Ch4 Linux System Programming – Process & IPC Jianjian SONG Software Institute, Nanjing University...
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Transcript of Ch4 Linux System Programming – Process & IPC Jianjian SONG Software Institute, Nanjing University...
Ch4 Linux System Programming – Process & IPC
Jianjian SONGSoftware Institute, Nanjing UniversityOct, 2004
Content
1. Process & process environment2. Process Control
Process identifier, fork, exec…3. Process relationship4. Signal5. Inter-process communication (IPC)
Pipe, FIFO semaphore, shared memory, message
queue6. Daemon7. Thread
1. Process & Process Environment
What is a process? Program and process Process: an address space with one or
more threads executing within that address space, and the required system resources for those threads. (SUSv3)
The startup of a process
System call “fork” Process resources
struct task_struct System space stack …
System call “exec” The entry of C programs
System stack
The entry of C programs
crt0.o cc/ld
main function function prototype :
int main(int argc, char *argv[]);
The termination of a process
Five ways of terminating a process Normal termination
Return from “main” function Call “exit” function Call “_exit” function
Abnormal termination Call “abort” function Terminated by a signal
exit & _exit functions
Function prototype:#include <stdlib.h>void exit(int status);#include <unistd.h>void _exit(int status);
Exit status Difference
_exit is corresponding to a system call, while “exit” is a library function.
_exit terminate a process immediately.
Exit handler
atexit function Register a function to be called at normal
program termination. Prototype:
#include <stdlib.h>int atexit(void (*function)(void));
on_exit function Example
The memory map of a C program
Text segment (code segment) Data segment
Initialized data Uninitialized data Heap
Stack
Command line arguments
main functionint main(int argc, char *argv[]);
Example: The implementation of echo(1)
Command line option Standard usage getopt function
getopt function Prototype:
int getopt(int argc, char *const argv[], const char *optstring);extern char *optarg;extern int optind, opterr, optopt;
Question : getopt(argc, argv, “if:lr”); Program example (P104, in BLP)
Environment variables
Environment table Environment pointer
extern char **environ;
putenv & getenv functions Get, set or unset an environment varia
ble#include <stdlib.h>char *getenv(const char *name);int putenv(char *string);int setenv(const char *name, const char *value, in
t overwirte);void unsetenv(const char *name);
Shared object
Shared object Dynamic link Advantages and disadvantages Example
How to create a static and shared library? How to use (link) a static or shared
library?
Memory allocation
Allocate and free dynamic memory.#include <stdlib.h>void *malloc(size_t size);void *calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);void free(void *ptr);void realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
2. Process control
Process identifier System call “fork” The simple synchronization
between parent and child process The “exec” function family Example:
The implementation of a simple shell
Process identifier
fork
fork: create a child process#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>pid_t fork(void);
returned value: pid of child (in the current (parent) process), 0 (in child process), -1 (failure)
A simple example
#include <stdio.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>
/* fork 系统调用的第一个例子(不含错误检查) */void main(){
printf(“Hello, world!\n”);fork();printf(“bye\n”);
}
The usage of “fork” Code example
if ( (pid=fork()) < 0) { /* error handling */} else if (pid == 0) { /* child */} else { /* parent */};
Program example Program8-1 in APUE
File sharing 所有由父进程打开的描述符都被复制到子进程
中。父、子进程每个相同的打开描述符共享一个文件表项
vfork & clone functions vfork
#include <sys/types.h>#include <unistd.h>pid_t vfork(void);
clone#include <sched.h>int clone(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack,
int flag, void *arg);
The simple synchronization between parent and child process
The relationship between parent and child process
wait and waitpid functions
The relationship between parent and child process
The parent terminates before the child Orphan process
The child terminates before the parent SIGCHLD signal Handled by wait/waitpid in parent Not handled by wait/wait in parent -> zombi
e
wait & waitpid functions Wait for process termination Prototype
#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/wait.h>pid_t wait(int *status);pid_t waitpid(pid_t pid, int *status, int options);
Example
Race condition
int main(void){ pid_t pid;
if ( (pid = fork()) < 0) err_sys("fork error"); else if (pid == 0) { charatatime("output cccccccccccc from child\n"); } else { charatatime("output pppppppppp from parent\n"); } exit(0);}
An improvementint main(void){ pid_t pid; TELL_WAIT(); if ( (pid = fork()) < 0) err_sys("fork error"); else if (pid == 0) { WAIT_PARENT(); /* parent goes first */ charatatime("output cccccccccccc from child\n"); } else { charatatime("output pppppppppp from parent\n"); TELL_CHILD(pid); } exit(0);}
The “exec” family of functions
Replace the current process image with a new process image.
执行新程序的进程保持原进程的一系列特征: pid, ppid, uid, gid, working directory, root direc
tory … euid/egid? 打开文件描述符 ?
Functions prototypes
#include <unistd.h>extern char **environ;int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ...);int execle(const char *path, const char *arg, ..., char *
const envp[]);int execv(const char *path, char * const argv[]);int execvp(const char *file, char * const argv[]);
#include <unistd.h>int execve(const char *filename, char * const argv[], c
har * const envp[]);
exec and opened file descriptor
close-on-exec bit of a file descriptor Set by “fcntl” function
fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, 0); /* 系统默认 , 打开文件描述符在 exec 时不关闭 */
fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, 1); /* 打开文件描述符在 exec 时关闭 */
Using fork and exec together
Two ways of using fork The parent process duplicates itself, and then tw
o different pieces of codes are executed in parent process and child process.
A process want to execute another program. Example:
The implementation of “system” function int system(const char*cmdstring);
Example: a simple shellprintf("%% "); /* print prompt */while (fgets(buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { buf[strlen(buf) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */ if ( (pid = fork()) < 0 ) err_sys(“fork error”); else if ( pid == 0 ) { /* child */ execlp(buf, buf, (char *) 0); fprintf(stderr, "couldn't execute: %s", buf); exit(127); } if ( (pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0)) < 0 ) /* parent */ err_sys(“waitpid error”); printf("%% ");}
3. Process relationship
父进程和子进程 进程树
ps, pstree 命令
Startup & login (1)
Login on serial terminal
Startup & login (2)
Network login
Process group & session
Process group The set of one or more process(es). getpgrp/setpgid functions
Session The set of one or more process group(s). setsid function
Controlling terminal Why are they introduced?
Job control
Process group & session (cont’d)
Process group & session (cont’d)
4. Signal
The concept of signals The “signal” function Send a signal
kill, raise The “alarm” and “pause” functions Reliable signal mechanism
The concept of signals
Signal Software interrupt Mechanism for handling asynchronous events Having a name (beginning with SIG) Defined as a positive integer (in <signal.h>)
How to produce a signal 按终端键,硬件异常, kill(2) 函数, kill(1) 命令,
软件条件, ...
Signals in Linux/UNIX
名称 说明SIGABRT 进程异常终止(调用 abort 函数产生此信号)SIGALRM 超时( alarm )SIGFPE 算术运算异常(除以 0 ,浮点溢出等)SIGHUP 连接断开SIGILL 非法硬件指令SIGINT 终端终端符 (Clt-C)SIGKILL 终止(不能被捕捉或忽略)SIGPIPE 向没有读进程的管道写数据SIGQUIT 终端退出符 (Clt-\)SIGTERM 终止(由 kill 命令发出的系统默认终止信号)SIGUSR1 用户定义信号SIGUSR2 用户定义信号
Signals in Linux/UNIX (cont’d)
名称 说明SIGSEGV 无效存储访问(段违例)SIGCHLD 子进程停止或退出SIGCONT 使暂停进程继续SIGSTOP 停止(不能被捕捉或忽略)SIGTSTP 终端挂起符 (Clt-Z)SIGTTIN 后台进程请求从控制终端读SIGTTOUT 后台进程请求向控制终端写
Signal handling
忽略信号 不能忽略的信号:
SIGKILL, SIGSTOP 一些硬件异常信号
执行系统默认动作 捕捉信号
The “signal” function
Installs a new signal handler for the signal with number signum.
#include <signal.h>typedef void (*sighandler_t)(int);sighandler_t signal(int signum, sighandler_t handler);
(Returned Value: the previous handler if success, SIG_ERR if error)
The “handler” parameter a user specified function, or SIG_DEF, or SIG_IGN
The ”signal” function (cont’d) Program example
static void sig_usr(int);int main(void){ if (signal(SIGUSR1, sig_usr) == SIG_ERR) err_sys("can't catch SIGUSR1"); if (signal(SIGUSR2, sig_usr) == SIG_ERR) err_sys("can't catch SIGUSR2");
for ( ; ; ) pause();}
Send a signal
kill(2): send signal to a process#include <sys/types.h>#include <signal.h>int kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
(Returned Value: 0 if success, -1 if failure) raise(3): send a signal to the current process
#include <signal.h>int raise(int sig);
(Returned Value: 0 if success, -1 if failure)
alarm & pause functions
alarm: set an alarm clock for delivery of a signal#include <unistd.h>unsigned int alarm(unsigned int seconds);
(Returned value: 0, or the number of seconds remaining of previous alarm)
pause: wait for a signal#include <unistd.h>int pause(void);
(Returned value: -1, errno is set to be EINTR)
alarm & pause functions (cont’d)
Program example The implementation of the “sleep” fun
ctionunsigned int sleep1(unsigned int nsecs){ if ( signal(SIGALRM, sig_alrm) == SIG_ERR) return(nsecs); alarm(nsecs); /* start the timer */ pause(); /*next caught signal wakes us up*/ return(alarm(0) ); /*turn off timer, return unslept time */}
Possible problems
Problems related to time Race condition Interrupted system calls Reentrancy
Reliable signal mechanism
Weakness of the signal function Signal block
signal mask Signal set
sigset_t data type Signal handling functions using signal set
sigprocmask, sigaction, sigpending, sigsuspend
signal set operations
#include <signal.h>
int sigemptyset(sigset_t *set);int sigfillset(sigset_t *set);int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum);int sigdelset(sigset_t *set, int signum); (Return value: 0 if success, -1 if error)
int sigismember(const sigset_t *set, int signum); (Return value: 1 if true, 0 if false)
sigprocmask function 检测或更改 ( 或两者 ) 进程的信号掩码
#include <signal.h>sigprocmask(int how, const sigset_t *set, sigset_t *oldset);
(Return Value: 0 is success, -1 if failure)
参数“ how” 决定对信号掩码的操作 SIG_BLOCK: 将 set 中的信号添加到信号掩码 ( 并集 ) SIG_UNBLOCK: 从信号掩码中去掉 set 中的信号 ( 差集 ) SIG_SETMASK: 把信号掩码设置为 set 中的信号
例外 : SIGKILL, SIGSTOP
sigpending function 返回当前未决的信号集
#include <signal.h>sigpending(sigset_t *set);
(Returned Value: 0 is success, -1 if failure)
Example: critical.c (Prog10-11 in APUE)
sigaction function 检查或修改 ( 或两者 )与指定信号关联的处理动作
#include <signal.h>sigaction(int signum, const struct sigaction *act, struct sigac
tion *oldact);(Returned Value: 0 is success, -1 if f
ailure) struct sigaction至少包含以下成员 :
handler_t sa_handler; /* addr of signal handler, or SIG_IGN, or SIG_DEL */
sigset_t sa_mask;/* additional signals to block */int sa_flags; /* signal options */
sigsuspend function 用 sigmask临时替换信号掩码,在捕捉一个信号或发
生终止该进程的信号前,进程挂起。#include <signal.h>sigsuspend(const sigset *sigmask);
(Returned value: -1, errno is set to be EINTR) sigsuspend 和 pause
signal function review 用 sigaction实现 signal 函数
Sigfunc * signal(int signo, handler_t func) {struct sigaction act, oact;act.sa_handler = func;sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);act.sa_flags = 0;if (signo == SIGALRM) {
#ifdef SA_INTERRUPTact.sa_flags |= SA_INTERRUPT; /* SunOS */
#endif} else {
#ifdef SA_RESTARTact.sa_flags |= SA_RESTART; /* SVR4, 44BSD */
#endif}if (sigaction(signo, &act, &oact) < 0)
return(SIG_ERR);return(oact.sa_handler);
}
Example: solution of race conditionint main(void){ pid_t pid; TELL_WAIT(); if ( (pid = fork()) < 0) err_sys("fork error"); else if (pid == 0) { WAIT_PARENT(); /* parent goes first */ charatatime("output cccccccccccc from child\n"); } else { charatatime("output pppppppppp from parent\n"); TELL_CHILD(pid); } exit(0);}
static sigset_t newmask, oldmask, zeromask;static void sig_usr(int signo) {/* one handler for SIGUSR1, SIGUSR2 */
sigflag = 1; return;}void TELL_WAIT() {
if (signal(SIGUSR1, sig_usr) == SIG_ERR)err_sys("signal(SIGINT) error");
if (signal(SIGUSR2, sig_usr) == SIG_ERR)err_sys("signal(SIGQUIT) error");
sigemptyset(&zeromask);sigemptyset(&newmask);sigaddset(&newmask, SIGUSR1);sigaddset(&newmask, SIGUSR2);
/* block SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2, and save current signal mask */if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &newmask, &oldmask) < 0)
err_sys("SIG_BLOCK error");}
void WAIT_PARENT(void) {while (sigflag == 0)
sigsuspend(&zeromask); /* and wait for parent */
sigflag = 0;/* reset signal mask to original value */if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL) < 0)
err_sys("SIG_SETMASK error");}
void TELL_CHILD(pid_t pid) {kill(pid, SIGUSR1); /* tell child we're done */
}
5. Inter-process communication
IPC: Inter-Process Communication IPC mechanisms
shared file signal pipe, FIFO (named pipe), message
queue, semaphore, shared memory socket
IPC illustrations
Simple Client-Server or IPC model
The concept of pipe
Pipe Pipe mechanism in a shell
e.g. cmd1 | cmd2 Pipe is half-duplex 管道只能在共同祖先的进程间使用 管道也是文件 命名管道 (FIFO)
The pipe function
The pipe function: create a pipe#include <unistd.h>int pipe(int filedes[2]);
(Returned value: 0 if success, -1 if failure) A pipe: First In, First Out
filedes[0]:read, filedes[1]: write
A pipe in a single process
A pipe between the parent & child
The coordinationof pipe read & write
写管道时,常数 PIPE_BUF规定了内核中管道缓存器的大小
管道的一端关闭时, 写端关闭,读该管道在所有数据都被读取后,
read返回 0 ,表示达到了文件结束 读端关闭,写该管道产生信号 SIGPIPE
Examples
pipe1.c
管道用于标准输入和标准输出 管道: shell 中的形式
cmd1 | cmd2 重定向 cmd > file
实现代码 执行 cmd1前
if (fd[1] != STDOUT_FILENO) {if (dup2(fd[1], STDOUT_FILENO) != STDOUT_FILENO)
err_sys(“dup2 error to stdout);}
执行 cmd2前if (fd[0] != STDIN_FILENO) {
if (dup2(fd[0], STDIN_FILENO) != STDIN_FILENO) err_sys(“dup2 error to stdin);}
Examples
pipe2.c
pipe Application(1):solution of race conditionint main(void){ pid_t pid; TELL_WAIT(); if ( (pid = fork()) < 0) err_sys("fork error"); else if (pid == 0) { WAIT_PARENT(); /* parent goes first */ charatatime("output cccccccccccc from child\n"); } else { charatatime("output pppppppppp from parent\n"); TELL_CHILD(pid); } exit(0);}
static int pfd[2];void TELL_WAIT() {
if (pipe(pfd) < 0)err_sys("pipe error");
}void WAIT_PARENT(void) {
char c;if (read(pfd[0], &c, 1) != 1)
err_sys("read error");if (c != 'p')
err_quit("WAIT_PARENT: incorrect data");}void TELL_CHILD(pid_t pid) {
if (write(pfd[1], "p", 1) != 1)err_sys("write error");
}
pipe Application(2): shell
shpipe.c
popen & pclose functions popen, pclose: process I/O
#include <stdio.h>FILE *popen(const char *command, const char *type);int pclose(FILE *stream);
按页输出 在程序中获得另一个程序的输出
Applications of popen & pclose
Home work: popen 的实现 用 pipe, fork实现 popen
FIFO: named pipe
管道和命名管道 相同点 不同点
文件系统中 同步:一个重要的考虑
mkfifo(1), mkfifo(3), mknod(1), mknod(2)
创建 FIFO mkfifo: make a FIFO special file (a named pi
pe)#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>int mkfifo(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
(Returned value: 0 if success, -1 if failure) Examples
fifo1.c (Ch12 in BLP) list a fifo (ls –lF)
用 open 打开一个 FIFO Review: “open” system call
int open(const char *pathname, int flags); “flags” parameter
必须指定的互斥模式 :O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR
O_NONBLOCK consideration :
读端 / 写端 同步
FIFO 的同步和读写 打开 FIFO 时的同步
一般情况下(没有说明 O_NONBLOCK ),只读打开要阻塞到某个其它进程为写打开此 FIFO;类似的,为写打开一个 FIFO要阻塞到某个其它进程为读而打开它。
如果指定了 O_NONBLOCK ,则只读打开立即返回;只写打开也立即返回,但如果没有进程已经为读而打开此 FIFO ,那么 open 将出错返回 -1 , errno置为 ENXIO 。
读写 FIFO 时的同步 same as pipe
同步示例 shell 中使用 fifo 的例子
cat < my_fifoecho “a string to fifo” > my_fifo
fifo2.c (Ch12 in BLP)
FIFO 的应用 (1) 用 FIFO 复制输出流
例
FIFO 的应用 (2) C/S应用程序
例: client.c, server.c
System V IPC
IPC objects 信号量 (semaphore set) 消息队列 (message queue) 共享内存 (shared memory)
shell 命令 ipcs, ipcrm
System V IPC 的共同特征 标识符与关键字
引用 IPC 对象:标识符 创建 IPC 对象时指定关键字 (key_t key;)
key 的选择;预定义常数 IPC_PRIVATE; ftok 函数 内核将关键字转换成标识符
许可权结构 和文件类比 struct ipc_perm
SV IPC System Calls Overview
功能 消息队列 信号量 共享内存分配一个 IPC 对象,获得对 IPC 的访问
msgget semget shmget
IPC 操作 : 发送 / 接收消息,信号量操作,连接 /释放共享内存
msgsnd/msgrcv
semop shmat/shmdt
IPC 控制:获得 /修改状态信息,取消 IPC
msgctl semctl shmctl
Semaphore
并发程序设计 互斥和同步 PV 操作 ( 原语 )
PV 操作和信号量procedure p(var s:samephore){ s.value=s.value-1; if (s.value<0) asleep(s.queue); }
procedure v(var s:samephore){ s.value=s.value+1; if (s.value<=0) wakeup(s.queue); }
Linux/UNIX 的信号量机制 semaphore set struct semid_ds
struct ipc_perm sem_perm; struct sem *sem_base; /* ptr to first sem in set */ time_t sem_otime; /* last operation time */ time_t sem_ctime; /* last change time */ ushort sem_nsems; /* count of sems in set */
semaphore set system calls
#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/sem.h>
int semget(key_t key, int nsems, int semflg);int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);int semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...);
semget: get a semaphore set identifier prototype
int semget(key_t key, int nsems, int semflg); “key” parameter
预定义常数 IPC_PRIVATE; 约定的关键字 ftok 函数
“semflg” parameter 设置访问权限 (低 9位 ) IPC_CREAT, IPC_EXCL 按位或
examples sem1.c
semop: semaphore operations prototype
int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops); “sops” parameter
struct sembuf { unsigned short int sem_num; /* semaphore number */ short int sem_op; /* semaphore operation */ short int sem_flg; /* operation flag */}
examples: PV 操作的实现
semctl: semaphore control operations prototype
int semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...); the 4th argument
union semun{ int val; struct semid_ds *buf; unsigned short *array;} arg;
“cmd” parameter
semctl: semaphore control operations (cont’d) “cmd” parameter
IPC_STAT: 对指定的信号量标识返回 arg.semid_ds结构中的当前值
IPC_SET: 在进程有足够权限的前提下,把信号量集合的当前关联值置为 arg.semid_ds结构给出的值
IPC_RMID: 删除信号量集合 SETVAL: 设置信号量集合中由 semnum 指定的单个
信号量的值 ( 设为 arg.val) examples
set_semvalue(初始化 ), del_semvalue(结束 )
Examples
一个完整的实例 sem1.c( 进程互斥 )
Home work:
用程序模拟实现生产者 /消费者问题 进程同步
Message queue
消息队列 消息队列是消息的链表,存放在内核中并由消息队列标识符标识。
First in, first out message type: 优先级 块数据
struct msqid_ds
message queue system calls
#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/msg.h>
int msgget(key_t key, int size, int flag);int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *ptr, size_t nbytes, int flag);int msgrcv(int msqid, void *ptr, size_t nbytes, long type, int flag);int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);
msgctl: message control operations prototype
int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);
“cmd” parameter IPC_STAT: 把 msqid_ds结构中的数据置为消息队
列的当前关联值 IPC_SET: 在进程有足够权限的前提下,把消息队
列的当前关联值置为msqid_ds结构给出的值 IPC_RMID: 删除消息队列
Example
A C/S application One server, several clients: only one
queue is required. Compared with FIFO implementation
Shared memory
共享内存 共享内存是内核为进程创建的一个特殊内存
段,它可连接 (attach) 到自己的地址空间,也可以连接到其它进程的地址空间
最快的进程间通信方式 不提供任何同步功能
shared memory system calls
#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/ipc.h>#include <sys/shm.h>
int semget(key_t key, int size, int flag);void *shmat(int shmid, void *addr, int flag);int shmdt(void *addr);int shmctl(int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);
mmap/munmap system calls mmap/munmap: map or unmap files
or devices into memory
6. Daemon process
什么是 daemon 进程 daemon 进程的实现方法
编程规则 出错记录
What is a daemon?
What is a daemon? (cont’d)
daemon 精灵进程或守护进程 后台执行 , 没有控制终端或登录 Shell 的进
程 why daemon?
Concepts related to job control
Process group & session Controlling terminal jobs, fg, bg comands SIGINT, SIGQUIT, SIGTSTP, SIGHUP signal
s A solution the problem
nohup command & >> logfile
daemon 进程的实现 (1) 编程规则
首先调用 fork ,然后使父进程 exit 调用 setsid创建一个新的会话期 将当前工作目录更改为特定目录 进程的 umask 设为 0 关闭不需要的文件描述符
Exampleint daemon_init(void) {
pid_t pid;
if ( (pid = fork()) < 0)return(-1);
else if (pid != 0)exit(0); /* parent goes bye-bye */
/* child continues */setsid(); /* become session leader */chdir("/"); /* change working directory */umask(0); /* clear our file mode creation mask */
return(0);}
daemon 进程的实现 (2) 出错记录
7. Threads
What is a thread Basic pthread functions Thread synchronization Thread attributes Thread cancellation
What is a thread?
Thread: A single flow of control within a process.
(susv3) Process and thread
New process: when a process executes a fork call, a new copy of the process is created with its own variables and its own PID.
New thread: When we create a new thread in a process, the new thread of execution gets its own stack (and hence local variables) but shares global variables, file descriptors, signal handlers, and its current directory state with the process that created it.
Process and thread
POSIX thread
POSIX1003.1c pthread library
/usr/lib/libpthread.so, /usr/lib/libpthread.a pthread.h header file
/usr/include/pthread.h Compiler options
gcc thread.c –o thread -lpthread
Basic thread functions(1)
Create a new thread#include <pthread.h>int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr,
void *(*start_routine)(void *), void *arg); Terminate the calling thread
void pthread_exit(void *retval);
Basic thread functions(2)
Wait for termination of another thread#include <pthread.h>int pthread_join(pthread_t th, void **thread_return);
Put a running thread in the detached stateint pthread_detach(pthread_t th);
Thread synchronization
用信号量进行同步 用互斥量进行同步 用条件变量进行同步
POSIX4 semaphore
#include <semaphore.h>
int sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);int sem_post(sem_t *sem);int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem);int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int *sval);
Example
Producer-consumer problem thread4.c, thread4a.c (in Ch11, BLP)
Mutex (Mutual Exclusion)#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr);
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
Example
thread5.c
Thread attributes
线程属性对象 pthread_attr_t
初始化#include <pthread.h>int pthread_attr_init(pthread_attr_t *attr);
get/set族函数
Get/Set thread attributes
#include <pthread.h>int pthread_attr_setdetachstate(pthread_attr_t *attr, int de
tachstate);int pthread_attr_getdetachstate(const pthread_attr_t *attr,
int *detachstate);int pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(pthread_attr_t *attr, int po
licy);int pthread_attr_getschedpolicy(const pthread_attr_t *attr,
int *policy);int pthread_attr_setschedparam(pthread_attr_t *attr, int p
aram);int pthread_attr_getschedparam(const pthread_attr_t *attr,
int *param);
Example(1): 线程属性-分离线程 detachstate属性
Values: PTHREAD_CREATE_JOIN / PTHREAD_CREATE
_DETACHED thread6.c
Example(2): 线程属性-调度 schedpolicy属性
调度策略 Values:
SCHED_OTHER/SCHED_RR/SCHED_FIFO schedparam属性
调度参数,主要是优先级 thread7a.c
Thread cancellation
#include <pthread.h>int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);int pthread_setcancelstate(int state, int *oldstate);int pthread_setcanceltype(int type, int *oldtype);
Multithread program
Examples: thread9.c, thread9a.c (in BLP)
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