John was p r e s e n t a t th e en th ron em en t o f Guyilg)., and much.

' 29g e o g r a p h ic a l and e th n o g r a p h ic a l d a ta . .

In c o n t r a s t t o t h e s e l i v e l y a c c o u n t s , th e C h in e se t r a v e l e r s .

t r e a t t h e i r jo u r n e y s as - m a t t e r s - o f .- f a c t . . • T h e ir n a r r a t iv e s o n ly make,

g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e s to su ch t h in g s as t h e h a r s h n e s s o f . th e c l im a t e , ■:

th e rough t e r r a in and th e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n te r e d on t h e j o u r n e y .

A jo u r n e y o f a th o u sa n d h i i s d is p e n s e d w ith in a s i n g l e p a ra g ra p h . •

2 9 . For exam p les s e e Igor , de R a c h e w iltz , P ap a l .Envoys t o th e G reat Khans ( S ta n fo r d , 1 9 7 1 ) , a n d .C h r is to p h e r Dawson, e d . , The M ongol M is s io n : N a r r a t iv e s and L e t te r s o f th e F r a n c isc a n M is s io n a r ie s inM on go lia and C hina in th e T h ir te e n th and F o u r te e n th C e n tu r ie s (New Y ork, 1 9 5 5 ) .

18

19

• Even though;, th .e se r e c o r d s a re not. imbued w.i_th_. th e v i y i d d e s c r i p t io n s o f .

th e European j o u r n a ls , th e y do r e l a t e f a c t u a l , f i r s t - h a n d - in f o r m a t io n

about th e p e o p le , cu stom s and p la c e s o b se r v ed by th e t r a v e l e r ,

Li C h ih -c h 1ang <o ,p , in h i s R ecord o f a Jo u rn ey to th e

West ijj? d e s c r ib e s h i s j o u rn ey w ith th e T a o is t P a tr ia r c h

Ch' a n g -c h ' un . / s_ from C hina t o A fg h a n is ta n . The jo u r n e y

was- u n d erta k en a t th e r e q u e s t o f C in g g is Qan, who- w anted t o l e a m of-

govern m en t-an d p r o lo n g in g l i f e from Ch1a n g -c h 'u n , t h e le a d e r o f t h e .

Ch'1 u a n -ch en .l 5 - , s e c t o f T aoism . . T h is t r a v e l d ia r y i s o f s in g u la r

im p ortan ce as a p r im ary so u r c e f o r g e o g r a p h ic a l and c u l t u r a l in fo r m a ­

t io n as w e l l -as - "a s o u r c e ■ f o r e a r ly Mongol h i s t o r y , e n a b l in g us as i t

d oes to f i x w ith a b s o lu te c e r t a in t y t h e . o th e r w is e o b sc u r e and much

d is p u te d d a te s o f C h in g iz K han's movem ents d u r in g h i s W estern •

3:1c a m p a ig n ."

B e fo r e C h 'a n g -c h 'u n l e f t C in g g i s ' encam pm ent,1 h e s e c u r e d c e r t a in••• • , ,

p r i v i l e g e s i n c l u d i n g ta x -e x e m p t io n , f o r th e . C h 'u an -ch en s e c t . Upon .

h i s r e tu r n t o C h ina , th e T a o is t s u se d t h e s e p r i v i l e g e s to ta k e o v e r t h e

30. A rth u r W aley T r a n s . , The T r a v e ls o f an A lc h e m is t : ■ The J o u rn ey o f th e T a o is t C h 'a n g -ch 'u n from C hina to t h e H indukush a t th e Summons o f C h in g iz Khan R ecorded b y h i s D i s c ip l e L i C h ih -c h ' ang (L ondon, 1 9 6 5 ) . W a ley 's in t r o d u c t io n c o n t a in s in fo r m a t io n about th e C h 'u an -ch en s e c t and in c lu d e s b r i e f b io g r a p h ie s o f C h 'a n g -c h 'u n and Li C h ih -c h ! ang.

31. I b i d . , v i i i .

20

B u d d h ist c le r g y and t e m p le s . This- prom pted Y eh -lu Ch'-Ur-tsr-a i t o w r i t e

32h i s R ecord o f a Jou rn ey to th e W est.

Y e h -lu C h 'u - t s ' a i ' s t r a v e l d ia r y d i f f e r s from th e o th e r a c c o u n ts

d is c u s s e d in t h a t - i t was w r i t t e n a f t e r he r e tu r n e d to C hina f o r th e

np u rp o se o f condem ning th e a c t io n s o f C h 'a n g -c h 'u n and t h e •C h 'u an -ch en

s e c t . This r e c o r d c o n s i s t s o f two p a r t s , b o th in th e form o f an: ■ • ■ „ ■ ■ • - : . ■

im a g in a ry d ia lo g u e b etw een Y e h -lu C h 'u - t s ' a i and a " G u e st ." The f i r s t

p a r t i s a b r i e f g e o g r a p h ic a l a cco u n t w h ich by no means r i v a l s t h a t o f

Li C h ih -c h ’ an g . The. seco n d p a r t , th e m ain body o f th e t e x t , sy s te m - •

a t i c a l l y ' a t ta c k s Ch' a n g - c h ' un and. th e b e l i e f s o f th e C h 'u an -ch en s e c t .

Chang T e -h u i began h i s jo u r n e y in 1247 a t th e r e q u e s t o f th e .

h e i r ap p aren t Q u b i la i , and t r a v e l e d w ith Q u b i la i ' s e n to u r a g e f o r •

a p p r o x im a te ly one y e a r . C hang's d ia r y i s th e m ost c o m p le te a cco u n t

a v a i la b l e o f Q u b i la i ' s encampment a n d . t h e . l i f e t h a t su rrou n d ed i t .

The f i r s t p o r t io n o f th e d ia r y c o n s i s t s o f g e o g r a p h ic a l i n f o r ­

m ation as i t r e c o r d s th e r o u te t h a t Chang T e -h u i f o l lo w e d from C hen-yang

to Qaraqorum. The f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s jo u r n e y , to th e M in g -ch 'a n g

b o r d e r , can be u se d as v e r i f i c a t i o n o f th e in fo r m a tio n in Li C h ih -

ch' a n g ' s . Record o f a J ou rn ey t o th e W est, as t h e y b o th fo l lo w e d t h e ■

same r o u t e . Chang T e -h u i n o t e s th e M ongol p r a c t i c e o f d iv id in g th e

lan d among th e im p e r ia l c la n and t h e i r r e l a t i v e s , He a l s o m e n tio n s - ,

s e e in g nomads and t h e i r y u r ts and c a r t s m oving from p la c e to p la c e t o 32

32 . Ig o r de R a c h e w iltz , ''The H s i-y u lu by Y e h - lu C h ' u - t s ' a i ," Monument a S e r ic a , 21,■ 1.-128 (1 9 6 2 ) ,

21

p a s tu r e t h e i r a n im a ls , a s u r e s ig n t h a t he was l e a v in g C hina and th e

cu stom s o f th e C e n tr a l P la in .b e h in d h im , Chang b r i e f l y d e s c r ib e s th e

p la c e s t h a t he s e e s , su ch a s a s l e e p in g h a l l w ith a cu rv ed r o o f , th e

b o r d e r s o f t h e - d e s e r t , and a' s to n e c a ir n .

Chang T e -h u i b r i e f ly - sp ea k s o f th e M o n g o l's t r a v e l i n g h a b i t s

and c u sto m s. . He says- t h a t th e M ongols moved to a h ig h , c o o l p la c e in

summer, and in w in te r t h e y t r a v e l e d t o a p la c e t h a t was warm w here

f ir e w o o d , and w a ter w ere r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e . T h e ir m oving from p la c e t o

p la c e w a s, t h e r e f o r e , t o a v o id th e extrem es- in th e s te p p e c l im a te and

t o . ensure, w a te r and p a s tu r e , f o r t h e i r s t o c k , Chang n o t e s t h a t . in w in ter-

a l l c lo t h e s w ere made o f an im al .h id e s and. t h a t th e fo o d s t a p le was

m u tto n , f o r t h e r e was l i t t l e g r a in and r i c e . The n in t h d a y o f th e

fo u r th month and th e n in th , day o f th e n in th month w e r e , a c c o r d in g t o

Chang, th e o n ly days: t h a t the. M ongols h e ld im p o r ta n t r i t u a l . s a c r i f i c e s .

He a l s o n o te d t h a t a l l th e s u p p l i e s he n eed ed w ere p r o v id e d by t h e •

M ongols, i n . p l e n i t u d e .

The t r a v e l d ia r y a l s o in c lu d e s , a r e co r d o f th e c o n v e r sa t io n s -

t h a t Chang had w ith Q u b i la i , The record s, have b een w r i t t e n in t h e

t h ir d p erso n p o in t o f v ie w , a s a r e s u l t o f t h e i r a d a p ta t io n in t o

h i s t o r i c a l works..- and t h e i r l a t e r r e c o v e r y in t o t h e m ain n a r r a t iv e .

Chang a d v i s e s Q u b i la i t o e m b ra ce .C o n fu c ia n ism an d , when. Q u b ila i

a sk s him i f th e C o n fu c ia n s w ere t o blam e f o r th e c o l l a p s e o f th e C h in ,

Chang r e p l i e s t h a t s in c e th e Chin d id n o t c o n s u l t th e C o n fu c ia n s on

m a tte r s o f s t a t e and w a r f a r e , th e y c a n n o t .be h e ld r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e .

d o w n fa ll o f th e C h in . Chang t e l l s Q u b ila i t h a t he s h o u ld u se s k i l l e d

men in h i s a d m in is t r a t io n and recommends more th an tw e n ty men f o r t h i s

22V.

p u r p o se . At t h i s j u n c tu r e we le a r n t h a t O u b ila i i s s e m i - l i t e r a t e in

C h i n e s e f o r he is . a b le to read s e v e r a l c h a r a c te r s : in th e names o f33

th e recommended men. Chang a l s o a rg u es w ith Q u b ila i t h a t th e p e o p le

w ere l e d t o p o v e r ty b e c a u se th e y w ere o v e r ta x e d and w ere c o n s t a n t ly

a t th e m ercy o f r a p a c io u s c l e r k s and yamen u n d e r l in g s . . T h is , Chang

s a y s , i s a g r e a t e r harm th an t h a t c a u se d b y th e u n r u l in e s s o f th e

army. To rem edy t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s , Chang s u g g e s t s th e em ploym ent o f

c la n .membei's who a re n o te d fo r t h e i r a b i l i t i e s in t h e s e a r e a s , th u s

p r o v id in g e v id e n c e o f t h e s e M ongol's, fame as a d m in is t r a t o r s .

The t r a v e l d ia r y o f/C h a n g T e -h u i i s important n o t o n ly as a

g e o g r a p h ic a l ' a cc o u n t and as a s o u r c e f o r th e cu stom s and h a b i t s o f

th e M ongols on th e step p e;, b u t a l s o fo r : i t s i n s i g h t s i n t o th e c o n c e r n s

o f Q u b ila i a t t h i s e a r ly s t a g e in h i s c a r e e r .

The nom adic M on go ls, h a v in g d e f e a t e d th e C h in , found t h a t t h e i r

t r a d it io n a l .m e t h o d s f o r a d m in is t e r in g t h e s te p p e i n v i t e d d is o r d e r among

th e s e d e n ta r y p o p u la t io n o f North. C h in a . To rem edy t h i s s i t u a t i o n ,

th e M ongols c o n s u l t e d , a n d . em p loyed , C o n fu c ia h s c h o la r s who had

p r a c t i c a l s k i l l s in th e a r t s o f governm ent.. - T h ese a d v i s e r s , co n cern ed .

w ith p r e s e r v in g th e C o n fu c ia n t r a d i t i o n , d em o n stra ted t h a t i t was

more f e a s i b l e , b o th p o l i t i c a l l y and e c o n o m ic a lly , t o ad op t C h in ese

i n s t i t u t i o n a l forms/.. 33

3 3 , For more in fo r m a tio n on w h eth er th e M ongols c o u ld read C h in ese s e e H erb er t F ran k e, "Could th e M ongol Emperors. Read and W rite • C h in e s e ," A sia M ajor new s e r i e s , 3 , 2 8 -4 1 (1952)..

23

The f i r s t a d v o c a te f o r re fo rm was th e s i n i c i z e d K bitan s t a t e s ­

man , Y e h - lu Ch' u - t s ' a i w ho, under th e a e g i s o f Ogode.i ( r . 1 2 2 9 - 1 2 4 1 ) ,

b egan t o r e i n s t i t u t e t r a d i t i o n a l C h in e se a d m in is t r a t io n in N orth C h in a .u ,,

U n f o r t u n a t e ly , th e d ea th o f O godei o v e r tu r n e d t h e s e e f f o r t s and th e

governm ent o f N orth C hina r e v e r t e d t o t h e h a r s h , t r a d i t i o n a l Mongol

r u le o f t h e s t e p p e s .

Even in h i s y o u th , Q u b ila i had a g r e a t i n t e r e s t in th e p rob lem s

o f m anaging N orth C h ina.. To g a in a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f t h e s et# *

p r o b le m s , h e summoned p e o p le who w ere n o te d f o r t h e i r k n ow led ge and

s k i l l in a d m in is t r a t iv e t e c h n iq u e s t o a d v i s e h im . Due t o t h e s e a d v is e r s - ,

Q u b ila i becam e c o n v in c e d t h a t in o r d e r t o s t a b i l i z e and c o n s o l id a t e

M ongol r u l e in C h in a , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o ad op t t r a d i t i o n a l C o n fu c ia n

p a t t e r n s o f g o v e r n m e n t. The m ost n o t a b le o f t h e s e a d v i s e r s was t h e. 35

B u d d h is t - T a o is t statesm an-: Liu P in g -c h u n g , ■ who w as in t h e s e r v i c e o f

Q u b ila i from 1242 u n t i l h i s r e t ir e m e n t in 1 2 6 8 . When Q u b i la i . a sc e n d e d

th e th r o n e in 1 2 6 0 , h e b egan a re form p ro g ra m . t h a t , u n d er th e d e s ig n ,

o f L iu P in g -c h u n g , r e o r g a n iz e d th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f N orth C hina a lo n g

t r a d i t i o n a l C h in e se l i n e s . 34 35

3 4 . I g o r de R a c h e w iltz , " Y eh -lu C h ' u - t s ' a i ( 1 1 8 9 -1 2 4 3 ) :B u d d h ist I d e a l i s t and C o n fu c ia n S ta te s m a n ," C o n fu c ia n P e r s o n a l i t i e s , A rth u r F. W right and D en is T w it c h e t t , e d s . ( S ta n fo r d : 1 9 6 2 ) , p p . 1 8 9 -2 1 6 .

3 5 . H ok-lam Chan, "L iu P in g -c h u n g ( 1 2 1 6 - 1 2 7 4 ) , A B u d d h is t- T a t i is t S ta te sm a n a t :th e C ourt o f K h u b ila i Khan," T jo u n g -p a o , .53 : (1 9 6 7 ) , v 9 8 -1 4 6 .

A lth o u g h i t c a n n o t be s a id t h a t Q u b ila i a c c e p te d C o n fu e la n

v a l u e s , i t can be s a id t h a t t h e c o u n s e ls o f su ch men as C h a n g 'T e-h u i

(who was. th e . f i r s t C h in e se s c h o la r to be summoned by Q u b i la i ) and

Liu P in g -c h u n g , r e s u l t e d in Q u b i la i , a t l e a s t fo r p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s ,

r e i n s t i t u t i n g t h e t r a d i t i o n a l C h in e se b u r e a u c r a t ic s y s te m in C h ina .

CHAPTER 5

ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF CHANG TE-HUI'S "A RECORD OF A JOURNEY BEYOND-THE NORTHERN RANGES"

From. C h en -yan gjb l ,The B eg in n in g o f th e Jou rn ey

I n . th e f i r s t q u a r te r o f th e s ix t h m onth, in the- summer o f th e

y e a r t in g - w e i .(1 2 4 7 ), I a t te n d e d to an im p e r ia l summons t o go. n o r t h .

I s e t .out from C hen-yang, s ta y e d fo r two n ig h t s and th en p a sse d Chung-

shan ‘ e lf. At t h i s t im e th e r e was an a ccu m u la tio n o f dark c lo u d s b u t

i t d id n o t r a in . In a l i t t l e w h ile th e sky c le a r e d and I gazed,

w estw ard t o th e ja g g ed peak o f H eng-shan ( th a t w h ic h . i s c a l l e d •' . 7 ; - - ; ■ ' ■ ‘ ' ' ' . ,

one o f th e sa c r e d p e a k s) th a t s to o d ou t p r o m in e n tly £ from th e o th e r

peaks_J7 l ik e , a- green a r c h . The r e s t o f th e p eak s c o u ld a l l be co u n ted

one a f t e r th e o th e r . . Thereupon I. tu rn ed to . my com panions and s a id , 36 *

3 6 . I am. f o l lo w in g Yao. Ts 1 un g-w u ' s LPCH. f o r th e l o c a t io n o f p la c e names.. A l l m ajor I o c a t io n s a re in d ic a t e d on th e map found in . A ppendix A.

.3 7 . G reat L u xu rian t M ountain / V / y , d-i i s a n o th e r name fo r H en g-sh an , w hich i s th e .N o r th e r n M ountain o f th e F iv e S acred M ountains o f C hina. D uring th e N orthern Sung ( 9 6 0 -1 1 2 7 ) , H eng-shan was l o s t to th e K hitan and was r e p la c e d , as th e N orth ern M ountain , by H suan-yueh "gj ("Dark Peak") in S h a n s i . The Ming and C h 'in g fo llo w e d t h i sp r a c t i c e b u t , in s a c r i f i c i a l c e re m o n ie s and by p o p u la r cu stom , Heng- shan was s t i l l regard ed as th e tr u e N orth ern M ountain . LPCH 6 n_. In chuan fo u r te e n o f Ku T s u - y u ' s - (1 6 5 1 -1 6 9 2 ) T u -sh ih fa n g -y il c h i - y a o , ..3 v o l s . , (P e k in g , 1 9 5 5 ) , I , 6 24 , i t s a y s ^ " a n o th e r name j~ for. G reat Lux­u r ia n t M ountain J7 i s Sacred P o in ted . Rock ^ " The S acred Peakin th e t e x t i s p ro b a b ly a r e fe r e n c e to S acred P o in ted Rock. LPCH 6 n_.

25

26

"Our group ta k e s , th is - journey- i s . . i t p o s s i b l e we w i l l , come back soon ?

This, kbs: in d e e d th e 1 good fo r tu n e , o f T’- u i - c h ih ML a t Heng-.shan

iU 38 i. tr

3 8 . T h is i s an a l l u s i o n t o th e poem, " V is i t in g a Temple on Heng Peak; a fterw a rd s- 1 spend th e n ig h t in a B uddist tem p le on th e peak and w r i t e th is , on th e g a te t o w e r ," by- Han Yu. ( 7 6 8 -8 2 4 ) , w hose s t y l e , name i s . T’ui^ch.ih .: . In th e poem, he w r ite s -;

I; have j u s t com e, m e e tin g w ith . ...The season , o f autumn r a i n s , .

The Yin S p i r i t made i t . dark and d is m a l ,There was no c le a r w in d .

Deep in my h e a r t I p rayed s i l e n t l y , ..- And i t seem ed t h e r e was a r e s p o n s e -

Of c o u r se i t i s b e c a u se th e r e i s one h o n e s t and u p r ig h t , That i t can f e e l and com prehend.

In an in s t a n t , i t was. sw ep t c l e a r y A h o s t o f p eak s came o u t , -

L ooking up I saw them t h r u s t in g forw ardTo prop up th e b lu e s k y .

-

/T r a n s la t io n by S tep h en Owen, The P o e tr y o f Meng C hiao and Han Yu (New H aven, 1 9 7 5 ) , pp . 9 7 -9 8 JZ. . Su S h ih (1 0 3 6 -1 1 0 1 ) , in t h e Sung, in

h i s s t e l e f o r Han W e n -k u h g 's -te m p le , s a id , "The c o n c e n tr a te d s i n c e r i t y o f th e n o b le c o u ld open th e .c lo u d s o f H en g -sh a n , b u t c o u ld n o t tu rn back t h e . s u s p ic io n s o f H s ie n - t s u n g ." The m eaning of- t h e a l l u s i o n i s t h a t a s Chang T e -h u i b e g in s h i s jo u r n e y n o r th , p a s t . t h e N orth ern Moun­t a i n , and Han Yu i s on h i s jo u r n e y o f e x i l e s o u th , p a s t th e S ou th ern M ou n ta in , t h e i r f u tu r e s are. u n c e r t a in , ju s t , as t h e r e a r e dark c lo u d s c o v e r in g th e two Heng M o u n ta in s . As th e y gaze a t th e m o u n ta in s , th e c lo u d s d is a p p e a r e x p o s in g th e p e a k s , and th e y b o th e n jo y a moment o f r a r e n a t u r a l b e a u ty in s p i t e o f t h e i r p e r s o n a l u n c e r t a i n t y . The poem 1'found, in .Han Yu, / ~Chu Wen-kung c h ia o _/ C h 'a n g - l i h s i e n - s h e n g - c h i , a n n o ta te d by Chu H si (SPTK e d . ) 3 . 3 7 b -3 8 a . Su S h ih ' s comments a re found in Su S h ih , " C h 'ao -ch ou Han Wen-kung m ia o -p e i" in T u n g-p ' o h o u -c h i found in T u n g-p ' o c h ' i - c h i (S su -p u p e i -y a o /" h e r e a f t e r SPPY J , S h a n g h a i, 192 7 -1 9 3 6 ) 1 5 .6 a .

22

from C hung-shan t o ■th e 0 !hu 'Range -0 %

Tne n e x t day we w ent ou t o f t h e f o r t i f i e d p a ss and p a s s e d th e

Hsu R iv er B rid ge ^ .. I g a zed w estw ard t o L an g-shan t ( | J-l *

The t h ic k f o r e s t f s t o o d J l ik e , swords- and h a lb e r d s and th e h a lc y o n g r e e n

was so lu x u r ia n t i t c o u ld h e la d le d up /" w ith a s p o o n / . In a w h ile we

.a r r iv e d a t Chuo-chun ' 4 '7kX . th ro u g h L iang-m en . and T in g -

h s in g idZ - , I g a zed ea stw a rd to t h e tem p le o f t h e F ir s t Lord o f

Shu 'ij' f u ' in L o u -s a n g .^ ^ We w ent p a s t L ia n g -h s ia n g

4 | f , c r o s s e d o v e r th e Lu-kou B r i d g e and a r r iv e d in Yen . 39

39 . The Shu ch ih , s a y s , "The F i r s t L ord1 s surnam e was L iu and h i s p e r s o n a l name _was Pei/^& . He was a n a t iv e o f Chuo C ounty ..in Chuo Commandery'/$. %^- hhen he was yo u n g , h e and h i s m other p e d ­d le d s a n d a ls , and wove. m ats, f o r a. l i v i n g . On th e f e n c e a t th e so u th e a s te r n c o r n e r o f t h e i r h o u se grew a m u lb erry t r e e . ■ I t was more th a n f i v e /C h in e s e J f e e t h ig h and when lo o k e d a t from a d i s t a n c e i t ap p eared

. t o be an u m b r e lla / s h a p e d j i l i k e a c a r t can op y . The p a s s e r s - b y a l l m arveled a t t h i s u n u su a l t r e e . Some s a id th a t , / t h i s house_7 w ould • p rod u ce a man o f h ig h p o s i t i o n . When th e F i r s t Lord was y o u n g , he was s i t t i n g b e n e a th th e t r e e w ith s e v e r a l y o u th s in h i s c la n and he j o k in g - • i y s a id , ’ I w i l l i n e v i t a b l y mount th is - w in ged p a r a s o l !' /-A r e f e r e n c e j 7 t o th e Im p e r ia l c a r r i a g e . . H is u n c le , Tzu G oing y %% , s a i d , 'You sh o u ld n o t t a lk f o o l i s h l y . You w i l l d e s t r o y ' our . g a t e . / ' f a m i l y / 7! ’ Found in . C h'en Shou ( 2 3 3 - 2 9 7 ) , San-kuo c h i h . (SPRY e d . ) 2 . l a . L ater, p e o p le d e s ir i n g t o p r e s e r v e th e memory o f th e F i r s t Lord b u i l t a tem p le a t th e s i t e o f t h i s a f f a i r . The f i r s t com m em orative s to n e was e r e c t e d in 8 9 7 . A c c o r d in g ’ to . Wang T ' in g -y u n ’s (1 1 5 1 -1 2 0 2 ) " C h u n g-h siu Han Chao- l i e h - t i m ia o - p e i- c h i" (d a te d 1 1 9 8 ) , found in Chin Wen T su i ( T a ip e i , 1967) 5 6 .2 : "The tem p le i s t e n ■ l i s o u th w e s t o f /"Cho/'-chou, and. th e r e i s a s to n e in th e d i s t a n t c o u r ty a r d w hich i s a r e c o r d o f r e c o n s t r u c t io n by th e M a g is tr a te Lou, d a te d fo u r th y e a r o f th e K an-n ing e r a o f T 'ah g ( 8 9 8 ) . T here h a v e b een / t h e a n c e s t r a l . / s a c r i f i c e s o f b lo o d and food h e r e f o r . a lo n g t i m e ."

28

We r e s i d e d t h e r e f o r ten' days and th e n l e f t . To th e n o r th we

went p a s t S h u a n g - t 1 a F ort ’x " ^ x , H s i n - t i e n H o s t e l 0 f J,l !| | , e n t e r e d

t h e S o u th ern Mouth i|f O , and c r o s s e d th r o u g h Chu-yung P a ss / s J'^ ' f ^ '. ■

We went ou t o f t h e p a s s th r o u g h N orth ern Mouth P , and t h e n . t r a v e l ­

in g westward,;, we went: p a s t t h e Elm F o r e s t H o s t e l -tinv , th e Lei,

Fam ily inn %- J?i , a n d 'a r r iv e d a t H u a i - l a i County “pS •

E a st o f t h e c o u n ty t h e r e i s .a B r i d g e , i t s . m i d d l e p la n k e d h o r i ­

z o n t a l l y w i th t im b e r s But / t h e r e s t ' / , above and b e lo w , i s a l l o f s t o n e .

W e s t .o f t h e .b r id g e th e i n h a b i t a n t s are c l u s t e r e d in s e t t l e m e n t s , and

t h e o u t e r p e r im e t e r o f t h e c o u n t y d i s a p p e a r s in rank g r o w t h . . .

To t h e w e s t , a s we went p a s t t h e s o u th s id e- o f Cock Crow

M ountain J,.j , t h e r e was- a lo d g in g , h o u se c a l l e d P ' i n g - y u t - t L . ■

On th e m ountain • t h e r e had been, b u i l t a r e s i d e n c e f o r monks . We

f o l l o w e d th e w e s t s i d e .o f the. m ountain n o r th w a rd , and went: u pstream

f o l l o w i n g t h e S a n g - c h ' i e n RiWer ^ / /L y in g a c r e s s _ 7 t h e r i v e r •

there , i s a s t o n e b r id g e ' , and w estw ard from, th e b r id g e i s T e - h s in g ^ f u

C i r c u i t j i t To t h e n o r th we went p a s t a r e s i d e n c e t h a t i s

c a l l e d T in g - f a n g ff* , and c r o s s i n g t h e r i v e r a t S to n e Ladder Tfjfi &

we. a r r i v e d a t Hsua.n-te. C h ou'S j\.J , '

A gain t r a v e l i n g n o r t h w e s t , we c r o s s e d th r o u g h t h e S h a - l i n g - t z u

M o u t h / / ’ X2 . and a r r iv e d a t t h e H su a n -p ' i n g County H o s t e l ^

^ . We w en t out th ro u g h the; T e - s h e n g Mouth t?: and a r r i v e d

a t t h e Q -h u . R ange. 40

40 . The r e s i d e n c e f o r monks i s a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e M on astery o f E t e r n a l P eace I t i s s a i d t o h a v e been b u i l t in 1024. LPCH9n. ^

29is 7

The Sand Dunes North o f P o - lo T / '£

Beneath ZTthe m ounta in r a n g e j / t h e r e i s a h o s t e l c a l l e d P o - l o .

From t h i s p o i n t n o r th w a rd , a l l t h e h o s t e l s a re a p p o r t io n e d t o .a n d run

by t h e v a r io u s 'M o n g o l . c l a n s , e a c h t a k i n g . t h e name o f t h e m a ste r o f .

t h e clan.*"*"

Going up from t h e r a n g e , we th e n t r a v e l e d n o r t h e a s t and began

s e e i n g y u r t s and y u r t c a r t s t h a t s im p ly f o l lo w e d , t h e /T a v a i la b le .? w a te r

and g r a s s t o p a s t u r e t h e i r s t o c k . No l o n g e r were t h e r e any custom s o f

t h e C e n tr a l P l a in i t -

- We s u b s e q u e n t ly went p a s t Fu-chou 'j'J.j , ' f i n d i n g o n l y d e s o l a t e

w a l l s . To t h e n o r th w e 'e n te r e d : 'C h 'a n g -c h o u :^ , where t h e i n h a b i t a n t s

numbered, o n ly a h u n d r ed .. ■ In i t s - c e n t e r are o f f i c i a l r e s i d e n c e s t h a t w ere

.43': * 42 43c o n s t r u c t e d by the- s t a t e ' s r e g e n t .

b e lo n g s t o th e S a l t O f f i c e .

There i s a l s o a s t o r e h o u s e t h a t

. 4 1 . P ’ eng T a -y a , in t h e book H e i - t a S h i h - lu e h (T s 'U n g -sh u c h i - c h ' e n g , S h a n g h a i , . 1 9 3 5 ) , p . 7 , s a y s t h a t th e v a r i o u s : T a r ta r c h i e f ­t a i n s w e r e .p e r m i t t e d t o d e ter m in e f o r t h e m s e l v e s . the' d i s t a n c e betw een s t a t i o n s in t h e i r own t e r r i t o r y . • Hsu T ' i n g ' s .^ | s u p p le m e n t , on page, e i g h t , s a y s t h a t a l l o f th e lan d was d i v id e d among".the Im p e r ia l c la n and t h e i r r e l a t i v e s . T h e ir p e o p le s e n t f o r t h o x e n , h o r s e s , c a r t s , w eap on s, s l a v e s , m utton and kum iss f o r t a x l e v i e s ' . The head o f each t e r r i t o r y was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e t a x q u o ta s o f t h e s t a t i o n s w i t h in t h e i r own a r e a . The b io g r a p h y o f B o sq a r , YS, 1 1 8 .5 b , s a y s t h a t i n 1214 C in g g is i s s u e d t h e o r d e r t h a t B osqar (who was a s u c c e s s f u l commander i n th e Mongol a r m y ) . and h i s you n ger b r o t h e r s Huo Hu “A h " , T s 'e -S g - , and t h e r e s t were t o be g iv e n a g r i c u l t u r a l la n d as

f i e f s . T h is p r a c t i c e , f o l l o w e d from t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e Yuan d y n a s t y , was c a l l e d " D iv id in g t h e T e r r i t o r y ;" .

4 2 . Chung-yuan i s a h i s t o r i c a l sy n e c d o c h e f o r C hina.

4 3 . T h is would be M u p ali'S ^ - (one o f C in g g i s Qan'sg e n e r a l s ) second, grandson Sugumca -gg . Sugumca s u c c e e d e d t o t h ep o s i t i o n o f S t a t e R egent i n 1239 and c f ie d 'd u r in g th e r e i g n o f H s ie n - t su n g ( 1 2 5 1 - 1 2 5 9 ) . LPCH.ll n . . . .. .

30

E ast o f th e chou t h e r e i s S a l t Lake I t s c i r c u m fe r e n c e

i s a p p r o x im a te ly one hundred _li 'J? . The n a t i v e s c a l l i t Dog Marshes) ;4?:

b e c a u s e o f t h e i r s i m i l a r i t y o f form,

W"e t r a v e l e d - n o r t h of. t h e . chou f o r more than one hundred l i

where t h e r e i s a h a l f - h i d d e n a n c i e n t f o r t i f i c a t i o n t h a t s t r e t c h e s a c r o s s

m ountain and v a l l e y . South o f th e f o r t i f i c a t i o n t h e r e i s a sm a l l d e s e r - '

t e d : c i t y . . We asked a r e s i d e n t about i t , and he s a i d t h a t t h i s i s a f o r t

b a r r i e r t h a t had been b u i l t by t h e p r e v io u s d y n a s t y , and t h a t th ere ' a r e44

now o n ly f r o n t i e r guards l i v i n g in t h e c i t y .

From t h e f o r t b a r r i e r .we t r a v e l e d - fo u r s to p s llS and began, t oT

e n t e r th e sand, d u n es . Wherever th e dunes on th e b o r d e r r e a c h e d , t h e r e 44

44 . Li C h ih -c h ' ang' s (1 1 9 5 -1 2 7 8 ) Ch1 a n g - c h '.u n - c h e n - j en h s i yu c h i f SPPY e d . ). 1 . 5 a - 5 b , s a y s , '^/'Northward from Fu-chou)/ t h e r e a re no r i v e r s .. Tliere a re many h o l e s .dug in t h e sand in o r d e r t o draw / w a t e r / , ' . A lso th e r e , are no la r g e , m o u n ta in s . A f t e r r i d i n g on h o r s e b a c k f o r f i v e days we went ou t o f t h e M in g -c h rang b o r d e r .” A cco rd in g t o Wang Kuo-wei (1 8 7 7 - 1 9 2 7 ) , in h i s K u a n -t ' ang c h i - l i n (S h a n g h a i , 1 9 7 5 ) , 7 34 , t h i s i s a f o r t b a r r i e r t h a t was b u i l t in th e M in g -c h 'a n g r e ig n p e r io d o f ..Chin Chang- t s u n g ( 1 1 9 0 - 1 1 9 5 ) . In t h e same book (p . 7 1 3 ) . Wang d e s c r i b e s two m eans,. o f b o r d e r d e f e n s e .u s e d by th e C hin. One i s th e w a l l e d f o r t t h a t w as . . b u i l t in an a r e a o f v i t a l d e f e n s e in . .o r d e r t o house , f r o n t i e r g u a rd s .These f o r t s had t o be. b u i l t in an .area where w a ter and g r a s s w e r e . a v a i l ­a b le .; S in c e t h e y ..were p l a c e d a t i r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s , t h e y were s u b j e c t t o e n c ir c le m e n t and s i e g e . . The o t h e r . i s a b a r r i e r t h a t was c o n s t r u c t e d in o r d e r t o impede th e N orthern, c a v a l r y . The b a r r i e r c o u ld n o t be e n ­c i r c l e d but i t to o k a g r e a t amount o f la b o r t o c o n s t r u c t . A l s o , s i n c e .• th e n o r th e r n b o r d e r la n d s were m o s t ly d e s e r t , th e b a r r i e r s would f i l l w i t h d r i f t i n g sand and had t o be c o n s t a n t l y r e c la im e d . D uring th e r e ig n o f .. .- C h an g-tsu n g (1 1 9 0 -1 2 0 9 ) th e b o r d e r c o n f l i c t s became more i n t e n s e and t h i s b a r r i e r was c o m p le ted i n 1198 . I t was n e a r l y 3 ,0 0 0 1 1 i n l e n g t h .

31

was n e i t h e r a shard o f ro c k nor an in c h o f loam. When we w ere s t i l l a t

a d i s t a n c e and gazed a t them , t h e y were l i k e h ig h mounds and l a r g e hum­

mocks . But. o n ce we a r r i v e d , we saw th a t , t h e y were p i l e s o f san d . Elms

and w i l l o w s are th e o n ly t r e e s t h a t , have a d a p te d . And t h e y a l l are

c r o o k e d , s c a t t e r e d and grow in Clum ps. The w ater h e r e i s c o m p le t e l y

b r a c k i s h .

In a l l , we p a s s e d th ro u g h s i x s t o p s b e f o r e g o in g out o f . t h e .

d u n e s .

F is h Marsh ll?. H, > ^ and t h e "P r i n c e s s 1 Summer P a lace^ b -

T r a v e l in g n o r th w e s t one more s t o p , we p a s s e d F i s h M arsh. There

a re two m arshes w i t h a c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f more than a hundred l i , w i th a

lan d road ru n n in g ^ b e tw e e n them ? n o r th t o s o u t h .

The P r i n c e s s ' Summer P a la c e l i e s on th e e a s t e r n bank o f th e '

m arsh. The o u t e r w a l l o f . th e p a la c e i s more than t e n /7C hinese .7 f e e t

h ig h and has a sq u are c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f a p p r o x im a te ly two l i . A s l e e p i n g

h a l l has been b u i l t in t h e c e n te r , , f la n k e d by two b u i l d i n g s . I t s r o o f .

beam i s / c u r v e d ? l i k e / th e s h e l l ? o f a. t u r t l e , and th e s i d e s are / l i n e d

by7 two c o r r i d o r s . In f r o n t s ta n d s a w atch tow er w h ic h , when a s c e n d e d ,

sh a rp en s th e power o f t h e e y e . 45

45 v T h is i s th e P r i n c e s s Yesu Buqa C- hE T % . . She i s th e d a u g h te r o f J u i - t s u n g ^ . tfc ( th e tem p le name o f T u lu i ) . T h is w ouldmake h e r C in g g i s ' gra n d d a u g h ter and Q u b i l a i ' s s i s t e r . See” LPCH 14 n_.

32

E ast o f t h e p a l a c e c i t i z e n s , and c r a f t s m e n l i v e s c a t t e r e d about

in more or le s s ; o f a s e t t l e m e n t . In t h e c e n t e r / o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t /

t h e r e i s a b u i l d in g , w h ic h h as a s t e l e t h a t i s - c a l l e d R e c e iv in g R ad iance

l i P 46

T r a v e l in g fo u r s t o p s n o r th w e s t from t h e m arsh , t h e r e are t h e

d e c a y in g rem ain s o f a g r e a t w a l l . I g azed a t i t and i t s t r e t c h e d away

w ith o u t end . . T h i s • i s •an. o u t e r f o r t i f i c a t i o n t h a t h a d a l s o been b u i l t

b y . t h e p r e v io u s d y n a s t y . 47

Lu-chu R iv e r andB lack Mount a i n . # .J |

From t h e o u t e r f o r t i f i c a t i o n , we t r a v e l e d f i f t e e n s t o p s and

a r r iv e d a t a r i v e r t h a t i s a p p r o x im a te ly o n e - t h i r d o f ten . t im e s t h e .

d ep th and w id th o f th e H u-t 'o )%%. In n o r th e r n la n g u a g e i t ' i s

c a l l e d th e K eru len H j'"£ and in C h in e se i t i s c a l l e d t h e Lu-chu

(or Donkey F o a l) R i v e r . 46 47

4 6 . F a th e r G e r b i l l o n . w a s t h e e a r l i e s t European t r a v e l e r . , t o r e c o r d F ish M arsh. He went p a s t t h e marsh in 1689 on a t r i p from Peking-, t o N e r c h in s k . • He r e c o r d e d t h e name . of. t h e marsh as T a a l -n o r "

and s a i d , t h a t i t was f i f t e e n m i l e s i n c i r c u m f e r e n c e . He a l s o - s a i d th a t , o n e - h a l f m i le from t h e marsh t h e r e was a m arble s t e l e , i n C h in e s e , t h a t d a te d from t h e Yuan d y n a s t y . See LPCH 14 n .

4 7 . T h is w a l l was c o n s t r u c t e d d u r in g th e T a s t i n g r e i g n . p e r i o d o f Chin S h i h - t s m g ( 1 1 6 1 - 1 1 8 9 ) . .

33

I t s banks a re l i n e d w i t h many clumps o f w i l l o w s and i t s w a te r s

f lo w e a s tw a rd r a p id and r o i l i n g . An i n h a b i t a n t s a i d , "In i t a re f i s h

t h a t are a p p r o x im a te ly t h r e e or fo u r f e e t l o n g . From s p r in g and summer

up t o autumn you may £ t r y to_7 c a t c h them but none can be c a u g h t . In

48 ■w in t e r t h e y can be cau gh t by c u t t i n g a h o l e in th e i c e . "

The i n h a b i t a n t s n e a r t o th e r i v e r a re mixed b a r b a r ia n and

C h in ese and' t h e r e a re a few b u i l d i n g s t h a t a re a l l c o v e r e d w ith e a r t h .

/T h e . in h a b ita n tsJ T ’ als.o.: know a l i t t l e o f t h e s k i l l s o f p l a n t i n g but

/'jblantj? o n ly hemp and w h eat .

North o f th e r i v e r t h e r e i s a l a r g e m ountain t h a t i s c a l l e d

Q a ra -u la ^ % * In C h in e se i t i s ' c a l l e d B lack M ountain .' .When-

I g a z e d 'a t i t from one s t o p away i t had a d en se and dark .c o lo r l i k e ■

t h a t o f a t h i c k f o r e s t . But when I grew n e a r and lo o k e d a t i t , i t

was d e e p . g r e y s t o n e . E th e r s o f c lo u d y h a z e c o n s t a n t l y enshroud i t s t o p .

48V In the. t h i r d chuan of. th e , f i r s t , volume o f h i s work. Y e n - f a n - l u '.*1 If! ( t h i s work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e ) , C h 'eng T a -c h 'a n g . fp'i V% ' (1 1 2 3 -1 1 9 5 ) d e sc r ib e s" t h e m ethod t h a t : t h e K hitan u se d f o r . c a tc h in g , th e b u f f a l o f i s h 9 . He s a y s t h a t t h e y d id n o t f i s h w i t hb a i t but u se d hooks f o r g i g g i n g th e f i s h . - . The K hitan f i r s t c u t one h o le : in t h e i c e t h a t went th r o u g h t o th e w a t e r . They w ould th e n c u t t h r e e .-. more h o l e s around t h e f i r s t . T hese t h r e e h o l e s d id n o t p e n e t r a t e a l l th e way t o th e w a t e r , b u t l e f t a t h i n l a y e r o f i c e t h a t c o u ld be s e e n th r o u g h . They w atched f o r f i s h th r o u g h th e t h r e e h o l e s , and- were r e a d y w it h t h e i r g i g s when t h e f i s h came t o th e s u r f a c e t o b r e a t h e . Yao T s ' ung-wu s a y s t h a t t h i s method o f c a t c h i n g , f i s h i n t h e w in t e r was a l s o u sed by th e M ongols. LPCH 15 n .

34From Black. Mountain t o Qaraqorum

• From th e s o u th s i d e o f B lack Mountain we t r a v e l e d n in e s to p s

so u th w e s t when 'we a g a in came upon a r i v e r . /The r i v e r / i s o n e - t h i r d a g a inf f

th e depth and w id th o f t h e K eru len . The l a r g e n e s s o f th e f i s h are l i k e

t h o s e in t h e K erulen and the m ethods f o r c a t c h i n g them are a l s o th e same.

Where i t s w a ter f i r s t f lo w e d westward i t was so deep and s w i f t /"we// were-

u n a b le t o c r o s s . In n o r th e r n lan gu age i t i s c a l l e d th e Gun-Tula

which i s Rabbit ^ ^ in C h in ese .

F o l lo w in g t h e r i v e r w estw ard , we t r a v e l e d one s t o p t o where

t h e r e i s an o ld c i t y w a l l t h a t had been b u i l t by th e K bitan .- /T h e w a l l j

i s about t h r e e l i sq u a r e and i t backed up t o th e m ountain f a c i n g th e

w a te r . From h e r e th e w a te r f 1 owed n o r th w a r d .

From th e o ld c i t y w a l l , we t r a v e l e d t h r e e s t o p s n o r th w e s t and

p a s s e d B i i i g t u Ijl J f Az- which i s th e land w h ere , f o r a lo n g t i m e , -

t h e makers o f bows had been r a i s e d .

Again t r a v e l i n g one s t o p , we p a s s e d the Great Swamp Marsh ?£ y-|'

which h a s a c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f r o u g h ly s i x t y or s e v e n t y l i and has w a te r .

t h a t i s e x tr e m e ly c l e a r and l im p id . In n o r th e rn la n g u a g e i t i s c a l l e d

G ujege-nor: ~2% * < " . . W estward,:.from th e s o u th e r n s i d e o f

th e m arsh, th e road d i v i d e s and e n t e r s Qaraqorum. • Both / o f th e roads_/ .

a re s e p a r a te d by more th a n one hundred l i . . Due w est o f th e marsh

35

t h e r e i s a s m a l l , . o ]d c i t y w a l l t h a t had a l s o been b u i l t by th e Kin t a n .

From t h e c i t y w a l l in a l l d i r e c t i o n s , th e lan d i s v e r y f l a t and open

f o r about a hundred l i , and beyond i t i s a l l m o u n ta in s . The n o r th

s i d e o f t h e m ou n ta in s a re m o s t ly p i n e f o r e s t , and s u n n y -g r e e n clum ps

o f w i l l o w s l i n e t h e w a t e r . Through t h e c e n t e r runs Qaraqorum Stream

ij -ft' i'j • The i n h a b i t a n t s are m o s t ly engaged in p l o u g h i n g and so w in g

and t h e y a l l l e a d w a te r t o i r r i g a t e /"the f i e l d s ^ . O c c a s i o n a l l y t h e r e

a r e v e g e t a b l e g a r d e n s . At t h i s t im e , I t i s th e l a s t t e n d a y s o f . t h e

f i r s t month o f autumn and t h e g r a in s a r e a l l w i t h e r e d . ' T'.’e a sked a

farm er /a b o u t t h i s / F who s a i d t h a t t h e r e had a l r e a d y b een t h r e e f r o s t s .

The- T 'a -m i. R i v e r s # . / ,th e S to n e -Cairn, and' Q u b l l a l 1 s ' h ; h .) ' ;

Tent P a la c e and Summer R e t r e a t -

T r a v e l in g ' n o r t h w e s t from t h e s tr e a m f o r one s t o p , we p a s s e d

H orse Head M ountain ! | f f . tiq . A r e s i d e n t s a i d , "On t o p / o f th e moun-

t a i n j / t h e r e i s a l a r g e h o r s e ' s head and , b e c a u s e o f t h i s , i t was so

nam ed." From -the n o r t h s i d e o f H orse Head M ounta in , w e: tu r n e d .a n d

a g a in t r a v e l e d s o u t h w e s t . . We p a s s e d U la 'a n C ik in -e - 5% ' <4- IT (a moun-49

t a i n name f s o named;/7 b e c u a s e i t i s shaped l i k e a red e a r ) w h ic h ,

i n d e e d , i s t h e p l a c e t h a t was b e s to w e d on t h e d e p e n d e n ts (p u - c h ' u y .

. c i t i z e n s , c r a f t s m e n , and v a r i o u s a r t i s a n s . I t h a s a r i v e r ,

c a l l e d t h e . T 'a -m i R i v e r , t h a t f u n n e l s i n t o i t . .

49.- U la 'a n C ik in in Mongol means Red E ar .

56

To th e n o r t h e a s t , we a g a in p a s s e d through one s t o p and went by

a s t o n e c a i r n . The s t o n e c a i r n i s a t t h e s i d e o f t h e p o s t road and i s

a p p r o x im a te ly f i v e f e e t h ig h w i t h a lo w e r c ir c u m fe r e n c e o f more th a n

f o r t y s t e p s . I t i s sq u a r e w i t h sharp c o r n e r s and i s e s p e c i a l l y im p o s in g

as i t s ta n d s on f l a t ground. I t s shape i s v e r y n o v e l and em inent and

when gazed a t from a d i s t a n c e i t i s l i k e a l a r g e / ' C h i n e s e / / c a i r n , h e n c e

i t s . name. T r a v e l in g s o u t h w e s t from th e c a ir n f o r t h r e e s to p s , , we p a s s e d

a r i v e r c a l l e d th e Tan gu t y/f" .. / I t i s c a l l e d t h i s _ / b e c a u s e i t

~-r ~r> 'o r i g i n a t e s from t h e / l a n d o f / / . t h e H s i - h s i a v& '5 . I t s . w a ter a l s o

f lo w s t o th e n o r t h e a s t , and w e st o f t h e r i v e r t h e r e i s a to w e r in g r a n g e

o f . p e a k s . The s t o n e s o f th e p ea k s a r e a l l i r o n - l i k e . , The n o r th s i d e

o f t h e p eaks a r e m o s t ly p i n e f o r e s t and on: t h e i r s o u th e r n s i d e i s t h e

t e n t p a l a c e ; t h i s i s t h e summer, r e t r e a t . ■

A f t e r th e Mid-Autumn F e s t i v a l f-/.', we began t o t r a v e l . . . E a s t ­

ward a lo n g th e p o s t road we p a s s e d th e s to n e c a i r n , com ing n o r t h e a s t •

t o U la 'a n C ik in , where we meandered i n t o s lo p e d h i l l s . From t h i s p o i n t

we t r a v e l e d and s to p p e d ; our t r a v e l i n g n e v e r e x c e e d in g one d a y ' s j o u r n e y

and our s t o p p in g n e v e r e x c e e d in g two n i g h t s . The p l a c e s t h a t we p a s s e d

were n a m e le s s m ou n ta in s and l a r g e s tr e a m s and I was u n a b le t o r e c o r d

them in e n t i r e t y . '

37

Q u e s t io n s and Answers in t h e Royal C ou rt: I - - A D is c u s s io n o f Whether o r Not th e Chin D yn asty

Was Lost B ecause o f T h e ir T ru st and Employment o f C o n fu c ia n S c h o la r s

Then i t came t h a t t h e y m e t . The King l e i s u r e l y a s k e d , s a y in g ,

" C o n fu c iu s ■ has been dead now f o r a lo n g t im e . Now where d o es h i s

s p i r i t e x i s t ? " / j e - h u i / r e p l i e d , s a y i n g , "The Sage ends and b e g in s

w ith heaven a n d 'e a r t h . There i s no p l a c e t h a t one can go where he d o e s

n o t e x i s t . I f Your M a je s ty can im plem ent th e Way. o f t h e Sage then

/Y o u r M ajesty j? w i l l become a.- S a g e , f o r t h e s p i r i t in d e e d r e s i d e s w i t h i n

t h i s t e n t p a l a c e . "

Again- / t h e .K in g / / i n q u i r e d , "There a r e t h o s e who s a y rThe. L iao . .

was d e s t r o y e d b e c a u s e - o f . Buddhism and th e . Chin was l o s t b e c a u se o f

C o n fu c ia n ism . 1 I s t h i s , tr u e ? " /T e -h u i/7 r e p l i e d , s a y i n g , : "As t o th e

a f f a i r s o f t h e L ia o , I am n o t c o m p le t e l y k n o w le d g e a b le , but as t o th e

l a s t y e a r s , o f th e Chin,. I have p e r s o n a l l y w i t n e s s e d i t . Among -the Coun-

5 0c i l o r s o f S t a t e , a l th o u g h t h e r e .were em ployed one. o r two C on fuc ian .

, ^ . 5 0 . These o f f i c e s , were t h o s e , i n the . Departm ent o f M i n i s t r i e s'4 '■% % , . The o f f i c e o f P r e s id i n g M i n i s t e r o f th e Department o f Min­i s t r i e s hj , rank l a , was n o t f i l l e d on a perm anent b a s i s . TheC h ie f C o u n c i lo r s o f S t a t e £§ , a l s o c a l l e d th e Upper Four O f f i c e s

'3 /Q » ^Gre th e L e f t and R igh t grand c o u n c i l o r s 3. ^ 7|;@. . , rank l b , a n d . t h e two E x e c u t iv e s o f t h e S e c r e t a r ia t - - C h a n c e l l e r y *{- '% u S - , rank l b . ^ The A d m in is te r s o f S t a t e 'A- 3% % a l s o c a l l e d th e Lower Four O f f ic e s . t/i JlA ,. were t h e . L e f t and R ig h t e x e c u t i v e a s s i s t a n t s o f th e D epartm ent o f M i n i s t r i e s / f / t . , rank 2 a , and t h e two A s s i s t a n t

38

m i n i s t e r s , a l l th e rem ain d er were m i l i t a r y o f f i c i a l s or / t h o s e w i t h j 7

h e r e d i t a r y t i t l e s . When i t came t o d i s c u s s i n g th e g r e a t a f f a i r s o f th e

s t a t e , or o f w a r f a r e , a g a in / /C o n fu c ia n m i n i s t e r s , / were n o t p e r m i t t e d t o

t a k e p a r t i n / t h e d i s c u s s i o n / or t o be h e a r d . Among t h e m i s c e l l a n e o u s

p o s t s w i t h i n and w i t h o u t / ' th e c o u r t , / , t h o s e t o which C o n fu c ia n s w ere

advanced were one o f t h i r t y , and t h e y d i d no more t h a n ■r e v ie w o f f i c i a l

docum ents , l i s t e n t o l i t i g a t i o n s . , o r a d m in is t e r t o f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s !v

As f o r the: e x i s t e n c e or dem ise o f t h e s t a t e - , t h e /"Jurchen/ t h e m s e lv e s

a re t h o s e who must b e a r t h e b la m e . How can t h e . C o n fu c ia n s be b la m e d !"

The King was p l e a s e d , . Thereupon he in q u ir e d o f T e - h u i s a y i n g ;

"The law s and r e g u l a t i o n s o f our p r o g e n i t o r s and a n c e s t o r s , are a l l h e r e .

and y e t v e r y many o f them are n o t p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e . What can be done

about t h i s ? " The M aster p o i n t e d t o a s i l v e r washbowl, i n f r o n t o f H is

M a je s ty and made an a n a lo g y , . s a y i n g , " T h e main p o i n t i n b e g in n in g an

e n t e r p r i s e i s l i k e c r e a t i n g t h i s u t e n s i l . C a r e f u l l y s e l e c t , t h e f i n e s t

s i l v e r and s k i l l e d .w o r k m e n t o m easure a n d .c o m p le te i t , / t h e n i t can b e . / .

g i v e n t o . l a t e r g e n e r a t i o n s and handed down w ith o u t end,. Now /Y our

M a j e s t y / sh o u ld s e e k t h o s e who a re c o n s c i e n t i o u s and s i n c e r e t o t a k e

c h a r g e , and th e n f o r e v e r make them o f t r e a s u r e d u s e . I f t h i s i s n o t

done /y o u r t r e a s u r e " w i l l n o t o n ly be c h ip p e d and b r o k e n , b u t p erh ap s

t h e r e w i l l be one who w i l l s t e a l i t aw ay!" The King / t h o u g h t / , f o r a l o n g

t im e ./and. t h e n / / s a i d , "This, i s t r u l y som ething, my mind w i l l n o t f o r g e t ! ". . . . . ‘

E x e c u t iv e s o f t h e S e c r e t a r i a t - C h a n c e l l e r y ^ , rank 2b. .These ;m i n i s t e r s were c o l l e c t i v e l y : c a l l e d - the^ C o u n c i lo r s o f S t a t e 1 " .. .See Yuan Hao-wen, I - s h a n w e n -c h i (SPTK e d . ) 1 6 .1 b .

39

A lso /"the K in gJ in q u ir e d o f C h in e se men o f t a l e n t and T e -h u i

th e re u p o n recommended Wei Fan I As- 5-^ , Yuan Yu /u, j Li Chih

f . '4 , , 53 and. more th an tw e n ty o t h e r s . The King cr o o k e d h i s f i n g e r

t o co u n t them and e v e r y now and th e n t h e r e were t h o s e whose names he

was a b l e t o sp ea k .

The King a l s o i n q u i r e d , "The farm ers a l s o work. How i s i t t h a t

t h e y do n o t have enough c l o t h e s and food?" T e -h u i r e p l i e d , s a y i n g ,

" A g r ic u l t u r e and s e r i c u l t u r e , a r e . t h e r o o t s o f t h e w orld and th e p l a c e

See t h e b io g r a p h y o f Wei Ch'u 'jM* T/l , YS, 1 6 4 . 1 7 b -2 0 a .

52 ’. Yuan Hao-wen /L (1 1 9 0 -1 2 5 7 ) . H is b io g r a p h y i s foundin th e Chin Sh ih (P o-n a e d . ) 1 2 6 . l l b - l S a . Yuan H ao-w en' s s t y l e name i s Y u -c h ih 2:. . S i n c e t h e t e x t r e f e r s t o him o n ly a s Yuan Yu, s e v e r a lo p i n i o n s have ap peared t h a t : tr y t o a c c o u n t f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e . In b r i e f , t h e r e a r e t h r e e main a r g u m e n ts . (1) The m is s in g c h a r a c t e r i s s im p ly as c r i b a l e r r o r due t o th e c a r e l e s s n e s s o f t h e c o p y i s t . (2 ) A f t e r Yuan •Hao-wen c r o s s e d n o r th o f th e Y e llow R iv e r and was h e l d i n d e ta in m e n t by t h e M ongols, he changed h i s name t o Yuan Yu. ' (5) Yuan Yu i s n o t Yuan Hao-wen but someone e l s e . The f i r s t two t h e o r i e s , th ou gh b a se d on d i f ­f e r e n t a s s u m p t io n s , b o th c o n c lu d e t h a t Yuan Yu i s Yuan Hao-wen. , The. t h i r d , h o w e v e r , i s o f c o n se q u e n c e s i n c e i t a s s e r t s , t h a t Yuan Yu i s a n o th e r p e r s o n . Yao T s'ung-w u d i s c o u n t s t h i s t h e o r y o n th e b a s i s t h a t S u . T ' i e n - chueh ( t h i s segm ent o f t h e t r a v e l d i a r y i s c o p ie d , from S u 1s B io g r a p h ic a l S k e tc h e s Of Famous M i n i s t e r s in th e R e ig n in g D y n a s ty . S ee T e x tu a l A c c o u n t , f o o t n o t e # 2 7 , p age 17.) was a h i s t o r i a n o f t h e Yuan d y n a s t y , and was e x tr e m e ly m e t i c u lo u s i n zr e c o r d in g a f f a i r s . . He .was a l s o , from t h e same s m a l l v i l l a g e (L u a n -c h 'e n g t j i ) as was- Li C h ih .. Su was w e l l v e r s e d i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e Three E ld e r s o f F e n g - lu n g - s h a n ^ 1% Ju 5- y who- :he r e f e r s t o , more th an o n c e , as Yuan H ao-w en, Chang T e - h u i , and • Li C hih .. . T h e r e f o r e , Yao c o n c lu d e s , th e Yuan Yu r e c o r d e d in t h e . YS b i o g r a p h i e s o f Chang T e - h u i , Li C hih, and .Kao Ming f ^ on th e b a s i s , o f common s e n s e , i s . a c t u a l l y Y uan.H ao-w en. LPCH 3 6 -3 7 n .

53 . Li Chih' ( 1 1 9 2 - 1 2 7 9 ) . H is b io g r a p h y i s found in t h e YS, 1 6 0 . 9 b - l l b .

40

from w hich c lo t h i n g ' and fo o d come. T h e men p lo u g h , t h e women w e a v e , ,

and t o t h e end o f t h e y e a r t h e y t o i l d i l i g e n t l y . Then t h e y s e l e c t

t h o s e / a r t i o l e s j / t h a t a r e r e f i n e d and b e a u t i f u l and se n d them t o t h e

o f f i c i a l s . ' Those / [ a r t i c l e s / / t h a t a r e l e f t b e h in d a r e c o u r s e and u g l y ,

b u t t h e y t a k e them t o r a i s e t h e i r f a m i l i e s . And y e t t h e lo w e r o f f i c i a l s

who s h o u ld be c l o s e t o t h e p e o p l e r a p a c i o u s l y c o l l e c t / e v e n t h e s e

r e m n a n tsJ and so e x h a u s t them . T h is b e i n g s o , t h e r e a r e r a r e l y , . among

t h e p e o p l e , t h o s e who do n o t f r e e z e o r s t a r v e ! "

w h ere he g a v e a l i b a t i o n o f w h i t e m a r e ’ s m i lk s o a s t o c u l t i v a t e t h e

s e a s o n a l s a c r i f i c e s . The m i s c e l l a n e o u s u t e n s i l s / u s e d i n t h e s a c r i f i c e s /

o r n a m e n ta t io n a s t h e y v a l u e t h e s u b s t a n c e [ o f b i r c h / ( i . e . , t h e s i m p l i -

c i t y o f i t ) .

5 4 . For d e t a i l s o f t h e C h ih - s u n F e a s t s e e Y a n a i V’a t a r u ^"Moko n o ’ c h ia - m a - y e n ' • t o ’ c h i h - s u n - y e n ’” , i n • S h i r a t o r i h a k u s e i kan-reki k i n e n T o y o sh i r o n s o ( C o l l e c t e d E s s a y s in ,C om m em oration o f P r o f e s s o r S h i r a t o r i ' s S i x t y ^ - f i r s t B i r t h d a y ) 1 9 2 5 . T h is work was , n o t , a v a i l a b l e . f o r my u s e .

5 5 . In a l e t t e r t o P r o f e s s o r S t e p h e n West ( O r i e n t a l S t u d i e s D e p a r tm e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n a ) , P r o f e s s o r S e c h in J a g c h i d ( H i s t o r y D e p a r tm e n t , Brigham Young U n i v e r s i t y ) : s a y s , "Your q u e s t io n - r e g a r d in g t h e

.p r o b le m o f t a - y a - c h a n g o r o r d o i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o a n sw e r b e c a u s e a l a r g e y u r t l i k e t h a t h a s no d e f i n i t e s i z e . As f o r my p e r s o n a l e x p e r ­i e n c e , I s a w .o n e i n t h e West S u n id B an n er o f S h i l i n - g h o l L ea g u e , I n n e r

The S e a s o n a l S a c r i f i c e and t h e C h ih -su n 'A % .F e a st :

At t h e a r r i v a l o f Doubl e' N in e , Day, t h e King . l e d t h o s e

b e n e a t h h i s b a n n e r t o a m eetin g : a t t h e G re a t P o i n t e d T en t ,7c ^

a r e a l l made o f b i r c h wood. / .T he M o n g o l s / / do n o t .u se . g o ld or s i l v e r . a s

41

In t h e m id d le t e n days o f th e t e n t h m onth, we j u s t a r r iv e d ' in

a b road m ounta in v a l l e y to a v o id / t h e . c o ld o fj7 w i n t e r . The f o r e s t s and

t r e e s a r e v e r y lu s h and th e w a ter i s a l l f r o z e n . The men s t r i v e in th e

a m a ss in g o f f i r e w o o d . and th e s t o r i n g up o f w a te r as a way o f d e f e n d in g

a g a i n s t t h e c o l d . C lo t h e s must n e c e s s a r i l y be /"made o f 7 anim al h i d e s .

As f o r f o o d , m utton i s as c o n s t a n t as g r a in and r i c e a r e r a r e .

On th e day b e f o r e New Y ear, t h e y o f t e n moved t h e i r t e n t s and

changed l o c a t i o n s t o make a p l a c e f o r c e l e b r a t i n g th e New- Y ear . On

t h i s d a y , a p l a c e was arranged in f r o n t o f a t e n t f o r a g r e a t f e a s t .

From t h e King on down, a l l wore pure w h i t e f u r c o a t s . Three days l a t e r ,

we d i r e c t l y went t o t h e Great P o in te d T ent t o . d e l i v e r / o u r / c o n g r a t u l a ­

t i o n s ; t h i s was r i t u a l .

On t h e f i f t e e n t h day o f th e f i r s t month we a g a in t r a v e l e d s o u t h ­

w e s t . In t h e m id d le t e n days o f the. s e co n d month we a r r i v e d a t U l a ' an .

C i k i n . Then t r a v e l i n g eastw ard we. r e a c h e d H orse Head M ountain and .

s to p p e d i n o r d e r t o hunt w ith f a l c o n s . a lo n g s p r in g w a t e r s .

M o n g o l ia , b i g enough t o c o n t a in 12D p e r s o n s , and I saw a n o th e r in th e West Ujumuchin Banner o f t h e same l e a g u e l a r g e enough f o r 500 p e r s o n s . ■ They a l l had w h it e f e l t c o v e r i n g s w i t h l a r g e red la q u e r e d wooden s u p p o r t colum ns and b eam s. In sum m ertim e, c o n f e r e n c e s or b a n q u e ts were u s u a l l y c a r r i e d o u t in a l a r g e t e n t or c h a c h i r w h ich was l a r g e enough t o s e a t 200 p e r s o n s ."

42

Q u e s t io n s and Answers in th e Royal C ourt: I I - - D i s c u s s i o n s on Why One V e n e r a te s C o n fu c iu s and

How t o S e l e c t and Use S t e a d f a s t T a le n t t o P a c i f y and S e t t l e China.

In t h e s p r in g o f t h e yea r v,-u-shen ( 1 2 4 8 ) , T e -h u i poured a l i b a ­

t i o n and d e l i v e r e d s a c r i f i c i a l meat t o ' t h e K in g .55 The King s a i d , "Where­

in r e s i d e s th e p r i n c i p l e o f p r o v id in g s a c r i f i c i a l food t o a C onfucian

tem ple?" ■ / T e - h u i . / r e p l i e d , s a y in g , "Confuc:i.us i s th e t e a c h e r o f t e n ;

th ou san d g e n e r a t io n s - o f K ings . Those who p o s s e s s a s t a t e v e n e r a te - him.

T h e r e fo r e they, make im p o s in g . t h e e x t e r n a l appearance o f h i s t em p le and.

r e f i n e t h e s e q u e n t i a l s a c r i f i c e s ( : i . e . , : t o a cco rd w ith th e p rop er t i m e ) .

Now,: w h eth er he i s v e n e r a t e d ;or n o t i s n e i t h e r . b e n e f i t nor harm t o

/fK'ungZ, t h e Sage . . B u t , one can s e e on- th e b a s i s o f t h i s / ’s a c r i f i c e / •

what t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t r u l e r i s l ik e , toward th e v e n e r a t i o n o f

th e C on fu c ian Way." The King s a i d , "From t h i s day on , t h i s - r i t u a l - w i l l

n o t be a b a n d o n e d ."

The King a l s o i n q u ir e d , s a y in g , "Now, o f t h o s e who are in ch arge

o f th e army and t h o s e who a r e s te w a rd s o f th e p e o p l e , w hich one does

th e g r e a t e s t harm?" / T e - h u i / r e p l i e d , s a y in g , "Those who a re in ch arge

o f th e army have t r o o p s t h a t are w ith o u t d i s c i p l i n e . They a l lo w / t h e i r

t r o o p s 7 t o c a u se t e r r o r i s m . That which t h e y o b t a in d o e s n o t com pensate

5 6 . . T h is . i s a C h in ese s a c r i f i c e t o ' f o r m e r - s a g e s ' and ' form er r u l e r s . ' See LPCH 2 5 -2 6 n.

43

fo r t h a t which t h e y lo se , . , so t h e i r . c r i m e s in d eed are s e v e r e . As f o r

th o s e who are in charge o f th e p e o p l e , t h e y c o l l e c t b a s k e t s o f gra in s,

on th e b a s i s o f a head c o u n t , and th e r e b y p o i s o n th e w or ld and c a u se

th e p e o p le o f t h e i r rem ote a n c e s t o r s t o be as i f t h e y were t r e a d i n g on

w ater and f i r e . T h is i s a harm t h a t i s even g r e a t e r ." The King was

s i l e n t f o r a lo n g t im e Zand th en h e ? s a i d , "What, can be done about . t h i s ?

T e-hui. s a i d , ."There i s n o t h in g b e t t e r than s e l e c t i n g t h o s e s t e a d f a s t

men o f th e c l a n , such as Ko'un Buga a 2 ^j/. and ca u se them

t o be in ch arge o f th e army, and [ s e l c c t i n g , / th o s e w ith m e r i t o r i o u s

57; Ko'un Buga i s th e secon d son. of. B .e lgu te i . n'j ' !E- r s . %. who i s th e y o u n g e s t b r o t h e r , by a c o n c u b in e , o f C in g g is Qan. He d oes n ot have a b io g r a p h y in. th e YS, but some f a c t s about him can be. found in o t h e r s e l e c t i o n s : 1) The YS, 1 0 7 .5 b , l i s t s him as one o f t h r e e so n so f B e l g i i t e i . 2) I b i d . , 1 1 7 .2 a . Ko' un Buga commanded an army in Honan ... and hadt|r e p e a te d ' s u c c e s s e s . 3) I b i d . , 1 1 5 . 2 b -3 a . : In th e autumn o f 1232, Ko' u n . Buga and some o t h e r g e n e r a l s , a lo n g w ith 1 0 ,0 0 6 c a v a l r y , t r o o p s , were s e n t by 5 g o d e i t o meet T u lu i ( J u i - t s .u n g ) , who was b e in g pur sued by th e Chin commander Ha Ta ^ a n d 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 c a v a lr y - a n d i n f a n t r y t r o o p s . I t was snow ing and r a in in g and the. Chin t r o o p s were so. c o ld . many were n o t a b le t o f i g h t . T u lu i a t t a c k e d them a t S a n -fen g -sh a n ^ .

and d e f e a t e d them. 4) I b i d . , 1 5 5 . 12 b -1 3 a . In 1237 , Ko'unB u ga'surrounded and c a p tu r e d Kuang-chou fu. l'hl . He th e n went t o Fu-chou ^ •■)')') but th e men of?Fu were a f r a i d and a sked t o s u r r e n d e r . N ex t , he a t ta c k e d S h o u -c h 'u n gg ^ . B e ing v i c t o r i o u s , he headed s o u t hu s u a l l y co n q u e r in g t h o s e he f a c e d . ... 5). I b i d . , 2 .5 a . In 1 2 3 5 , "Ko'unBuga ca p tu r ed Ho T ' a i - w e i /i*\ y'S'-t o f th e . S u n g ." Ko'un Buga.'s m e r i t s in m i l i t a r y e x p l o i t s were w e ll-k n ow n and he was v e r y s u c c e s s f u l in th e b a t t l e s b etw een th e Chin and Yuan a t S a n - f e n g -s h a n , and a l s o th e m i l i ­t a r y cam paigns in Honan and Hupei, '

s e r v i c e s u c h as Quduqu ■ jjj. , . and cau se them- to. manage th e

p e o p le ' s , governm ent. Then t h e w orld -w ill a l l r e c e i v e t h e i r b e n e f i t s . "

S a c r i f i c e o f th e Fourth Month 'S $ and That Which i s Seen o f th e G eneral C o n d it io n s o f Q u b i l a i ' s .

Changing Tent /'Camps / f o r W inter and Summer

On the n in t h day o f th e fo u r th month, the King l e d t h o s e b e ­

n e a th h is- banner t o another, m e e t in g a t the: Great .Peaked Tent and poured -

a l i b a t i o n o f w h ite m are 's m ilk . The m isc e l la n e o u s - ' u t e n s i l s were a l s o

l i k e t h o s e / 'u s e d f o r t h e Double Nine. Ceremony^. Every y e a r , t h e y s a c ­

r i f i c e d o n ly t w i c e : , on the. Double Nine, and th e N inth Day of- th e F o u r t h •

44 •

. 58 . Quduqu was a sworn younger b r o th e r o f Ci-nggis Qan. He h e l dt h e - p o s i t i o n o f c l o s e m i n i s t e r and was v e n e r a te d , as a Y i ia n - la o ^ 7 ^ . . an e l d e r m i n i s t e r o f s t a t e . He a l s o o b t a in e d th e c o n f id e n c e o f O god e i. In 1234 , a f t e r th e f a l l o f t h e Chin, North China was in g r e a t - c o n f u s i o n . Bgqdei a p p o in te d -Quduqu O f f i c i a l in Charge o f D e c id in g A f f a i r s iMff -f- I f7' in th e C en tra l P l a in o f C h ina , and , t o g e t h e r w ith Y e h - lu C h 'u - t s V ai, he d eterm in ed th e t a x s y s te m f o r C hina. They began to r e p l a c e th e f i e f s o f t h e n o b l e s : w i t h . t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p r o v i n c i a l sy s tem s o f t a x a t i o n and. a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . LPCH 2 6 -2 7 n.

45

SQMonth. " On th e rem ainder o f t h e i r f e s t i v a l ./'days/ th e y d id n o t do t h i s

/ s a c r i f i c e / :

From t h i s day we began t o r e t u r n . We went s o u th w e s t a g a in ,

a lo n g th e p o s t road toward t h e p l a c e we a v o id e d th e summer /" h e a t / . . On.

th e w h o le , m e e t in g summer, t h e y go t o a p l a c e th a t i s h ig h and c o l d ,

but a t th e a r r i v a l o f w i n t e r , th e y h a s t e n t o a sunny and warm p la c e , where

f ir e w o o d 1, and w ater are e a s i l y o b ta in e d in ord er t o a v o id / t h e c o l d / . -

P a s s in g h e r e in . o u r . t r a v e l s , we marched one day and r e s t e d th e

n e x t , f o l l o w i n g th e w ater and g r a s s t o make i t c o n v e n ie n t f o r p a s t u r in g

th e a n im a l s .

T h is i s t h a t what th e c l i m a t e and lan d make most s u i t a b l e , and

i s th e g e n e r a l o u t l i n e o f t h e i r custom s and h a b i t s .

59 . These s a c r i f i c e s were perform ed b y th e Mongol Qans.: The ■pu rp ose o f t h e s e a n c i e n t r i t u a l s was t o honor Heaven. The YS, 7 2 .3 a , s a y s , "The Yuan r o s e : from th e N orthern D e s e r t . For g e n e r a t i o n s t h e y had th e r i t u a l , o f h o n o r in g Heaven. / T h e i r / c l o t h e s and caps ten d ed toward th e n a t iv e - s u b s t a n c e , and / t h e i r J s a c r i f i c i a l u t e n s i l s te n d e d toward th e p u re . The emperor and em press, t h e m s e lv e s /p e r fo r m e d th e • c e re m o n y /, and members o f th e r o y a l c la n a s s i s t e d in th e s a c r i f i c e s . T h e ir i n t e n t i o n s were p r o f o u n d , a n c i e n t and f a r - r e a c h i n g ; t o r e q u i t e th e b a s i s and r e tu r n t o t h e o r i g i n a l . T h is came from, t h e i r n a t u r e s and no one had t o e x e r t t h e m s e lv e s t o do i t ." In LPCH 27 n_. , S e c h in J a g c h id i s quoted as s a y in g t h a t t h e Mongols no lo n g e r h o ld t h e s e c e r e m o n ie s . '

46

The Announcement t o Return and The Second Recommendation o f Men o f T a le n t

In t h e summer o f t h a t y e a r / r1248_/> / T e - h u i ' / announced t h a t he

was about t o r e t u r n . He a l s o recommended Po K cn-chu <2) ^ -7 ^ Cheng1

H s i e n - c h i h 2- Chao Yuan^te^E. 7 ^ ^ , - Li T s a o - c h ih % JjL 2

- k 64 r n , ^ 4? ■ 65 T ^ „ W - S 66Kao Ming Li P 'an Li T 1 ao J,£=r , and s e v e r a l o t h e r s

6 0 . Here I am r e a d in g chu f o r yu %^ . H is b io g r a p h y i s found i n t h e Chin S h ih (Po-na a d . ) 1 1 4 . l a - 1 2 b . Po was a famous s c h o l a r and h ig h o f f i c i a l , d u r in g t h e C h in , h i s h i g h e s t p o s i t i o n b e i n g t h a t o f S t a f f S u p e r v i s o r o f th e 'Council^ oh M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s hlT f l i t f 'J % .He was a good f r i e n d o f Yuan H ao-w en , who r a i s e d h is . so n in H en -c h u ' s a b s e n c e . . A f t e r Po c r o s s e d n o r th o f t h e Y e l lo w R iv e r , he l i v e d • in t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f Sh ih T ' i e n - t s e , where he met Chang T e - h u i . D uring t h e r e i g n o f Chin A i - t s u n g ( 1 2 2 4 - 1 2 3 4 ) , Po was a P a r t i c i p a t o r i n th e D e l i b e r ­a t i o n s o f M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s . a p o s i t i o n o f some im p o r t a n c e .

61.. U n i d e n t i f i e d . ■ ''

6 2 . Chao Y u a n -te was a Chin C en sor ^ . There i s a poem , t o him i n Yuan H ao-w en 's I - s h a n w e n - c h i , 1 0 . 2 O b-21a, e n t i t l e d , "The S e v e n - . t i e t h B ir th d a y o f t h e E ld e r B r o th e r , o f t h e C ensor Chao Y m n t e ^ 4 5 .

f i t c i There a r e no d e t a i l s o f h i s l i f e a v a i l a b l e .

63 . •A MHe i s a l s o c a l l e d Li C h in - c h ih %■ j'.r_ 7 . See I - s h a n wen-c h i , 1 2 . 1 1 a , . "Two. Poems a t Li C h i n - c h i h ' s Remote P a v i l i o n 'f '{\j -y

" There a r e no d e t a i l s o f h i s l i f e a v a i l a b l e .$

64 . ■ Kao was one o f f i f t y - f o u r s c h o l a r s recommended to. Y e h - lu C h ' u - t s ' a i by Yuan Hao-wen. See Yao T s ' u n g -w u ' s a r t i c l e , "The H i s t o r i c a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e L e t t e r t o Y e h - lu C h ' u - t s ' a i i n t h e y e a r K u e i - s s u , from Yuan Hao-wen, and an E xam in ation o f t h e A c t io n s o f th e F i f t y - f o u r Men (Recommended) i n th e L e t t e r . " ; W en -sh ih -ch e . h s u e h .-p a o ,- ■ 19 (1970) ■ 2 2 5 - 2 7 3 . Kao' s b io g r a p h y i s found in t h e YS, 1 6 0 . 8 a - 9 b . hhen H s u - l i e h - wu ytS 7u ( Q u b i l a i ' s m a te r n a l u n c l e ) was a b ou t t o go on t h e w e s te r n cam p a ign , Kao l a i d o u t more th an tw e n ty s t r a t e g i c p l a n s f o r him, many o f

f o r s e r v i c e . As he r e t i r e d from t h e a u d ie n c e , he s t a t e d t o t h e . King

/ / th a t he s h o u l d / v e n e r a t e t h e e l d e r l y and v i r t u o u s , em ploy t h e p r im a ry

e l d e r s , s e l e c t men o f t a l e n t , , o b s e r v e th e f e e l i n g s o f t h e common p e o p l e ,

honor h e a r in g b o th s i d e s ' / o f an a r g u m e n t / , be n e a r t o g e n t le m e n , be

h o n e s t in m e t in g o u t rew ards and p u n is h m e n ts , be f r u g a l in e x p e n d i t u r e s ,

and t o t a k e as h i s m odel and be warned b y / ' t h e form er ,/ K in g s .

The M aster was in t h e N orth ern Court f o r ' a f u l l y e a r . At each

i n t e r v i e w he was i n v i t e d t o d i s c u s s th e g e n e r a l p o i n t s o f th e S a g e ' s .

Way and Power, t h e m ethods o f c u l t i v a t i n g . t h e s e l f a h d - a d m in i s t e r i n g ,

t h e - s t a t e , and t h e r e a s o n s f o r good governm ent and c h a o t i c governm ent

in a n c i e n t and modern t i m e s . / T e - h u i y was p r e c i s e , c l e a r , t o th e p o i n t ,

and s t r a i g h t forw ard . There was much t h a t opened /" th e K in g ' s / p e r c e p ­

t i o n . . .Because o f t h i s he was c a l l e d by h i s . s t y l e and g iv e n a s e a t o f

h on or . \ The r i t u a l o f b e s to w a l . / o f th e s e a t / ' was e x c e p t i o n a l l y , g r e a t .. .

w hich he c o n s id e r e d good . When Q u b i la i a sc en d e d t h e t h r o n e , Kao was made a H an-1 in A c a d e m ic ia n , and w ith t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e C e n so r a te i n 1 2 6 8 , he was made a C ensor in W a it in g . He d ie d i n 1274 a t th e age o f s i x t y - s i x .

65 . Li P 1 an , a minor o f f i c i a l ,. h as o n ly a - few n o t i c e s • in t e x t s .

66 . U n i d e n t i f i e d .

-48

A General; Record o f Im p r e ss io n s o f th e N orthern T r a v e ls

From t h e b e g in n in g / o f th e j o u r n e y j u n t i l I r e t u r n e d ,

I t r a v e l e d w ith t h o s e o f th e r o y a l c o u r t f o r a g e n e r a l p e r io d o f t e n

m onth s . At e v e r y m e e t in g and p r i v a t e i n t e r v i e w , I was i n e v i t a b l y

t r e a t e d w ith r i t u a l . When i t came t o th e s u p p l i e s o f my t e n t , q u i l t

and m a t t r e s s , c l o t h i n g , fo o d and. d r i n k , . m ed ic in e and t o n i c , t h e r e was

n o t "one t h in g t h a t t h e y d id n o t b r in g forw ard . /"From t h i s ^ t h e n , I was

a b le t o know the' s i n c e r i t y o f / ' t h e K ing1 s/7 i n t e r e s t and c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

I c o n s id e r m y s e l f t o be o l d , f r a i l and u n t a l e n t e d .. How i s i t

t h a t I c o u ld o b t a in t h i s t y p e o f t r e a tm e n t? I s e ek th e s o u r c e in th e

i n t e n t i o n s o f th e K ing, w hich i s s u e f o r t h from " / b e i n g / fond o f good

67and f o r g e t t i n g o n e ' s p o w e r ." By e s t a b l i s h i n g th e Way o f our M a s t e r , .

/ t h e King_7 r e p r e s s e s / h i s own// d e s i r e s in o rd er t o b r in g about th e .

s t e a d f a s t s c h o la r s o f th e w o r ld . How i s i t t h a t T e -h u i i s s u f f i c i e n t .

67. T his q u o t a t io n i s from t h e Mencius 7 a . 8 , "As f o r th e s t e a d ­f a s t Kings o f a n t i q u i t y , t h e y were fond o f good and o f f o r g e t t i n g t h e i r p o w e r ." ’ Chu H si %■ & , ed . and a n n o t a t o r , M eng-tzu J l, dr' (S s u -s h uc h i - c h u , Hong Kong, 1 9 6 4 ) , p . 1 89 . Yao s a y s t h a t a f t e r t h e m idd le o f th e t h i r t e e n t h c e n tu r y , Q u b i la i was r e f e r r e d t o as a s t e a d f a s t King. • ’ LPCH 30 n . " .

t o be c o n s id e r e d one o f t h e s e /" sc h o la r s}7? L a te r , i t i s i n e v i t a b l e

t h a t t h o s e w i t h t h e s t e a d f a s t n e s s o f Wei w i l l come h e r e . ^

T h e r e f o r e , I have r e c o r d e d t h e se a so n , o f my j o u r n e y from

b e g in n in g t o end and have c o n s e q u e n t ly p rep a red and c h r o n i c l e d i t .

On t h e f i f t e e n t h day o f th e s i x t h m onth, i n th e summer o f t h e

y e a r w u -s h e n , Chang T e -h u i o f T 'a i - y u a n h a s c a r e f u l l y i n s c r i b e d

n t 7 .

68 . . T h is i s an a l l u s i o n t o a p a s s a g e in th e S h ih Chi.. (P o-na e d . ) 34.5b .. King Chao, o f Yen @2. 3L . d e s i r e d t o a t t r a c t .S ch o lars t o a i d him w ith governm ent a f f a i r s . H is t e a c h e r , Kuo Wei f f fjlj?. , a d v i s e d t h a t t h e King sh o u ld f i r s t t r e a t him w it h t h e r e s p e c t due a s t e a d f a s t man. In t h i s way, once o th e r .m o r e s t e a d f a s t men h eard o f th e K in g 's t r e a tm e n t o f Kuo W ei, . . t h e y would n o t c o n s id e r a jo u r n e y o f '1 ,0 0 0 l i t o o f a r to . t r a v e l . i n o r d e r t o s e r v e th e K in g ." By means o f . t h i s a l l u s i o n , Chang T e -h u i i s s a y in g t h a t Q u b i l a i ’ s t r e a t m e n t o f one so unw orthy as he h i m s e l f , w i11 s u r e l y a t t r a c t f a r more em inent men: a c o n c e i t e d h u m i l i t y .

APPENDIX A

CHANG TE-HUI'S TRAVELING ROUTE FROM CHEN-YANG TO QARAQORUM

Legend

P r e se n t B oundaries -------------------------

R iv ers ________________

Great Wall ................................

M in g -c h 1 ang Border Wall ....................... _ ..

Sand Dune s ■;

Chang T e-h u i ’ s Journey « « « = » * - * * *

D enotes Approxim ate P o s i t i o n *

0 50 100 150 200 250-----------1---------- t------------1------------1------------h-

D is ta n c e in K ilo m e te r s

50

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___ . a ■ 'ST h is work was n o t

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T in g Ch' i e n { . Yuan Chang. T s ' a n - i Y ao-ch ' in g C h i - h s in g t i - l i. K' a o -c h e n g 4 f | . %% | £ I f £ £ M ( I n v e s t i g a t i o n : and .

V e r i f i c a t i o n o f the" Geography i n a Record o'f a J o u r n e y by th e P a r t i c i p a t o r in D e l i b e r a t i o n s Chang Y a o - c h ' i n g ) . 3 V o l s . P ' e n g - l a i -hsuan t i - l i - h s u e h t s ' u n g - s h u (C h e -c h ia n g t ' u - s h u - k u a n t s ’u n g - s h u ) , 1915.

W aley, A r th u r , t r a n s . , The T r a y e l s - o f an A lc h e m is t : The Jou rn ey o f t h e ' - T a o i s t C h 'a n g -c h 'u n from China t o t h e Hindukush a t t h e Summons o f C h in g iz khan: Recorded by h i s D i s c i p l e Li C h ih - c h ' a n g . London, 196 3 .

Wang Kud-wei jL K u a n - t ' ang c h i - l i n ^ . . S h a n g h a i , 1 9 7 3 , .

Wang ^ T 'in g -y u n . "C hung-hsiu Han C h a o - l i c h - t i m i a o - p e i - c h i "I f 4 & Zip • ' (A . Record o f th e R e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e

Temple Funerdry ^Tablets o f Han C h a o - l i e h - t i ) . Chin Wen T su i • ! A i r ■ T a i p e i , : 1 9 6 7 ,

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Wang Yun X t f . Ch* i u - c h i e n h s i e n - s h e n g t a - c h * u a n - c h i f t ; !fV,' j. yf ^ (The Complete Works o f th e M aster o f Autumn R i v u l e t s ) .

S su -p u t s ’u n g - V an. T a i p e i , 1965 .

Yanai Wataru t/l 2 • uMOko no 'ch ia -m a -y e n ' t o c h i h - s u n - y e n Mt ^ ^Q Li X Y - -j//'. " f ‘(The M on go l's Chia-ma and C h ih -su nF e a s t s ) f C h ir a t o r i h a k u s e i Kanreki Kinen T Syosh i Ronso- ^j f M S % "-‘T t- . ' ( C o l l e c t e d E ssa y s in Commemoration1 o f

P r o f e s s o r S h i r a t o r i ^ s ^ S i x t y - f i r s t B ir t h d a y ) . 1925 . T h is work was n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r my u s e .

Yao Ts ' ung-wu ''i'-'L . "Chang T e -h u i ' L in g - p e i C h i - h s i n g 1 t s u - p e nc h ia o -c h u " -'jjz ','y % , X # v s (The Com plete Text o f Chang T e - h u i 1s "Record o f a J ou rn ey Beyond th e N orth ern Ranges" e d i t e d w ith n o t e s ) , W e n -sh ih -c h e h s u e h - p a o , 11 , 1 -38 (1 9 6 2 ) .

If tfYao T s 1ung-wu I I I . "Yuan Hao-wen K u e i - s s u shang Y e h - lu Ch’u - t s ' a i shu t e

l i - s h i h i - i yu sh u -ch u n g w u - s h i h - s s u j e n h s i n g - s h i h - k a o " /b t/$ iXj 0 &i Xf ^ 4 f £ S & 7 /§ . ' A * S: W S f i - t ' - V A '4f S ^ (T he H i s t o r i c a l

S i g n i f i c a n c e o f th e L e t t e r t o Y e h - lu Ch’u - t s ' a i in "the Year K u e i - s s u , from Yuan Hao-wen, and an E xam ination o f th e A c t io n s o f th e F i f t y - fo u r Men (Recommended) in th e L e t t e r ) . W e n -sh ih -c h e h s u e h -p a o , 1 9 , 22 5 -2 7 5 ( 1 9 7 0 ) .

Yuan Hao-wen /L V * Ful . I - s h a n w e n -c h i ^ (The Com pleteC o l l e c t i o n o f I - s h a n ) . S su -pu t s ' u n g - k ' a n . T a i p e i , 1965 .

Yuan s h ih y_. v __ (The Yuan H i s t o r y ) . P o -n a -p e n . S h a n g h a i, 1936 .

Yuan s h ih ^ (Yuan H i s t o r y ) . K uo-fang . T a i p e i , 19 6 7 .

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