Ch7_GroupBehav

8/3/2019 Ch7_GroupBehav

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Foundations

OfGroup Behavior

Chapter 7


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Why Do People Join Groups?

Security

Status

Self-Esteem

Power

Goal Achievement


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Groups as Open Systemsinput throughputs outputs

Organizationalsetting

Membershipcharacteristics

Group size

Group Process

norms

cohesiveness

communication

decision making

task activities

maintenanceactivities

Taskperformance

Human Resourcemaintenance


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Remember...

when individuals are in groups

they act differently than whenthey are alone


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Group StructureGroups are not unorganized mobs.

They have structure that shapes

the member behavior


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Group StructureFormal Leadership

Roles

NormsStatus

Size

CompositionCohesiveness

Rules


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Stages of Group Development

Prestage Stage I: Forming

Stage II: Storming Stage III: Norming

Stage IV: Performing Stage V: Adjourning


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Storming

Group is in conflict, members

resist being controlled by the

group, and disagreements ariseconcerning leadership in the group.

Resistance to constraints that group

impose on individuality

Conflict


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Norming

Group members develop close ties,

feelings of friendship and

camaraderie abound, and groupmembers share a common purpose.

Strong sense of group identity

Relationship development

Cohesion


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Performing

Group members work toward

achieving their goals.


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Adjourning

The group disbands once its goals

have been achieved.


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but, . . .

does the five stage model actually

reflect what happens in REAL

GROUPS??


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Group Norms

Informal rules of conduct for

behaviors considered important bymost group members.


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Reason Group Members

Conform to NormsCompliance - assenting to a norm in

order to attain rewards or avoid

punishment.

Identification - associating oneself

with supporters of a norm andconforming to the norm because those

individuals do.


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Reason Group Members

Conform to Norms

Internalization - believing that the

behavior dictated by a norm is

truly the right and proper way to

behave.


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Socialization:

The process by which newcomerslearn the roles, rules, and norms of a

group.

Classic Example:

How Disney will train its HK

employees!!


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Effective Work Groups

Process Gains - Increases in potential

performance that result from new

ways of motivating and coordinating

members.

Social Loafing - Tendency of

individuals to exert less effort whenthey work in a group than when they

work alone.


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To Reduce Social Loafing

Make Individual Contributions

Identifiable

Make Individuals Feel That They

Are Making Valuable Contributions

to a GroupKeep Group as Small as Possible


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Advice to Managers

Keep work groups as small as

possible while making sure that a

group has enough resources

(member knowledge, skills,

experiences) to achieve its goals.


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Factors That Contribute to

Group Cohesiveness

Group Size

Similarity/Diversity of GroupMembers

Competition with Other Groups

Success

Exclusiveness


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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness,

Performance Norms, and Productivity

PerformanceN

orms

Cohesiveness

Moderate to

low productivity

Moderate

productivity

High

productivity

Low

productivity

High

Low

High Low


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Effects of Group Processes

Potential group

effectiveness

Processgains

+

Process

losses

Actual group

effectiveness

-

=


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Cohesion and Individuality

In the Team

IndividualityLow High

Low

High

Cohesion

Group Collaborative

Think Team

Collectionof people Silos


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Model of Groupthink

InitialConditions

Character-

istics

ofGroup-

Think

Group-

think

Leads toEffective

Decision

Making

1 2 3

1


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Initial Conditions

High cohesiveness Insulation of the team from outsiders

Lack of methodical procedures for search and

appraisalDirective leadership

High stress with a low degree of hope for

finding a better solution than the one favored bythe leader or other influential persons

Complex/changing environment

1


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Characteristics of Groupthink

Collective rationalization

Belief in inherent morality of the team

Stereotypes of other groupsDirect pressure on dissenters

Self-censorship

Illusion of unanimitySelf-appointed mind guards

2

3


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Groupthink Leads to Defective

Decision Making in Terms of: Incomplete survey of alternativesFailure to examine risks of preferred choice

Poor information searchSelective bias in processing information at

hand

Failure to reappraise alternatives

Failure to work out contingency plans

3


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Group Decision Techniques:

Brainstorming

A spontaneous, participative

decision-making technique thatgroups use to generate a wide

range of alternatives from which to

make a decision.


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Groups Make Decisions by:

BrainstormingSeparate idea generation from evaluation

Produces many new ideasStimulates creativity

Group meets together

Much group interaction


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Consensus Decision

A proposal that is acceptableenough that all members are

willing to support it.


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More Efficient and

Effective MeetingsPrepare an agenda, distribute in advance.

Consult with participants before meeting.Get participants to go over agenda.

Establish specific time parameters.

Maintain focused discussion.


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More Efficient and

Effective MeetingsEncourage and support participation of all.

Maintain a balanced style.

Encourage clash of ideas.

Discourage clash of personalities.

Be an effective listener.Bring proper closure.

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