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Future Electric Power Grid:

Smart-erGrid

Driving Forces and challenges


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Context: Overview of Drivers

@fglongatt

@fglongatt

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control

and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future

Power Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power

Generation. J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer

Singapore: 193-231.


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Context: Where do we need to Change?

EVIM

Storage

PV

MTDC

AC

System

Wind Farm

The other half of the challenge lies

in building the transport and

distribution networks

As the low-emission economy

evolves, building new generation

technologies is just half the

challenge

@fglongatt

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. (2014). Frequency Control

and Inertial Response Schemes for the Future

Power Networks. Large Scale Renewable Power

Generation. J. Hossain and A. Mahmud, Springer

Singapore: 193-231.


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Context: Changes in GB

15% of energy from renewable

34% reduction in CO2

emission versus 1990

2020

No renewable target

80% reduction in CO2

emission versus 1990

2050

% of end use energy ~20%

Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~200


Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~5Electricity

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 20402030 2050

Oil

Gas

Coal

Hydro

Nuclear

Solar

Wind

Geothermal

Biomass

CCS

Billio

n B

arr

els

of

Oil E

qu

iva

len

t p

er

ye

ar

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70




Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~184Gas% of end use energy ~40%



Carbon intensity (kgCO2/MWh) ~247Oil

Data source: National Grid Gone Green scenario

fglongatt 2013

@fglongatt

@fglongatt


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North Sea National Targets 2030 (1/4)

SKAGERRAK

IRISH SEA

ENGLISH CHANNEL

KATTEGAT

DENMARK

GERMANY

NETHERLANDS

BELGIUM

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD

June 2012Coventry, UK

@fglongatt

Data source: EWEA

@fglongatt


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Future Energy Systems

Basic considerations of Future Energy

Systems


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Power Network (present) Energy Systems Future

MTDC

Multi-terminal HVDC

Increased use of

HVDC lines of both,

LCC and

predominantly VSC

technology (in meshed

networks and as a

super grid)

• Liberalised market

• Increased cross-boarder bulk

power transfers to facilitate

effectiveness of market

mechanisms

@fglongatt


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Proliferation of

nonconventional

renewable

generation – largely

stochastic and

intermittent

(wind, PV, marine) at

all

levels and of various

sizes

• Large on-shore and offshore

wind farms

Wind Farm

Offshore wind power

Storage

Electric-vehicles

Renewable Energy Resources

@fglongatt


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• Integrated “intelligent”

Power Electronic

devices

• Integrated ICT &

storage

• Small scale (widely

• dispersed) technologies in

Distribution networks

• Active distribution networks

• New types of loads within

• customer premises

Bi-directional energy flow

Different energy carriers

Multi-directional info flow

@fglongatt


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Future Electric Power Grid:

Smart-erGrid

Smarter-Grid and Potential solutions


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What it is?


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Smarter Grid

A smart electricity grid that develops to support an efficient, timely transition

to a low carbon economy to help the UK meet its carbon reduction targets,

ensure energy security and wider energy goals while minimising costs to

consumers

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/285417/Smart_Grid_Vision_and_RoutemapFINAL.pdf

The term smart grid has

been in use since at least

2005, when it appeared in

the article "Toward A

Smart Grid" by Amin and

Wollenberg.

Smart Grids European

Technology Platformhttp://www.smartgrids.eu/

http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid

"Smart Grid /

Department of Energy"

https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-

energy-security--2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-

networks

Department of

Energy &

Climate Change

and Ofgem

Self-Healing to correct problems early

Interactive with consumers and markets

Optimized to make best use of resources

Predictive to prevent emergencies

Distributed assets and information

Integrated to merge all critical information

More Secure from threats from all hazards

Massive deployment in ICT

Intelligent systems

Distributed intelligent systems.

Features of a Smart Grid


https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/285417/Smart_Grid_Vision_and_RoutemapFINAL.pdf

http://www.smartgrids.eu/

http://energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smart-grid

https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/maintaining-uk-energy-security--2/supporting-pages/future-electricity-networks

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Smarter Grid


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Research Projects (1/2)

http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/SEMINAR%20Exploring%20Beyond%20frontier.pdf

@fglongatt

@fglongatt


http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/SEMINAR Exploring Beyond frontier.pdf

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Smart Grids: Challenges/Solutions

Solution

Balancing generation & demand, new business models

Reliability through auto-matic outage prevention and restoration

Efficient generation, transmission, distribution & consumption

Full transparency on distribution level and automated loss prevention

Load management & peak avoidance

Distributed and renewable energy

Aging and/or weak infrastructure

Cost and emissions of energy supply

Revenue losses, e.g. non-technical losses

Limited generation and grid capacity

Great Challenges@fglongatt


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Challenge:

Uncertainties and Big Data

Smart Grid Context


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Sources of Uncertainties

IM

MTDC

AC

System

@fglongatt

• Topology, parameters & settings (e.g.,

tap settings, temperature dependent line

ratings)

• Observability & controllability • Pattern (size, output of

generators, types and

location of generators,

i.e., conventional,

renewable, storage)

• Parameters

(conventional and

renewable generation

and storage)

• Parameters of generator controllers (AVRs, Governors,

PSSs, PE interface), network controllers (secondary

voltage controller), FACTS devices and HVDC line

controllers

• Contractual power flow (consequence of different market

mechanisms and price)

• Faults (type, location, duration, frequency, distribution,

impedance)

• Communications (noise, time delays and loss of signals)

• Time and spatial variation in load, load

composition, models and parameters

Uncertainties in Power Systems

Randomnes Incompletness

Statistical Cognitive

Stochastic FuzzyModelling

Analysis

“Modelling and Control Challenges in Future Energy Systems:

Uncertainties+Big-Data+Risk”. Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft,

Netherlands, 13 Oct 2014

“Future Energy Systems: Uncertainties+Big-Data+Risk = Challenges”,

Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Belgium, 10 Oct 2014.


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Sources of Big-Data

WAN

People

Smart

Meters

Smart

Appliances

Data

concentrator

Applications

server

PMU PMU

• SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems

• WAMS (Wide Area Monitoring Systems)

• Advanced metering devices (“Intelligent”/“Smart” meters)

Many measurements

not just standard

Condition parameters

• New data sources: no knowledge / expertise

• Data mining and online analytics for interpretation

PQ monitoring

Customer surveys

Dynamic Thermal Rate

Environment


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Step Forward• DC-voltage security assessment (SSA) methodology.

• Quantify the risk associated with forecasted operational

scenarios by considering the probability and severity of DC-

voltage excursions, overload on cables and converter stations

| Prk k k k

Risk Sev U U Risk U dU

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F. Gonzalez-Longatt and C. Carmona-Delgado, J. L Rueda.

“Risk-based DC Security Assessment for Future DC-Independent

System Operator”. IEEE International Conference on Energy,

Economic and Environment. ICEEE-2015. 26-28 Mar 2015. Delhi,

India. Available online DOI:

10.1109/EnergyEconomics.2015.7235101)


http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7235101&punumber%3D7194239%26filter%3DAND(p_IS_Number:7235053)%26pageNumber%3D2

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Reducing Risk in Uncertain Scenarios• Online Risk-Based DC-Voltage Security Assessment of

Multi-Terminal HVDC Transmission System of Wind Power

Plant.

General Considerations of oRB-VC

Methodology of risk-based DC-voltage security assessment (RB-VS)

Risk mapping process of (n=3)-

Level risk matrix based on fuzzy-

logic rules.

@fglongatt

@fglongatt

@fglongatt

J.L. Rueda F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Dynamic

Vulnerability assessment and intelligent control for

sustainable power systems”. IEEE-Wiley. ISBN-13:

978-1119214953 Wiley-Blackwell


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Challenges

Massive deployment of Power Electronic

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)


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HVDC Context

LCC HVDC• Current-sourced

• Line-Commutated

VSC HVDC

− Voltage-Sourced

− Self-Commutated

+

-

Idc

acU+

-

+

-

dcU

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

0

2

3

2

2

acU

2

dcU

2

dcU

Desired

voltage

Realized

Voltage

MMC HVDC

• Multi-level

Converter

@fglongatt


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Types of HVDC SystemsDifferent common system configurations and operating

modes used for HVDC transmission

Monopole, Ground Return

Monopole, Metallic Return

Monopole, Midpoint Grounded

Back-to-Back

(a) Monopole (b) Bipole

Bipole Bipole, Metallic Return

(c) Multi-Terminal

Multiterminal

Bipole, Series-Connected

Converters


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Nanao 3-Terminal VSC-HVDC• The world’s first three-terminal VSC HVDC system in

China.

• The pilot project with designed ratings of ±160kV/200MW-

100MW-50MW brings dispersed, intermittent clean wind

power generated on Nanao island into the mainland

Guangdong power grid through 32km of combination of

HVDC land cables, sea cables and overheard lines.

Diagram of Nan’ao three-terminal HVDC Flexible projectR&D and application of voltage sourced converter based high voltage direct current engineering technology in China

Guangfu TANG (&), Zhiyuan HE, Hui PANG

https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-advises-on-world-s-first-multi-terminal-vsc-hvdc-transmission-project-

integrating-clean-energy-into-china-s-regional-power-composition-mix-6205

“Massive Integration of Offshore wind power using HVDC” (Spanish: Integración

masiva de la energía eólica marina utilizando HVDC) Colegio de Ingenieros de

Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile http://pes.ieeechile.cl/,

http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/NEWS/NEWS29_HVDC_Chile.html


https://www.dnvgl.com/news/dnv-gl-advises-on-world-s-first-multi-terminal-vsc-hvdc-transmission-project-integrating-clean-energy-into-china-s-regional-power-composition-mix-6205

http://pes.ieeechile.cl/

http://www.fglongatt.org/Desechable/NEWS/NEWS29_HVDC_Chile.html

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World's First 5-Terminal VSC HVDC• 4th July 2014, ±200kV Zhoushan VSC-HVDC project--the

world first 5-terminal one was put into service (141 km).

• This project establishes a critical interconnection between

mainland and 5 isolated islands.

State Grid Company of Zhejiang province

Diagram of Zhoushan five-terminal HVDC Flexible project

16 km

34 km

52 km

39km

400 MW

300 MW

100 MW

100 MW100 MW

“Moving Towards Future Electrical Systems: Multi-Terminal HVDC + Wind Power”. University of Seville, Seville Spain, 21-

22 Oct 2015.

Online. Slides: http://www.slideshare.net/fglongatt/moving-towards-future-electrical-systemsmultiterminal-hvdc-wind-

power-2122-october-2015-seville-spain.

Videos: http://catedraendesa.us.es/index.php/es/aula-de-la-luz-catedraendesa/seminarios-catedraendesa/2015/francisco-

m-gonzalez-longatt-moving-towards-future-electrical-systems-multiterminal-hvdc-offshore-wind-power


http://www.slideshare.net/fglongatt/moving-towards-future-electrical-systemsmultiterminal-hvdc-wind-power-2122-october-2015-seville-spain

http://catedraendesa.us.es/index.php/es/aula-de-la-luz-catedraendesa/seminarios-catedraendesa/2015/francisco-m-gonzalez-longatt-moving-towards-future-electrical-systems-multiterminal-hvdc-offshore-wind-power

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HVDC in GB Context

ENGLISH CHANNEL

UNITED

KINGDOM

IRELAND

①

②

③

④

⑤

⑥

⑦

⑧

To France

⑨

⑩France

⑪⑫

⑬

⑭

⑮

To Iceland

⑯

⑰

⑱

⑲

⑳

To Spain

2122

CURRENT HVDC LINKS

PLANNED HVDC LINKS (2016-2020)ANTICIPATED HVDC LINKS (2020-2025) LINK

POTENTIAL HVDC INTERCONNECTORS LINK

F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Optimal Power Flow in Multi-terminal HVDC Networks for DC-

System Operator: Constant Current Operation”. 50th International Universities Power

Engineering Conference (UPEC 2015), 1-4th Sept 2015, Stoke-on-Trent, UK.

(Available online: 10.1109/UPEC.2015.7339913)

@fglongatt


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Control Strategies for MTDC Schematic representation of MTDC control system

hierarchy

AC

network

VSC1

VSCdcn

MTDC

network

iP ,dc iP

,dc iUiV

...

,g iP,l iP

1gP

1lP

...

VSCi

Time

ScaleVSCnVSC2VSC1

Pulses

. . .

. . .

Master Control

VSC

Terminal

Controller 1

Terminal

Controller 2

Terminal

Controller n

Supplementary

Control

Firing ControlInner Control

Outer Control

The terminal controllers determine the

behavior of the converter at the system

bus.

They are designed for the main

functions for

controlling: active power (P), reactive

power (Q), AC and the DC voltage

(Vac, Udc)

The master control optimizes the overall performance of the MTDC by regulating

the DC side voltage.

It is provided with the minimum set of functions necessary for coordinated

operation of the terminals in the DC circuit, i.e. start and stop, minimization of

losses, oscillation damping and power flow reversal, black start, AC frequency and

AC voltage support.

sec

<s

ms

s

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J. M. Roldan, J. Rueda, C.A. Charalambous, and B. S. Rajpurohit. Implementation

of Simplified Models of Local Controller for Muti-terminal HVDC Systems in DIgSILENT Power Factory.

in PowerFactory Applications for Power System Analysis. Springer-Verlag 2015. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-

319-12958-7_19


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Control Strategies for MTDC

VSCA

Terminal

controller A

Terminal

controller B

Master Controller

VSCB

Udc,AUdc,BVac,A Vac,B

PBPA

AC voltage

Control

Reactive Power

Control

Inner Current

Controller

DC Voltage

Control

Active Power

ControlrefQ

Q

acV,ac refV

*

qi*

di

refPP

dcU,dc refU

Control Mode,ac CtrlV

CtrlQ,dc CtrlU

CtrlP

Control Mode

Terminal Controller

Terminal Controllers are based on

locals actions and measurements.

Wide-area measurement and control

can improve the system performance.

@fglongatt


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DC Voltage Control in MTDC• Effects of DC Voltage Control Strategies on Voltage Response on

Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a Disturbance

Terminal B

,AdcU

AP

Terminal A

dcUOperating

point

Inverter

Lower limit

Rectifier

“a”

Upper limit

upperPlowerP

,AdcU

AP

Slope mc

dcU

Initial operating pointInverter

Lower limitRectifier

“a”

Upper limit

upperPlowerP

,

a

dc refU

“b”

b

refP

b

refU

a

refP

(i) Voltage Margin Method (VMM)

(ii) Voltage-Droop Method (VDM)

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.M. Roldan, J.L. Rueda. “Impact of DC Control

Strategy on Dynamic Behaviour of Multi-Terminal Voltage-Source

Converter-Based HVDC after the Loss of Converter”. IEEE Powertech

2013. Grenoble, France. 16-20 Jun 2013 (Available online:

10.1109/PTC.2013.6652256).

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.M. Roldan. "Effects of DC Voltage Control Strategies

on Voltage Response on Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a Disturbance". 47th

International Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2012).

London, UK. 4-7 Sept 2012. (Available online DOI:

10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398553)

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, S. Arnaltes, J. Rodríguez. “Dynamic Behaviour of Multi-

Terminal VSC-Based HVDC after a Converter Outage: DC Control Strategy”.

International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality

(ICREPQ’16). Madrid (Spain), 4-6 May 2016.

@fglongatt


http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6652256


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Optimal Operation Scotland

9GW

Dogger Bank

13 GW

Hornsea

4GW

Norfolk

7GW

Belgium

4GW

Germany

24GW

Norway

1GW

Sco

tlan

d S

hore

Lin

e (5

GW

)

Norway Shore Line

Belgium Shore Line 3.5 GW

En

gla

nd

Sh

ore

Lin

e

(24G

W)

Germany

Shore

Line

(20GW)

Netherlands

12GW

Netherlands Shore

Line (10 GW)

England

Rounds

1&2

(6GW)

BritNed

Nema

Denmark

4GW

SK1-3

SK-4

NorN

ed2

NorN

ed

(7G

Q I

nte

rface

Cap

aci

ty)

Den

mark

Sh

ore

Lin

e

(3.5

GW

)

www.fglongatt.org.ve

Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhDOctubre 2011

Manchester, UK

HVDC Transmission

AC Transmission

‘In Flight” or current

10GW5GW

Belgium

London

Hull

Glasgow

Norfolk Bank2GW

5GW

10GW

Firth of Forth5GW

5GW

5GW5GW

Norway

German WF

Dogger Bank

2

8

4ac

38ac

1 10ac101ac

9ac

9

4

1-2

VSC4

VSC9

2-10

VSC1

G10

UK1

3-7

2-3

3-6

8-9

3-92-5

1-4

5ac5VSC5

UK2

5ac

6ac6VSC6

UK3

7ac7

3acVSC3

2acVSC2

G1

G2

G3

G9

VSC8G8

Germany

UK

5ac

VSC7Zeebrugge

VSC8

VSC10

WF

WF

WF

www.fglongatt.org.veFrancisco Gonzalez-Longatt, PhD

January 2012Coventry, UK

4.30

5.00

0.703.60

13.60

10.00

5.30

4.50

5.10

5.00

10.00

8.75

43.45

35.00

1.15

4.70

4.73

2.00

4.26

1.86

4.0

G7

2.22

27.26

16.8

30.8

27.3

5.50

Pdc

Pac

DC-connected Power

Parks

Pdc,k

MTDC System

Meshed

DC

Network

Bulk generationBulk Transmission

TSO1

TSOk

TSOn

......

......

Power

Park 1

Power

Park m

......

Synchronous

Areas

Customers

DC

Independent

System

Operator

Single

Market

Service

Providers

.........

...

Grid Side

Converters

Transmission

System Operators

DC-Wide-Area

Supervision and Control Power Park

Converter

......

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, "Solution of AC/DC Power Flow on a Multi-Terminal

HVDC System: Illustrative Case Supergrid Phase I". 47th International

Universities' Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2012). London, UK. 4-7

Sept 2012. (Available online DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398554)

F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Optimal steady-state operation of a MTDC system based on

DC-Independent System Operator Multi-objective”. The 11th International Conference

on AC and DC Power Transmission, ACDC 2015. 10-12 Feb 2015, Birmingham, UK.

(Available online DOI: 10.1049/cp.2015.0031)



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MTDC configurationsMTDC configuration: series or parallel

MTDC parallel configuration: radial or

meshed

I1

I2

I3

I4

I1 + I2 + I3+ I4 = 0

U1

U2

U3

U4

U1 + U2 + U3 + U4 = 0

Idc

b. Series MTDCa. Parallel MTDC

+ -Udc

+

-

+-

+

-+-

IdcIdc

Idc

+ -Udc

I1

Udc

+

-

+

-

+

-

+

-

I3

I2 I4

Udc

Udc

Udc

Ixy

y

x

x

+

-Udc

+

-

+

-

+

-

Udc

I1 I3

I4+

-

UxI2

I4

b. Mesh configurationa. Radial configuration

@fglongatt 2(+)

R12

R23

R13

1(+)3(+)

U2

U1

U3

+-

+-

Rgnd1

1(0)

2(0)

Rgnd2

Rgnd3

3(0)

+-

2(+)R12

2(-)

R23

R13

1(+)

1(-)

3(+)

3(-)

R12R23

R13

U2

U1

U3

+-

+-

+-

U1+-

+-

+-

U3

U2

Rgnd1

1(0)

3(0)

2(0)Rgnd2

Rgnd3

GSC1

N1

GSC2

N2

N3

WFC1

PWF1 = 0.80 p.u

WF1

AC1

AC2

R12

= 0

.0.07

3

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.L. Rueda, M.A.M.M. van der Meijden, “Effects

of Grounding Configurations on Post-Contingency Performance of

MTDC system: A 3-Terminal Example”. 50th International Universities

Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2015). 1-4 Sept 2015. Stoke-on-

Trent, UK. (Available online: 10.1109/UPEC.2015.7339912)

@fglongatt



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DC Voltage Control in MTDC

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.05

1.1

1.15

Bus 6

Time (s)

Volt

aje

DC

(p.u

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1

1.05

1.1

1.15Bus 7

Time (s)

Volt

aje

DC

(p.u

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1

1.05

1.1

1.15Bus 8

Time (s)

Volt

aje

DC

(p.u

)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81

1.05

1.1

1.15Bus 9

Time (s)

Volt

aje

DC

(p.u

)

Margin

K=-2.0

K=-5.0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.815

20

25

30

35DC Line 6-7

Time (s)

Po

wer

i-j

(M

W)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.824

26

28

30

32DC Line 6-8

Time (s)

Po

wer

i-j

(M

W)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

-10

-5

0

DC Line 7-9

Time (s)

Po

wer

i-j

(M

W)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.810

12

14

16

18

DC Line 8-9

Time (s)

Po

wer

i-j

(M

W)

Margin

K=-5.0 K=-2.0

X

Contribution:

(1) Demonstrate a “Collaborative scheme" provided by Voltage-Droop

(2) Voltage margin control is capable to survive a converter outage just if this

converter is operating on constant power mode. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8-5

0

5

10

15

20

25DC Line 6-7

Time (s)

Po

wer

i-j

(M

W)

Outtage VSC37

Margin

K=-5.0

K=-2.0

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J.M. Roldan. "Effects of DC Voltage Control

Strategies on Voltage Response on Multi-Terminal HVDC Following a

Disturbance". 47th International Universities' Power Engineering

Conference (UPEC 2012). London, UK. 4-7 Sept 2012. (Available

online DOI: 10.1109/UPEC.2012.6398553)



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HVDC Grid Influences Operations

Emergency

operations

Energy

Balance

Market

Operation

Preventive

and

Corrective

actions

Reliability in the

system (and how

it is dealt with):

Both

dynamically

(all forms of

stability) and

steady state

Dynamic

Steady-State


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Frequency/Voltage Management:

• Solving unbalances through power injection adjustment (simplified).

• Outage of a converter station connecting the HVDC grid with AC grid 1, zone 1.

• Examples of Solutions:

1. Equal droop reaction causes all converters connected to the HVDC grid to contribute.

2. Control zone 1 of AC grid 1 takes the full unbalance over from the other systems.

P


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2. The schedule with AC grid 2 is corrected, resulting in only a contribution from AC grid 1


P

/ 6P

/ 6P

/ 6P

/ 6P

/ 6P/ 6P


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P

/ 4P

0 0

/ 4P

/ 4P

/ 4P


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P

0 0

0

0

0

P


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P

0 0

0

0

0

P

Still an action needed

to fix frequencies and

voltages


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Conclusions • As HVDC is increasingly present in power systems.

• New technology allows to provide new “services”.

• It is needed to adapt our operational procedures to make

HVDC operations an inherent part of system operations.

• Influence reaches far into neighbouring zones: both

positive and negative

• Coordination is needed.

• The framework in which the AC and DC systems are

operated will play a key role.


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Fully DC is a real option


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Smart DC Micro-grids

http://smgaznec.fglongatt.org/


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Challenge: Reduced Inertia


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Frequency Stability• “Frequency stability refers to the ability of a power

system to maintain steady frequency following a severe

system upset resulting in a significant imbalance between

generation and load.”

• Frequency stability analysis concentrates on studying the

overall system stability for sudden changes in the

generation-load balance.

@fglongatt


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Quality of Frequency Stability • Example - Europe (frequency erosion)

Average frequency values in Continental Europe, June 2003 and June 2010

Source: Swiss-grid

A continuous increase of gradient values df/dt and its occurrence.

Values greater than 1.5 mHz/s are more and more present!!!

@fglongatt

“Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of

Power Systems considering the Integration of Wind

Power”. The University of Seville, Seville, Spain.

http://catedrasempresa.esi.us.es/endesared/ingles/sem_Fr

ancisco_Gonzalez.php#


http://catedrasempresa.esi.us.es/endesared/ingles/sem_Francisco_Gonzalez.php

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Quality of Frequency Stability • Gradually declining in many locations around the world –

but not due to wind power!!!

• Market imperfections around full hour shift (frequency erosion)

• Systems operated closer to their limits

• Decreased damping of oscillations

• Looking forward – e.g. UK - nuclear units increasing - 1300 to 1800 MW

Evening Frequency Average Profile –Winters 2003 to 2008 (November to March – Monday to Friday)

UCTE, "UCTE ad-hoc group "frequency quality investigation, excerpt of the final report," Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity, Tech. Rep., 2008, pp. 1-4. [Online]. Available

http://entsoe.eu/_library/publications/ce/otherreports/090330_UCTE_FrequencyInvestigationReport_Abstract.pdf

(*) P. W. Christensen. “Wind Power Plants and future Power System Frequency Stability”. Event on Future Power System Operation, Lund University, Sweden, June 12, 2012

@fglongatt

“Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of Power Systems

considering the Integration of Wind Power”. The University of Seville, Seville, Spain.

http://catedrasempresa.esi.us.es/endesared/ingles/sem_Francisco_Gonzalez.php#


http://catedrasempresa.esi.us.es/endesared/ingles/sem_Francisco_Gonzalez.php

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Quality of Frequency Stability

75 mHz Criterion Summary - Short View - Year 2001-2011

Frequency quality behavior in Continental Europe during the last ten

years. Source: Swissgrid

It can clearly be observed how the

accumulated time continuously increases

with higher frequency deviations as well as

the number of corresponding events

@fglongatt

“Frequency Control Schemes and Frequency Response of Power

Systems considering the Integration of Wind Power”. The University

of Seville, Seville, Spain.


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Quality of Frequency Stability in GB

System Inertia (H) Changes for Gone Green Scenario at 70% Wind

Power Output


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Frequency Response

• All licensed generators in accordance with Grid Code mandatory

requirements generators offering enhanced commercial services

• Demand tripping by low frequency relay

• Unlicensed generators with a commercial agreement.

Who can provide it?

+

-


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Reduced Inertia in GB• The System Operability Framework (SOF) of the Great

Britain (GB) analysis indicates the system inertia (HT)

continues to decline because of the lack of synchronous

thermal power stations and high volume of converters

connected generation technologies such as solar PV, wind

power, and import across our High Voltage Direct Current

(HVDC) interconnectors.

Minimum system inertia

including the

contribution from

Embedded Generation

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj

(2016). Enabling inertial response in

utility-scale battery energy storage

system. 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart

Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia).

28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI:

10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2016.7796453

@fglongatt


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New Technologies of Generation/Storage• A Simplified Model for Dynamic Behavior of Permanent Magnet

Synchronous Generator for Direct Drive Wind Turbines

Shaft

ModelmP

wP

Mechanical

power

Rotor

Speed

rRotor model

Model fo

direct drive

synchro-

usnous

generator

Pitch angle

controller

Rotor speed

controller

Terminal

voltage

controller

Wind

SpeedMechanical

Power

Rotor speed

Pitch

angle

Active power

set point

Reactive

power set

point

wv

turb

setP

setQ

acac QP ,Power

converter

Active and

reactive

power

sI

Stator

currents

Fundamental

frequency

grid model

acac QP ,

,sV f

Voltage

frequency

Active and

reactive

power

setP

x mK Idc

e mK +

-

,m mT +

-

Vdc

3

2 V

e

pKK

3

2 s

x

pLK

0 10 20 30 40 50

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

Time (s)

Ro

tor

Sp

eed

(p

.u)

Full model

Proposed model

0 10 20 30 40 500.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Time (s)

Act

ive

Po

wer

(p

.u)

Full model

Proposed model

Contribution:

The development of a model of the PMSG that incorporates the control of the voltage regulation characteristic

and torque/load properties.

Generator-side

rectifier

Booster Grid-side

inverter

PMSG

N

N

NN

S

S

S

S

Grid

van

vbn

vcn

Cdc

iloadidcia

Ls+

-

Vdc

vab

+

-

ic

n

b

c

dc e m x m dcV K K I

GridIsUs

PMSG

ac/dc dc/ac

DC

link

Ir

UrN

N

NN

S

S

S

S

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, P. Wall, V. Terzija. “A Simplified Model for Dynamic Behaviour of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Direct Drive Wind Turbines”. IEEE

PowerTech 2011, Trondheim 19 - 23 Jun 2011. Trondheim Norway. (ISBN: 978-82-519-2808-3) (Available online DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2011.6019425)


http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6019425

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Reduced Order Modelling• A Method for Estimation of Equivalent Model for Wind Farm using

On-line Response to a System Frequency Disturbance

Power

System

PMUi Si = [ Vi Ii fi]

Bus i

Wind Farm

Recording

System

Pre-processing for Wind Farm

Modelling

(Data conversion and selection)

Wind Farm

Equivalent

Model

Oi = [ Vi fi] θi = [ Pi Qi]

θi = [ Pi Qi]||θi - θi || < e?

Parameter Updatingx

Historic Data Dase

x0

No

Yes

Measured

Raw Data

Other

WAMPAC

Application

WFEq App

Contribution:

A novel procedure for the estimation of the parameter values of an equivalent

wind farm model is presented. This procedure is based on on-line measurements

of the active and reactive power, at the point of interconnection (PCC) of the wind

farm during a voltage/frequency deviation.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Err

or

[%]

Reactive Power Compensation

P

Q

Errors in active a reactive power simulated response using the the WFEq model

estimation for the Test System II compared with the measured response.

WT10

0.69 kV11 kV

33 kV

External

grid

WT9

WT8

WT7

WT6

WT5

WT4

WT3

WT2

WT1

11 kV

33 kV

External

grid

Cable1

Cable2

Cable3

Cable4

Cable5

Cable6

Cable7

Cable8

Cable9

WT1

WT2

WT3 0.69 kV

WT4

WT5

WT6

WT7

WT8

WT9

v0

0°

4.99183.95342.91511.87670.8384-0.2000 [s]

-2.40

-2.60

-2.80

-3.00

-3.20

2.52

2.48

2.44

2.40

2.36

2.32

2.28

PQ Measurement: Active Power in p.u. PQ Measurement: Reactive Power in p.u.

PQ Measurement File: Measurement value 3PQ Measurement File: Measurement value 2

Active Power

Reactive Power

DIg

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Test System IITest System I

Improved Particle Swarm

Optimization (IPSO)

Genetic Algorithm (GA)

Variable Metric Method (VVM)

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, P. Regulski, P. Wall, V. Terzija. “Induction Generator

Model Parameter Estimation using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization and

On-Line Response to a Change in Frequency”. IEEE PES General Meeting

2011, 24 – 29 Jul 2011, Detroit, USA. (Available online DOI:

10.1109/PES.2011.6039373)

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, J. Rueda, C.A. Charalambous, and P. De

Oliveira. “Estimation of Equivalent Model for Clusters of Induction

Generators based on PMU Measurements”, in PowerFactory

Applications for Power System Analysis. Springer-Verlag 2015. DOI:

10.1007/978-3-319-12958-7_20

J.L. Rueda, F. González-Longatt, and I. Erlich. “Online Estimation of Equivalent Model

for Cluster of Induction Generators: A MVMO-based Approach”. 12th Intelligent Systems

Applications to Power Systems Conference and Debate (ISAP). 11-17 Sept 2015. Porto,

Portugal. (Available online: 10.1109/ISAP.2015.7325559)


http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6039373

http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-12958-7_20


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Releasing Inertia from Wind Turbines• Impact of Synthetic Inertia from Wind Power on The

Protection/Control Schemes of Future Power Systems.

Controller

Wind

External

turb set

P

meas

d

dtFiltersys 2H

measP ,r ref

,r meas

rPI

MPPTPConterter

“Hidden” inertia emulation

2sys

in sys

dP H

dt

r

P

MPPT

21

2

sm

base

JH

S

refP

0 5-15Time (s)

Fre

quen

cy (

Hz)

Phase 3

30

50.0

49.8

49.6

49.4

49.2

49.0

48.8

Without “Hidden Inertia”With “Hidden Inertia”

Phase 2

Phase 1

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Activation Schemes of Synthetic Inertia Controller on Full Converter Wind

Turbine (Type 4)”. IEEE PES General Meeting 2015. 26-30 Jul 2015. Denver, USA (Available

online DOI: 10.1109/PESGM.2015.7286430)

F. Gonzalez-Longatt, E. Chikuni, E. Rashayi.

“Effects of the Synthetic Inertia from wind power on

the total system inertia after a frequency

disturbance”. 2013 IEEE International Conference

on Industrial Technology (ICIT). 25-27 Feb 2013.

Cape Town, South Africa. (Available online DOI:

10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505779)




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Effect of Synthetic Inertia

Contribution:

The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate (based on simulations) recovery period of

under-frequency transient on future power systems that integrate synthetic inertia capability not

completely avoid worse scenarios in terms of UFLS.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0.1 1 2.5 5 10To

tal

Sy

stem

In

erti

a H

T (

s)

Synthetic Inertia Hsyn (s)

III

III

IV

20%

10%

5%

2.5%

1%

0

5

10

15

Case

Load Shedding Case

Po

wer

(G

W)

III

III

IV

20%

10%

5%

2.5%

1%

0

5

10

15

Case

Load Shedding Case

Po

wer

(G

W)

III

III

IV

20%

10%

5%

2.5%

1%

0

5

10

15

Case

Load Shedding Case

Po

wer

(G

W)

III

III

IV

20%

10%

5%

2.5%

1%

0

5

10

15

Case

Load Shedding Case

Po

wer

(G

W)

III

III

IV

20%

10%

5%

2.5%

1%

0

5

10

15

Case

Load Shedding Case

Po

wer

(G

W)

III

III

IV

20%

10%

5%

2.5%

1%

0

5

10

15

Case

Load Shedding Case

Po

wer

(G

W)

(a) Base Case (b) Hsyn = 0.1s

(c) Hsyn = 1.0s (d) Hsyn = 2.5s

(e) Hsyn = 5s (f) Hsyn = 10s

fglongatt.org.

PowerFactory 14.0.525

Benchmark System

Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt 02/01/2012

[email protected]

Project: DPSP 2012

Graphic: Benchmark Model

Date: 2/13/2012

Annex:

Load Flow Balanced

Nodes

Line-Line Voltage, Magnitude [kV]

Voltage, Magnitude [p.u.]

Voltage, Angle [deg]

Branches

Active Power [GW]

Reactive Power [Gvar]

Loading [%]

Tail-Right

Core+Tail

MiddleLowest-Tail

Upper-Tail

TAIL

Upper Top

TOP

Top-Left Top-Rigth

2400.001.0018.52

1

395.400.9910.24

1a400.001.0015.81

6400.001.00-9.12

7400.001.00-4.01

5400.001.00-8.90

3400.001.000.00

4400.001.005.61

G~

G4(b)

7.206.7732.94

G~G2

9.50-5.4536.52

1a-2

II

-4.622.9510.54

4.75-2.7310.54

1a-2

I

-4.622.9510.54

4.75-2.7310.54

1a-1 I

10.44-4.1421.62

-9.885.0821.62

1a-1 II

10.44-4.1421.62

-9.885.0821.62

G~

G1

22.80-0.1376.00

L1

4.951.01

1-3

1-4 14.80-11.1636.09

-14.0112.4636.09

L1a

11.152.26

5-6

0.38-0.230.85

-0.380.230.85

5-7

8.65-4.7418.98

-8.215.4618.98

4-7

17.34-8.6137.26

-15.6611.3837.26

6-7

9.04-4.9419.83

-8.575.7219.83

3-7

7.06-3.9415.55

-6.764.4315.55

L7

16.143.28

3-4

9.94-5.3721.74

-9.376.3221.74

L6

26.055.29

G~G6

17.1111.2468.23

G~G7

11.409.4049.27

G~G5

9.518.7643.08

G~G3

8.644.6032.61

G~

G4(a)

20.20-5.4169.71

L5

17.343.52

L3

10.952.22

L4

14.132.87

DIg

SIL

EN

T

Gen LossWF30GW

F. Gonzalez-Longatt. “Impact of emulated inertia from wind power on under-

frequency protection schemes of future power systems”. Journal of Modern Power

Systems and Clean Energy: Vol. 1, No. 8. DOI: 10.1007/s40565-015-0143-x)


http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40565-015-0143-x?wt_mc=email.event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorOnlineFirst

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BESS in GB• The current status (June 2016) of

the electricity energy storage systems in GB is oriented to the utility-scale sector.

• The residential-scale storage is still not economically viable, and the level of commercial and industrial storage, although unknown, is thought to be quite low.

• GB has around 30 operational battery energy storage (BES) projects, many of them are demonstration projects, and with only a few of them are operational projects larger than 1 MW in size.

30 Projects

3255 MW

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj (2016). Enabling inertial response in utility-

scale battery energy storage system. 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid

Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-

Asia.2016.7796453

@fglongatt


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Storage in GB Dinorwig Power Station

The Smarter Network Storage (SNS) project aims to carry

out a range of technical and commercial innovation to tackle

the challenges associated with the low-carbon transition and

facilitate the economic adoption of storage. It is differentiated

from other LCNF electrical storage projects by its

demonstration of storage across multiple parts of the electricity

system, outside the boundaries of the distribution network. By

demonstrating this multi-purpose application of 6MW/10MWh

of energy storage at Leighton Buzzard primary substation, the

project will explore the capabilities and value in alternative

revenue streams for storage, whilst deferring traditional

network

Gonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj (2016). Enabling inertial response in utility-

scale battery energy storage system. 2016 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid

Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-

Asia.2016.7796453


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Storage in GB• Preliminary analysis in UK suggest an additional storage

could be installed in the range of 1GW - 29GW under certainfuture scenarios by 2050, of which distribution storage isestimated to dominate bulk storage, due to the savings fromavoided distribution network costs.

• The largest BES project to date (May 2016) is KilrootAdvancion® Energy Storage Array.

• This 10 MW installation is led by AES UK & Ireland and located adjacent to coal-fired Kilroot Power Station, located north of Belfast, Northern Ireland.

• The array utilizes over 53,000 Li-ion batteries arranged in 136 separate nodes and will enhance grid reliability by providing fast response ancillary services (such as frequency regulation) as part of the System Operator Northern Ireland (SONI) existing Harmonised Ancillary Services systemGonzalez-Longatt, F. and S. M. Alhejaj (2016). Enabling inertial response in utility-scale battery energy storage system. 2016

IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT-Asia). 28 Nov.-1 Dec. 2016. DOI: 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2016.7796453


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Enabling Synthetic Inertia in BESS

Charge

controler

Current

controller

PQ

controllers

Frequency

controller

Battery

Model

dm q

m

dcU

dcI

SOC

*

acP

,acV f

,acP i

acP

acV

f

*

,d pi *

,q qi

*

,d si *

,q si

di

qi

f

d

dt

df

dt*

acP2

synH

9.99337.97475.95603.93731.9187-0.1000 [s]

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

-5.00

Converter: Active Power/Terminal AC in MW

2.763 s-1.074 MW

0.223 s17.025 MW

9.893 s-0.003 MW

9.99337.97475.95603.93731.9187-0.1000 [s]

50.10

50.00

49.90

49.80

49.70

49.60

G1: Frequency in Hz

2.063 s49.663 p.u.

9.883 s49.689 p.u.

9.99337.97475.95603.93731.9187-0.1000 [s]

0.82

0.80

0.78

0.76

0.74

0.72

SimpleBattery: SOC

1.993 s 0.731

9.823 s 0.737

-0.073 s 0.800

DIg

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EN

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S.M Alhejaj, and F. Gonzalez-Longatt (2016). Investigation on grid-scale BESS providing Inertial Response Support. IEEE PES POWERCON 2016. Wollongong Australia. 28

Sept.-1 Oct. 2016 DOI: 10.1109/POWERCON.2016.7754049

S.M. Alhejaj, S. M. and F. M. Gonzalez-Longatt (2016). Impact of inertia emulation control of grid-scale BESS on power system frequency response. 2016 International

Conference for Students on Applied Engineering (ICSAE). DOI: 10.1109/ICSAE.2016.7810198


http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7754049/

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7810198/

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Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR)


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EV to the Grid: Providing EFR

@fglongatt


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Declining Short Circuit Levels in the UKAs the short circuit level decreases, the

size of the area affected by a voltage dip

will increase.

The effects of transmission voltage dips

are not only observable across the

transmission network, but are also

observable on distribution networks in the

vicinity of the fault (the effects are “3-

dimensional”).

The critical role that reactive

current injection plays in the

response of the network to a

voltage depression.

http://www2.nationalgrid.com/UK/Industry-information/Future-of-Energy/System-Operability-Framework/


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Research Excellence

• The author with most reading in my institution couple times during 2016 and

also the author with most reading in my department for several weeks [data

are taken from Research Gate].

Member Advisory

Editorial Board

http://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-

electrical-power-and-energy-systems/editorial-board


http://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=4dkpMnEAAAAJ&hl=en

http://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=4dkpMnEAAAAJ&hl=en

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Closing…

or Opening?


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Questions and Answers

Dr Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt

[email protected]

Copyright Notice

The documents are created by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or

copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Francisco M.

Gonzalez-Longatt . The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt. You may not alter or remove any

trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Francisco M. Gonzalez-Longatt shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the

documents by you.

Thank you!


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Challenges in the Future Power Network

Engineering

Transcript of Challenges in the Future Power Network