Ch24_DynModels

Operation Technology, Inc. 24-1 ETAP 5.0 User Guide

Chapter 24

Dynamic Models Motor dynamic models are required for dynamic motor starting, transient stability, and generator starting studies. Generator dynamic models and some control units (exciters, governors, and Power System Stabilizier [PSS]) are only needed for transient stability studies. In addition, load torque characteristics for different types of models are required for both motor starting and transient stability studies. ETAP provides a variety of induction and synchronous machine models, plus extensive libraries for exciters, governors, and PSS for you to select from to perform your studies. For dynamic motor acceleration studies, only the motors that are accelerated need to have a dynamic model, i.e., generators, exciters, and governors are not dynamically modeled. For transient stability studies, all generators, exciters, and governors are dynamically modeled. Motors, which have dynamic models and are designated to be dynamically modeled from the study case, will be dynamically modeled. For generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability studies, all generators, exciters, governors, and motors have to use frequency dependent models. This chapter describes different types of machine models, machine control unit models, load models, and explains their applications in motor starting and transient stability studies. It also describes tools that assist you to select those models and specify model parameters. The induction machine models section describes five different types of induction machine models and the frequency dependent forms of these models. Those are Circuit Models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2) and Characteristic Curve Models. In the synchronous machine models section, descriptions of five different types of synchronous machine models and the frequency dependent forms of these models are given. Those are Equivalent Model, Transient Model for round-rotor machines, Sub-transient Model for round-rotor machines, Transient Model for salient-pole machines, and Sub-transient Model for salient-pole machines. Motor starting and transient stability studies also require the utility tie system to be modeled as an equivalent machine. A description of the modeling of power grid systems is found in the section Power Grid. Different types of exciter and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) models, including standard IEEE models and vendor special models, are defined in the Exciter and AVR Models section. Governor-turbine models that are also based on both IEEE standards and vendors’ product manuals are listed in the Governor-turbine Models section. PSS models that are also based on both IEEE standards and vendors’ product manuals are listed in the PSS Models section. Finally, different types of load models are described in the Mechanical Load section.

Dynamic Models Induction Machine


24.1 Induction Machine ETAP provides five different types of induction machine models, which cover all commonly, used induction machine designs. These models are: • Single1 CKT Model • Single2 CKT Model • DBL1 CKT Model • DBL2 CKT Model • Characteristic Curve Model • Frequency Dependent Model In general, Single1, Single2, DBL1, and DBL2 are referred to as CKT (circuit) models, because they all use equivalent circuits to represent an induction machine stator and rotor windings. These models can be used for both dynamic motor starting and transient stability studies. Characteristic models use machine performance curves specified at some discrete points to represent an induction machine. It can be used for dynamic motor starting studies, but is not suitable for transient stability studies. Note that the models described in this section are also employed by synchronous motors for motor starting studies since, during starting, synchronous motors behave similarly to induction motors. This modeling procedure is approved by the industrial standards.

Notations and Symbols The following notations are used in defining various parameters for induction machine models: Rs = Stator resistance Xs = Stator reactance Xm = Magnetizing reactance Rr = Rotor resistance Xr = Rotor reactance Xlr = Locked-rotor reactance ( = Xs + XmXr/(Xm + Xr) ) Xoc = Open-circuit reactance ( = Xs + Xm ) Tdo’ = Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (Xm + Xr)/(2πfRr) ) X/R = Machine X/R ratio Plus the notations used in the machine electrical and mechanical equations: E = Machine internal voltage It = Machine terminal current ωs = Machine synchronous speed ωm = Machine mechanical speed s = Machine slip ( = (ωs - ωm)/ωs ) f = Synchronous frequency H = Machine shaft inertia D = Damping factor (this value is negligible) Pm = Mechanical output power Pe = Electrical input power



24.1.1 Single1 Model This is the least complex model for a single-cage induction machine, with no deep-bars. It is essentially using a Thevenin equivalent circuit to represent the machine. The rotor circuit resistance and reactance are assumed constants; but the internal voltage will change depending on the machine speed.

Parameters for this model are: • E Machine internal voltage • X’ Transient reactance ( = Xlr = Xs + XmXr/(Xm + Xr)) • Xoc Open-circuit reactance ( = Xs + Xm ) • Tdo’ Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (Xm + Xr)/(2πfRr) ) • X/R Machine X/R ratio ( = X’/R) Note that the X/R value is obtained from the library and is not the same X/R used for short-circuit calculations.



24.1.2 Single2 Model This is the standard model for induction machines, representing the magnetizing branch, stator, and rotor circuits, and accounts for the deep-bar effect. The rotor resistance and reactance linearly change with the machine speed.

Parameters for this model are: • Rs Stator resistance • Xs Stator reactance • Xm Magnetizing reactance • Rrfl Rotor resistance at full load • Rrlr Rotor resistance at locked-rotor • Xrfl Rotor reactance at full load • Xrlr Rotor reactance at locked-rotor



The actual rotor resistance and reactance are calculated based on the full load and locked-rotor values and machine operating slip. The relationships of rotor impedance with slip are shown below:



24.1.3 DBL1 Model This CKT model represents double cage induction machines with integrated bars. The rotor resistance and reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds; however, the equivalent impedance of the two rotor circuits becomes a non-linear function of the machine speed.

Parameters for this model are: • Rs Stator resistance • Xs Stator reactance • Xm Magnetizing reactance • Rr1 Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit • Rr2 Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit • Xr1 Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit • Xr2 Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit



24.1.4 DBL2 Model This is another representation of double cage induction machines with independent rotor bars. The same as the DBL1 model, the rotor resistance and reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds, and the equivalent impedance of the two rotor circuits is a non-linear function of the machine speed. The DBL2 model has a different characteristic than the DBL1 model.

Parameters for this model are:

• Rs Stator resistance • Xs Stator reactance • Xm Magnetizing reactance • Rr1 Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit • Rr2 Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit • Xr1 Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit • Xr2 Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit



24.1.5 Characteristic Curve Model This model provides the capability to model induction machines directly based on machine performance curves provided by the manufacturer. Although only a discrete set of points is required to specify each curve, ETAP uses advanced curve fitting techniques to generate continuous curves for calculation purposes.

Curves specified in this model include: • Torque vs. Slip • Current (I) vs. Slip • Power Factor (PF) vs. Slip Note that this model is only used for motor starting studies. For transient stability studies you can use the Machine Parameter Estimation program to convert this model into one of the CKT models.



24.1.6 Frequency Dependent Model In transient stability studies, the frequency dependent models of induction machines are used. ETAP provides the frequency dependent forms for the four types of circuit models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2). In these models, the stator and rotor reactance and slip of machine are functions of system frequency. The following is the equivalent circuit for a double cage induction machine model with independent rotor bars (DBL2). Parameters for this model are:

• Rs Stator resistance • Ls Stator inductance • Lm Magnetizing inductance • Rr1 Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit • Rr2 Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit • Lr1 Rotor inductance for the first rotor circuit • Lr2 Rotor inductance for the second rotor circuit • ωs System speed • s Motor slip The data interface and library for the frequency dependent forms of the four types of induction machine models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2) are the same as the corresponding regular induction machine models. ETAP internally converts the reactance in machine interface to inductance. The model also can be expressed as the following equivalent circuit in terms of transient inductance and transient internal electromagnetic-force.

Parameters in the circuit are:

is

Rs

ωsLm Vs

ωsLr2 ωsLr1

Rr1/s

ωsLs

Rr2/s

is

Rs

Vs

ωsL’

ωsE’



• L’s Transient inductance • E’ Transient internal electromagnetic-force



24.1.7 Shaft Torsion Model If the torsion effect is included for the multiple mass shaft of machine, a shaft torsion model is used in ETAP. The shaft model can be represented in a general form as follows:

Couping Gear Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )322212112 θθωωθθωωω−−−−−−−−= KDKD

dtd

H LCMCC

C

Load Swing Equation:

( ) ( )23222 θθωωω−−−−−= KDT

dtdH CLL

LL

Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are: • ϖM Motor speed • ϖC Couping gear speed • ϖL Load speed • θ1 Motor angle displacement • θ2 Couping gear angle displacement • θ3 Load angle displacement • HC Inertia constant of coupling gear • HL Inertia constant of load • D1 Damping coefficient between motor and coupling gear • D2 Damping coefficient between coupling gear and load • K1 Spring coefficient between motor and coupling gear • K2 Spring coefficient between coupling gear and load • TL Load torque

Dynamic Models Synchronous Machine


24.2 Synchronous Machine ETAP provides five different types of synchronous machine models to choose for transient stability studies and frequency dependent models for generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability studies. The complexity of these models ranges from the simple Equivalent Model to the model that includes the machine saliency, damper winding, and variable field voltage. These models are: • Equivalent Model • Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine • Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine • Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine • Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine • Frequency Dependent Model Synchronous generators and synchronous motors share the same models. In the following discussion, the generator case is taken as an example.

Notations and Symbols The following notations are used in defining various parameters for synchronous machine models: Xd” = Direct-axis subtransient synchronous reactance Xd’ = Direct-axis transient synchronous reactance Xd = Direct-axis synchronous reactance Xq” = Quadrature-axis subtransient synchronous reactance Xq = Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance Xq’ = Quadrature-axis transient synchronous reactance Xl = Armature leakage reactance Ra = Armature resistance X/R = Machine X/R ration (= Xd”/Ra) Tdo” = Direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant Tdo’ = Direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant Tqo” = Quadrature -axis subtransient open-circuit time constant Tqo’ = Quadrature -axis transient open-circuit time constant S100 = Saturation factor corresponding to 100 percent terminal voltage S120 = Saturation factor corresponding to 120 percent terminal voltage H = Total inertia of the shaft D = Shaft damping factor



General Concept of Modeling Synchronous Machines A synchronous machine is, in general, modeled by an equivalent internal voltage source and its equivalent resistance and reactance. The equivalent internal voltage source is connected to the machine internal bus behind the equivalent resistance and reactance, as shown in the diagram.

Depending on the structure (round-rotor or salient-pole) and design (with or without damper windings), the equivalent internal voltage and equivalent impedance are calculated differently. These differences are reflected in differential equations describing different types of synchronous machine models. Park’s transformation is adopted and the following notations and symbols are employed in the differential equations for synchronous machine models: Efd = Term representing the field voltage acting along the quadrature-axis. It is

calculated from the machine excitation system f(• ) = Function to account machine saturation effect Eq” = Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine subtransient reactance Ed” = Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine subtransient reactance Eq’ = Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine

transient reactance Ed’ = Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine transient reactance Eq = Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine

reactance Ed = Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine reactance Ei = Voltage proportional to field current It = Machine terminal current Id = Direct-axis component of machine terminal current Iq = Quadrature-axis component of machine terminal current



Saturation The synchronous machine saturation effect needs to be considered in the modeling. This effect is represented by two parameters S100 and S120 as defined in the following figure and equations:

f

f

f

f

I

IS

I

IS

2.1120

120

100100

=

=

where If = Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the air gap line (no saturation) If100 = Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation curve If120 = Field current corresponding to 120% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation curve For generator starting studies, another factor, Sbreak, is required to correct machine inductance as shown in the above generator saturation curve. The factor Sbreak is defined as %Vt at the saturation break point.



24.2.1 Equivalent Model The screen below shows the equivalent model, its parameters, and the typical data.

This model uses an internal voltage source behind the armature resistance and quadrature-axis reactance to model a synchronous machine. The voltage source is proportional to the machine field flux linkages. The model includes the effect of variable field voltage and the effect of saliency in the case of Salient-Pole machines. For this model, Req and Xeq are defined as: Req = Ra Xeq = Xq Differential equations to describe this model are:



24.2.2 Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine The screen below shows the transient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical data.

This model uses an internal voltage source behind a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh. Rh and reactance Xh are used to replace Req and Xeq to achieve a faster calculation convergence, i.e.: Req = Rh Xeq = Xh where

2/)Xj(X-RaXXRa

jXR 'q

'd

'q

'd

2

hh+

=+

This model is more comprehensive than the equivalent model because it includes more parameters to account for the machine’s saliency. The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:



24.2.3 Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine The screen below shows the subtransient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical data.

This model also consists of an equivalent internal voltage source and a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh. This model is a more comprehensive representation of general type synchronous machines. In addition to the machine’s transient parameters, the subtransient parameters are included to model the machine’s subtransient characteristics. This model is particularly useful for machines with damper windings. The model’s differential equations are shown below:



24.2.4 Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine The screen below shows the transient model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical data.

This model essentially has the same complexity as a transient model for round-rotor machines, but considers special features of salient-pole machines which are:

X’q = X q and the time constant T’ qo is meaningless and omitted

For this model, the fictitious resistance Rh and reactance Xh are set to: Rh = R a Xh = X a

The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:



24.2.5 Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine The screen below shows the Subtransient Model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical data.

This model includes the damper winding effect for a salient-pole machine. The same conditions are held true as with the transient model for salient-pole machines:

X’q = Xq and the time constant T’qo is meaningless. The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:



24.2.6 Frequency Dependent Model A subtransient synchronous machine model with frequency dependency in ETAP is developed based on a standard IEEE 2.1 synchronous generator model. An equivalent circuit diagram of the model is shown here:

Direct-axis Equivalent Circuit

Quadrature-axis Equivalent Circuit

Parameters in the circuits are:

• Rs Stator resistance • Ll Stator leakage inductance • Lad Direct-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance • Laq Quadrature-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance • Lf1d Field to direct-axis rotor mutual inductance • L1d Direct-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance • R1d Direct-axis rotor equivalent resistance

id

Ra

Lad

L1d

Vfd

Vd

Lffd

Rfd

R1d

Ll Lf1d - Lad+ -

+

-

ωsψq

iq

Ra

Laq

ωsψd

L1q

Vq

R1q

Ll+ -



• Lffd Field leakage inductance • Rfd Field resistance • L1q Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance • R1q Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent resistance • Vfd Field voltage • ψd Direct-axis flux linkages • ψq Quadrature-axis flux linkages • ωs System speed The data interface for the frequency dependent subtransient synchronous machine model is the same as the regular subtransient model with a salient-pole. ETAP internally calculates the required parameters for the frequency dependent model from the data in generator interface.

24.2.7 Shaft Torsion Model If the torsion effect is included for the multiple mass shaft of machine, a shaft torsion model is used in ETAP. The shaft model can be represented in a general form as follows: Synchronous Generator

Turbine Swing Equation:

( ) ( )21112 θθωωω−−−−= KDT

dtdH CTT

TT


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )322232112 θθωωθθωωω−−−−−−−−= KDKD

dtd

H GCGCC

C

Generator Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( )2322Re2 θθωωωωω−−−−−−−= KDDT

dtd

H CGfGGG

G



Synchronous Motor

Motor Swing Equation:

( ) ( ) ( )2111Re2 θθωωωωω−−−−−−= KDDT

dtdH CMfMM

MM


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )322212112 θθωωθθωωω−−−−−−−−= KDKD

dtd

H LCMCC

C

Load Swing Equation:

( ) ( )23222 θθωωω−−−−−= KDT

dtdH CLL

LL

Parameters for the induction machine shaft model are: • ϖG Generator speed • ϖRef Reference machine speed • ϖM Motor speed • ϖC Couping gear speed • ϖT Turbine speed • ϖL Load speed • θ1 Motor angle displacement • θ2 Couping gear angle displacement • θ3 Load angle displacement • HG Inertia constant of Generator • HM Inertia constant of motor • HC Inertia constant of coupling gear • HL Inertia constant of load • D Damping coefficient of generator • D1 Damping coefficient between turbine (motor) and coupling gear • D2 Damping coefficient between coupling gear and generator (load)



• K1 Spring coefficient between turbine (motor) and coupling gear • K2 Spring coefficient between coupling gear and generator (load) • TG generator torque • TM Motor torque • TL Load torque

Dynamic Models Power Grid


24.3 Power Grid For motor starting and transient stability studies, it is required to model a power grid (utility system) with an equivalent machine. Due to the fact that a power grid is generally considered as an interfacing point to the power grid whose voltage and frequency are supported by a larger system and unlikely to change, it is valid to assume this equivalent machine has a constant internal voltage source and an infinite inertia. Thus the power grid is modeled in ETAP with the following Thevenin equivalent:

where Ei is calculated from the initial terminal bus voltage and Req and Xeq are from positive sequence R and X of the Power Grid Editor, as shown below:

Dynamic Models Excitation System


24.4 Excitation System To accurately account for dynamics from exciter and AVR systems in power system transient responses, complete modeling of these systems is usually necessary. ETAP provides the following exciter and AVR models: • IEEE Type 1 • IEEE Type 2 • IEEE Type 3 • IEEE Type 1S • IEEE Type DC1 • IEEE Type DC2 • IEEE Type DC3 • IEEE Type ST1 • IEEE Type ST2 • IEEE Type ST3 • IEEE Type AC1

• IEEE Type AC2 • IEEE Type AC3 • IEEE Type AC4 • IEEE Type AC5A • Basler SR8F & SR125A • HPC 840 • JEUMONT Industrie • IEEE Type ST1D • IEEE Type AC8B • IEEE Type AC1A • User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)

For IEEE type exciter and AVR systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following references: • IEEE Committee Report, “Computer Representation of Excitation System”, IEEE Trans. on PAS,

Vol. PAS-87, No. 6, June 1968, pp 1460-1464. • IEEE Committee Report, “Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies”, IEEE

Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-100, No. 2, February 1981, pp 494-509. • IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power

System Stability Studies”, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992

Excitation System Saturation Following is a typical block diagram for exciters:

Dynamic Models Excitation System


This diagram shows the output of the AVR is applied to the exciter after a saturation function SE is subtracted from it. The exciter parameter KE represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat when a self-excited shunt field is used. It should be noted that there is a dependency between exciter ceiling Efdmax, AVR ceiling VRmax, exciter saturation SE and exciter constant KE. These parameters are related by the following equation (the sign of KE is negative for a self-excited shunt field):

VR – ( KE + SE ) Efd = 0 for Efdmin < Efd < Efdmax

At excitation ceiling ( Efd = Efdmax ) the above equation becomes:

VRmax = (KE +SEmax ) - Efdmax

Therefore, it is important that the exciter parameters entered satisfy the above equation, when applicable. ETAP will check this condition at run time and flag any violations. The exciter saturation function (SE) represents the increase in exciter excitation due to saturation. It is defined as:

where the quantities A and B are defined as the exciter field currents which produce the exciter output voltage on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve and air gap line, respective, as shown in the exciter saturation curve below

ETAP assumes that SE is specified at the following exciter voltages:

Saturation Factor Exciter Voltage SEmax Efdmax SE.75max 0.75Efdmax

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (1)


24.4.1 IEEE Type 1

IEEE Type 1 - Continuously Acting Regulator and Exciter (1) This type of exciter and AVR system represents a continuously acting regulator with rotating exciter system. Some vendors' units represented by this model include: • Westinghouse brushless systems with TRA, Mag-A-Stat, Silverstat, or Rotoroal regulator • Allis Chalmers systems with Regulex regulator • General Electric systems with Amplidyne or GDA regulator

Parameters and Sample Data Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.



24.4.2 IEEE Type 2

IEEE Type 2 - Rotating Rectifier System (2)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents a rotating rectifier exciter with static regulator system. Its characteristics are similar to IEEE Type 1 exciter, except for the feedback-damping loop. This system applies to units where the main input to the damping loop is provided from the regulator output rather than the exciter output. To compensate for the exciter damping which is not included in the damping loop, the feedback transfer function contains one additional time-constant. An example of such a system is the Westinghouse brushless system, which was in service up to 1966.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF1 Regulator stabilizing circuit first time constant Sec. TF2 Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.



24.4.3 IEEE Type 3

RsT+11

A

A

sTK+1 EE sTK +

1

Vref

Vt

VRmax

Efd∑

+

-

-∑

F

F

sTsK+1

VRmin

+

tItPthev IjKVKV += ×

( )A−1Ifd

+

VBmax

0.0

( )8.10

/78.0 21

>=

=

AforV

VIXA

B

thevfdIt

IEEE Type 3 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (3)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents static excitation systems with compound terminal voltage and current feedback. The regulator transfer function for this model is similar to IEEE Type 1. In this model, the regulator output is combined with a signal, which represents the self-excitation from the generator terminals. An example of such a system is the General Electric SCPT system.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VBmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. KI Current circuit gain coefficient KP Potential circuit gain coefficient XL Reactance associated with potential source TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (1S)


24.4.4 IEEE Type 1S

IEEE Type 1S - Controlled Rectifier System with Terminal Voltage (1S)

In this type of exciter and AVR system, excitation is obtained through terminal voltage rectification. In this model the maximum regulated voltage (VRmax) is proportional to terminal voltage Vt.


Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (1S)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. Efdmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KF Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KP Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (DC1)


24.4.5 IEEE Type DC1

IEEE Type DC1 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC1)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used to model field-controlled DC-Commutator exciters with continuous voltage regulators. Examples of this model are: • Allis Chalmers Regulex regulator • General Electric Amplidyne and GDA regulator • Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat, Rototrol, Silverstat, and TRA regulators




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TC Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.




IEEE Type DC2 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation and Supplies from

Terminal Voltage (DC2)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for field-controlled DC commutator exciters with continuous voltage regulators supplied from the generator or auxiliaries bus voltage. Its only difference from IEEE Type DC1 is the regulator output limits, which are now proportional to terminal voltage Vt.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TC Voltage regulator time constant Sec TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.




I

EEE Type DC3 - DC Commutator Exciter with Non-Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC3)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for the older DC commutator exciters with non-continuously acting regulators. Examples of this model are: • General Electric exciter with GFA4 regulator • Westinghouse exciter with BJ30 regulator




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KV Fast raise/Lower contact setting p.u. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec. TRH Rheostat travel time Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (ST1)


24.4.8 IEEE Type ST1

IEEE Type ST1 - Potential-Source Controlled-Rectifier Exciter (ST1)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent potential-source, controlled-rectifier excitation systems. This is intended for all systems supplied through a transformer from the generator terminals. Examples of this model include: • Canadian General Electric Silcomatic exciters • Westinghouse Canada Solid State Thyristor exciters • Westinghouse type PS static excitation systems with type WTA or WHS regulators




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VImax Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u. VImin Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KC Regulator gain p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TC Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.




IEEE Type ST2 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST2)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems. These systems use both current and voltage sources. An example of this model is General Electric static exciter SCT-PPT or SCPT.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KC Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. KI Current circuit gain coefficient p.u. KP Potential circuit gain coefficient p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.



RsT+11

B

CJ sT

sTK

++

11

Vref

Vt ∑

+ -∑

VRmax

+

( ) tLPItPE IXKKjVKV ++= ×

( )INfFEX =Ifd

A

A

sTK+1 Efd×

GK

-

VE

Efdmax

E

fdC V

IKIN =

It

IN FEX

VRminVGmax

VImax

VImin


IEEE Type ST3 - Compound Source-Controlled Rectifier Exciter (ST3)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents compound-source rectifier excitation systems. These exciters utilize internal quantities within the generator as the source of power. Examples of this model are: • General Electric GENERREX exciter • Shunt-Thyristor exciter




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. VGmax Maximum inner loop voltage feedback p.u. VImax Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u. VImin Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating

reactance p.u.

KG Inner loop feedback constant p.u. KI Current circuit gain coefficient p.u. KJ First stage regulation gain p.u. KPreal Real part of potential circuit gain coefficient p.u. KPimg Reactive part of potential circuit gain coefficient p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Exciter time constant Sec. TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec. XL Reactance associated with potential source p.u.

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (AC1)


24.4.11 IEEE Type AC1

IEEE Type AC1 - Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System with Non-Controlled Rectifiers and Field

Current Feedback (AC1)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-rectifier excitation systems with non-controlled rectifiers and exciter field current feedback. There is no self-excitation and the source of voltage regulator power is not affected by external transients. Westinghouse Brushless excitation systems fall under this type of exciter model.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u. KD Demagnetizing factor p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Exciter time constant Sec. TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.




IEEE Type AC2 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System (AC2)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents high-initial-response, field-controlled alternator-rectifier excitation systems. It uses an alternator main exciter and non-controlled rectifiers. It is similar to IEEE Type AC1 exciter model but has two additional field current feedback loops. An example of this model is Westinghouse High-Initial-Response Brushless excitation system.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax VAmax Maximum regulator internal voltage p.u. VAmin Minimum regulator internal voltage p.u. Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KB Second stage regulator gain p.u. KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u. KD Demagnetizing factor p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u.



Parameter Definition Unit KH Exciter field current feedback gain p.u. KL Gain of exciter field current limit p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Exciter time constant Sec. TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constants Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec. VLR Exciter field current limit reference




IEEE Type AC3 - Field-Controlled Alternator-Rectifier Exciter (AC3)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents field-controlled, alternator-rectifier excitation systems. It can model systems that derive voltage regulator power from the exciter output voltage and simulate their non-linearity. An example of this model is General Electric ALTERREX excitation system using static voltage regulators.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. EFDN Value of Efd at which feedback gain changes p.u. VAmax Maximum regulator internal voltage p.u. VAmin Minimum regulator internal voltage p.u. VLV Exciter low voltage limit reference p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u. KD Demagnetizing factor p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. KLV Gain of the exciter low voltage limit signal p.u.



Parameter Definition Unit KN Exciter control system stabilizer gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Exciter time constant Sec. TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec. KR Constant for regulator and alternator field power supply p.u.




IEEE Type AC4 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Supplied Controlled Rectifier Exciter (AC4)

This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-supplied, controlled-rectifier excitation systems. A high-initial response excitation system, it has a Thyristor bridge at the output circuit. General Electric ALTHYREX and Rotating Thyristor excitation systems are examples of this type of exciter.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VImax The value of excitation function at Efdmax p.u. VImin The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KC Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Exciter time constant Sec. TC Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)


24.4.15 IEEE Type AC5A

IEEE Type AC5A - Simplified Rotating Rectifier Excitation System (AC5A)

This type of exciter and AVR system is a simplified model for brushless excitation systems. The regulator is supplied from a source, such as a permanent magnet generator, which is not affected by system disturbances. This model can be used to represent small excitation systems such as those produced by Basler and Electric Machinery.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. SEmax The value of excitation function at Efdmax SE.75 The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TA2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TA3 Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF1 Exciter control system time constant Sec. TF2 Exciter control system time constant Sec. TF3 Exciter control system time constant Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

24.4.16 Basler SR8F & SR125A

Basler SR8F & SR125A Excitation System (SR8F)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent Basler SR8F and SR125A exciter systems.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. KA Regulator gain p.u. KF Regulator stabilizing circuit gain p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant Sec. TB Voltage regulator time constant Sec. TF1 Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TF2 Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant (Rot. Rec.) Sec. TR Regulator input filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System HPC 840 (HPC)


24.4.17 HPC 840

HPC 840 Excitation and AVR System (HPC)

This type of exciter and AVR system includes both forward gain and feedback damping loops. There are three compensation signals to regulate excitation voltages. These signals are terminal voltage magnitude, real power generation, and reactive power generation.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Amax Regulator internal maximum limit (Amax = VImax * Ka) p.u. Amin Regulator internal minimum limit (Amin = VImin * Ka) p.u. Bmax Integrator upper limit (Bmax = LIMmax * Ka) p.u. Bmin Integrator lower limit (Bmin = LIMmin * Ka) p.u. C Combined excitation system (C = Kg * kp * Ka) p.u. D Combined stabilizing feedback gain (D = Kd * Kf/Kp) p.u. Efdmax Maximum Exciter output voltage p.u. Kpow Active power compensation factor p.u. KQ Reactive power compensation factor p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field p.u. SE .75 Value of excitation saturation function at 0.75 Efdmax SEmax Value of excitation saturation function at Efdmax TL Integration time constant Sec. T4 Excitation system total delay Sec. TD Stabilizing feedback time constant Sec.



Parameter Definition Unit Tdsty Voltage transducer filter time constant Sec. TE Exciter time constant Sec. TF Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant Sec. TP Active power compensation time constant Sec. TQ Reactive power compensation time constant Sec. VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage p.u. Control Bus Voltage feedback bus ID

Dynamic Models Excitation System JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)


24.4.18 JEUMONT Industrie

JEUMONT - JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)

This type of exciter and AVR system consists of a voltage block, a current block, a voltage regulator block, and an excitation block. It uses a rotating rectifier for excitation system.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit AV1 Gain of voltage control loop AV2 Constant of voltage control loop Sec. AV3 Constant of voltage control loop Sec. AV4 Gain of voltage control loop AV5 Gain of reference voltage AV6 Gain of voltage control loop AV7 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec. AV8 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec. AV9 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec. AV10 Time constant of voltage control loop Sec. AV11 Parameter of voltage control loop Ai1 Gain of current control loop



Parameter Definition Unit Ai2 Gain of supply voltage to current control loop Ai3 Gain of current control loop Ai4 Gain of current control loop Ai5 Gain of current control loop Ai6 Gain of current control loop Ai7 Time constant of current control loop Sec. Ai8 Time constant of current control loop Sec. Ai9 Time constant of current control loop Sec. Ai10 Time constant of current control loop Sec. Ai11 Gain of current control loop Ai12 Time constant of current control loop Sec. AR1 Gain of regulator AR2 Regulator reference KU1 Gain of terminal voltage feedback V KU2 Gain of regulator Vres Supply voltage of thy-bridge V VSUP Supply voltage of current control loop V Te Time constant of exciter loop Sec. Ke Gain of exciter loop SEmax Saturation coefficient at maximum field voltage SE.75max Saturation coefficient at 0.75 maximum field voltage Efdmax Maximum field voltage V Kae Gain of field current feedback loop Kif Gain of field current feedback V Max1 Maximum value 1 of voltage control loop V Min1 Minimum value 1 of voltage control loop V Max2 Maximum value 2 of voltage control loop V Min2 Minimum value 2 of voltage control loop V Max3 Maximum value 3 of voltage control loop V Min3 Minimum value 3 of voltage control loop V Max4 Maximum value 4 of current control loop V Min4 Minimum value 4 of current control loop V Max5 Maximum value 5 of current control loop V Min5 Minimum value 5 of current control loop V Max6 Maximum value 6 of current control loop V Min6 Minimum value 6 of current control loop V Max7 Maximum value 7 of current control loop V Min7 Minimum value 7 of current control loop V Control Bus Voltage feedback bus ID



24.4.19 IEEE Type ST1D

IEEE Type ST1D- Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST1D)

This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems with volts-per-hertz limiter. These systems use both current and voltage sources.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit RC Resistive part of reactive droop compensation p.u. XC Inductive part of reactive droop compensation p.u. TR Transducer time constant Sec. TC Transient gain reduction lead time constant Sec. TB Transient gain reduction lag time constant Sec. KA Amplifier gain p.u. TA Amplifier time constant Sec. KF Stabilizing feedback signal gain p.u. TF Stabilizing feedback signal time constant Sec. KC Field current gain p.u. VVLR Set point of V/Hz limiter p.u. KVL Over-excitation feedback signal gain p.u. TVL Over-excitation feedback signal time constant Sec.



Parameter Definition Unit KVF Stabilizing feedback signal gain p.u. TH Measurement time constant Sec. VImax Maximum error limit p.u. VImin Minimum error limit p.u. VRmax Maximum regular output p.u. VRmin Minimum regular output p.u. Vdc Field flashing battery voltage Volts Rf Field flashing battery and external circuit resistance Ohms Vref Voltage reference p.u. TD Pickup delay time Sec. VHZ V/Hz pickup value p.u. Ifb Exciter base current Amps Vfb Exciter base voltage Volts

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (AC8B)


24.4.20 IEEE Type AC8B


Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (AC8B)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VRmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u. VRmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u. SEmax Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax p.u. SE.75 Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax p.u. Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage in pu p.u. KP Proportional control gain in pu p.u. KI Integral control gain in pu p.u. KD Derivative control gain in pu p.u. KA Regulator gain in pu p.u. KE Exciter constant for self-excited field in pu p.u. TD Derivative control time constant in sec Sec. TA Regulator amplifier time constant in sec Sec. TE Exciter time constant in sec Sec.

Dynamic Models Excitation System IEEE Type (AC1A)


24.4.21 IEEE Type AC1A

IEEE Type AC1A Exciter (AC1A)




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VAmax Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u. VAmin Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu p.u. VRmax Maximum regulator internal voltage in pu p.u. VRmin Minimum regulator internal voltage in pu p.u. VUEL Underexcitation limiter in pu p.u. VOEL Overexcitation limiter in pu p.u. SEmax Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax in pu p.u. SE.75 Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax in pu p.u. Efdmax Maximum exciter output voltage in pu p.u. KA Regulate gain in pu p.u.



Parameter Definition Unit KC Rectifier loading factor in pu p.u. KD Demagnetizing factor in pu p.u. KF Regulate stabilizing circuit gain in pu p.u. KE Exciter gain in pu p.u. TA Regulator amplifier time constant in sec Sec. TC Internal signal lead time constant in sec Sec. TB Internal signal lag time constant in sec Sec. TE Exciter time constant in sec Sec. TF Regulate stabilizing time constant in sec Sec. TR Regulate input filter time in sec Sec. a1 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. a2 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b1 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b2 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b3 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b4 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b5 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b6 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b7 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b8 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b9 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u. b10 Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu p.u.

Dynamic Models Excitation System User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)


24.4.22 User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM) From the exciter type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and saved.

Details on how to use UDM models are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine


24.5 Governor-Turbine Modeling of governor-turbine system in transient stability studies is essential for simulation time frames of more than a second. ETAP provides the following governor-turbine models: • Steam-Turbine (ST) • Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1) • Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2) • Tandem-Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3) • IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM) • Gas-Turbine (GT) • Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF) • General Purpose (GP) • Diesel-Engine (DT) • Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 • Woodward UG-8 • Woodward Governor 2301 • GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH) • GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS) • Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS) • Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC) • GHH BROSIG Steam-Turbine Governor (GHH) • Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR) • IEEE Gas -Turbine (SGT) • PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A) • Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST60) • Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST70) • Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2) • Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-3) • Combustion Turbine and Governor (CT251) For IEEE type governor-turbine systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following reference: • IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System

Studies", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973, pp. 1904-1915.

• IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Fossil Fueled Steam Units in Power System Studies",

IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. PS-6, No. 2, May 1991, pp. 753-761.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Steam Turbine (ST)


24.5.1 Steam-Turbine (ST)

ST Governor System Representation (ST)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple steam turbine and speed governing system.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Steam Turbine (ST)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u. Pmax Maximum shaft power (rated MW) MW Pmin Minimum shaft power ( > = 0) MW Tc Governor reset time constant Sec. Tch Steam chest time constant Sec. Trh Reheater time constant Sec. Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)


24.5.2 Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)

Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a two-stage steam turbine with reheat and speed governing system. It consists of a speed relay, a control amplifier, a steam chest, and a reheater.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u. Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW Tc Governor reset time constant Sec. Tch Steam time constant Sec. Tdrp Load sensor time constant Sec. Tsr Speed relay time constant in second Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)


24.5.3 Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)

Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, single-reheat steam turbine, and speed governing system. It is a type ST1 model with a block representing crossover piping to the low-pressure turbines.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u. Fip Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u. Flp Low pressure turbine power fraction p.u Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW Tc Governor reset time constant Sec. Tch Steam chest time constant Sec. Tco Crossover time constant Sec. Trh Reheater time constant Sec. Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)


24.5.4 Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)

Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, double-reheat steam turbine, and speed governing system. It is similar to type ST2 model except for the added block representing reheated steam between the very-high pressure and high-pressure turbines.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % Fhp (Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity) p.u. Fip Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u. Flp Low pressure turbine power fraction p.u. Fvhp Very high pressure turbine power fraction p.u. Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW Tc Governor reset time constant Sec. Tch Steam chest time constant Sec. Tco Crossover time constant Sec. Trh1 First reheater time constant Sec. Trh2 Second reheater time constant Sec. Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)


24.5.5 IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)

IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)

This type of governor-turbine system represents an IEEE suggested general steam turbine and speed governing system. It may be used for modeling the steam systems represented by ST, ST1, ST2, and ST3, as well as the cross-compound, single-reheat and cross-compound, double-reheat systems.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop in second % DB Speed deadband p.u. K1 Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K2 Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K3 Partial high pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K4 Partial high pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K5 Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K6 Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K7 Partial low pressure turbine power fraction p.u. K8 Partial low pressure turbine power fraction p.u. Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW T1 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec.



Parameter Definition Unit T2 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T3 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T4 Load sensor (droop) time constant Sec. T5 Control Amp./current driver time constant Sec. T6 Acutator time constant Sec. T7 Engine dead time constant Sec. UC Limit of value closing UO Limit of value opening

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas Turbine (GT)


24.5.6 Gas-Turbine (GT)

Gas-Turbine (GT)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple gas turbine and speed governing system.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas Turbine (GT)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop in second % Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW Tc Governor reset time constant Sec. Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec. Tt Turbine relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)


24.5.7 Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)

Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a steam turbine and speed governing system, with the inclusion of the fuel system.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % Ff Minimum fuel flow KD Governor gain Kf Fuel system feedback gain Kf = 0 or 1 Kr Fuel system transfer function gain Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW T1 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T2 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T3 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T4 Load sensor (droop) time constant Sec. T5 Control Amp./current driver time constant Sec. T6 Acutator time constant Sec. T7 Engine dead time constant Sec. T8 Fuel value time constant Sec. T9 Fuel system lead time constant Sec. VL Lower incremental power limit p.u. VU Upper incremental power limit p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine General Purpose (GP)


24.5.8 General Purpose (GP)

General Purpose (GP)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a general-purpose governor-turbine system.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine General Purpose (GP)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW Ta Actuator time constant Sec. Tc Governor reset time constant Sec. Tdrp Load sensor time constant Sec. Tsr Speed relay time constant Sec. Tt Turbine relay time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Diesel-Engine (DT)


24.5.9 Diesel-Engine (DT)

Diesel-Engine (DT)

This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple diesel engine and speed governing system.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Diesel-Engine (DT)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Isoch only Droop Steady-state speed droop % Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW T1 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T2 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T3 Amplifier/Compensator time constant Sec. T4 Load sensor (droop) time constant Sec. T5 Control Amp./current driver time constant Sec. T6 Acutator time constant Sec. T7 Engine dead time constant Sec. T8 Fuel value time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)


24.5.10 Woodward Steam-Turbine 505

sTe 5.1−

SpeedRef

Speed ∑- +

Speed Ctrl Loop1

1

11

fsTsD

++

Pm

L2

L1

1P∑+- 11

1

asT+1∑

++

Ratio/Limiter 11

1

msT+

EF

L4

L3

2P∑-

+

211

asT+1∑

++

InverseRatio/Limiter

211

msT+

1rD

1/11

Is+

2rD

2/11

Is+

SteamMap

sTe 5.1−

Ext PresRef

Ext Press ∑-

+ 2

2

11

fsTsD

++

Extraction Ctrl Loop

Extraction Flow

Turbine ShaftHP

LP

Woodward 505 and 505E Steam-Turbine (505)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 505 and 505E PID governor for extraction steam turbine system.




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop1 Steady-state speed droop % Droop2 Extraction loop droop % Efmax Max. extraction flow T/Hr ExtFlow Turbine extraction flow % ExtPress Extraction pressure % Hpa Min. extraction @ max. power T/Hr HPb Max. extraction @ min. power T/Hr HPc Min. extraction @ min. power T/Hr Hpmax Max. HP flow T/Hr I1 <D> Speed loop integral (Droop mode) % I1 <I> Speed loop integral gain in (Isoch mode) % I2 Extraction loop integral gain % L1 Up limit for speed loop output % L2 Low limit for speed loop output % L3 Up limit for extraction loop output % L4 Low limit for extraction loop output %



Parameter Definition Unit P1 <D> Speed loop proportional gain (Droop mode) % P1 <I> Speed loop proportional gain (Isoch mode) % P2 Extraction loop proportional gain % RampRate Speed reference ramp rate % Sa Max. power @ min. extraction %/Sec.Sb Min. power @ max. extraction kW Sc Min. power @ min. extraction kW SDR1 Speed loop parameter (Droop mode) % SDR1 <I> Speed loop parameter (Isoch mode) % SDR2 Extraction loop parameter % Smax Max. power kW Ta1 HP valve actuator time constant Sec. Ta2 LV valve actuator time constant Sec. Tm1 Turbine time constant (shaft power output) Sec. Tm2 Turbine time constant (extraction flow) Sec. TS Controller sample time Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)


24.5.11 Woodward UG-8

Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)

This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward UG-8 governor, used mainly for diesel generators. This model includes a representation for a ball head filter, amplifier/compensator, and a diesel engine.


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch A1 Compensator constant rad/Sec.A2 Compensator constant rad/Sec.A3 Compensator constant rad/Sec.Ad Permanent droop constant rpm/in B1 Ball head filter constant B2 Ball head filter constant C1 Governor drive ratio K1 Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction Deg/in Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW T7 Engine dead time constant Sec. T8 Fuel value time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Woodward 2301 (2301)


24.5.12 Woodward Governor 2301 This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 2301 and 2301A speed governing systems with a diesel turbine system and load sharing capability.

Woodward Governor 2301A and 2301 (2301)




Load Sharing (MW Sharing) To share load (MW) between generators, set LS GP# (Load Sharing Group Number) of 2301 governors to the same group number. Note that in order to use this capability, load sharing governors must be in isochronous mode.

Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch LS GP# Load sharing group number Droop Steady-state speed droop in second % θmax Min. shaft position in degrees Deg θmin Max. shaft position in degrees Deg α Gain setting β Reset setting ρ Actuator compensation setting K1 Partially very high pressure power fraction Deg/A



Parameter Definition Unit

τ Actuator time constant Sec. T1 Engine Dead Time constant Sec. T2 Amplifier/compensator time constant Sec. Pmax Maximum shaft power MW Pmin Minimum shaft power MW k Internal variable ( = MVA/(θmax-θmax)) MW/Deg

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine GE Gas Turbine (GTH)


24.5.13 GE Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTH) This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE heavy-duty gas turbine speed governing system.

GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop in second % Max Fuel upper limit (VCE' upper limit) p.u. Min Fuel lower limit (VCE' lower limit) p.u. Term.Ctrl Flag to include temperature control loop p.u. Acc.Ctrl Flag to include acceleration control loop p.u. X Governor transfer function coefficient p.u. Y Governor transfer function coefficient p.u. Z Governor transfer function coefficient p.u. a Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. b Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. c Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. Kf Fuel system feedback gain, Kf = 0 or 1 p.u. KI Gain for Isoch Mode p.u.



Parameter Definition Unit Tf Fuel system time constant Sec. Tcr Combustion reaction time delay Sec. Tcd Compressor discharge volume time constant Sec. Ttd Turbine & exhaust system transportation delay Sec. T Transportation delay Sec. Tt Temperature controller integration rate Sec. Tr Turbine rated exhaust temperature Deg.F t1 Tr - 700 (1 - WF) + 550 (1 -N) in English units

Tr - 390 (1 - WF) + 306 (1 -N) in Metric units

t2 1.3 (WF - 0.23) + 0.5 (1 -N) Ta Ambient temperature Deg.F

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine GE Gas Turbine (GTS)


24.5.14 GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTS) This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE simplified single shaft gas turbine speed governing system.

GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine GE Gas Turbine (GTS)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch p.u. Droop Steady-state speed droop p.u. Max Fuel upper limit p.u. Min Fuel lower limit p.u. X Governor transfer function coefficient p.u. Y Governor transfer function coefficient p.u. Z Governor transfer function coefficient p.u. A Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. B Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. C Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. D Fuel system transfer function coefficient p.u. R Fast load pickup operating zone limit p.u. S Fast load pickup operating zone limit p.u. T Fast load pickup operating zone limit p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)


24.5.15 Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS) This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Turbine MARS governor set for gas turbine and speed governing systems.

Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop Speed droop % MaxGov Governor maximum at no load p.u. MinGov Governor minimum at no load p.u. Max2 Maximum mechanical power p.u. Min2 Minimum mechanical power p.u. Max3 Maximum gas producer p.u. Min3 Minimum gas producer p.u. Maxo Maximum overspeed control p.u. Mino Minimum overspend control p.u. Wover Over speed reference p.u. Tref Temperature reference p.u. Ks Speed control gain p.u. Kt Temperature control gain p.u. Ko Overspeed control gain p.u. Ku Loader delta maximum fuel p.u. Kl Loader delta minimum fuel p.u. T1 Governor reset time Sec. T2 Combustor time constant Sec. T3 Gas producer time constant Sec. T4 Controller delay time constant Sec. T5 Speed Lead/Lag lead time constant Sec. T6 Speed Lead/Lag lag time constant Sec. T7 Thermocouple time constant Sec. T8 Controller delay time constant Sec. Th1 Controller recursion time constant Sec. Th2 Controller recursion time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Detroit Diesel (DDEC)


24.5.16 Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC) This type of governor-turbine system represents the Detroit Diesel turbine with DDEC controller and the Woodward DSLC unit system.

Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Detroit Diesel (DDEC)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode Droop or Isoch Droop Steady-state speed droop % PMmax Maximum shaft power (rated MW) MW PMmin Minimum shaft power (>=0) MW K1 PL control gain p.u. K2 Lead/Lag controller gain p.u. R1 PL control constant p.u. Ts Load share system time constant Sec. T1 PTO filter time constant Sec. T2 Filter and Delay time constant Sec. T3 Filter time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)


24.5.17 GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH) This type of governor-turbine system represents the GHH BROSIG steam turbine governor system.

GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor System (GHH)




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit KP1 Generator load control gain KP2 Extraction 1 control gain KP3 Extraction 2 control gain KP4 Speed control gain GL Low pressure steam valve control gain GM Medium pressure steam valve control gain GH High pressure steam valve control gain Tn1 Time constant of generator load control Sec. Tn2 Time constant of extraction 1 control Sec. Tn3 Time constant of extraction 2 control Sec. Tn5 Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control Sec. Tn6 Time constant of low pressure steam valve control Sec. TL Time constant of low pressure steam valve control loop Sec. TM Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control loop Sec. TH Time constant of high pressure steam valve control loop Sec. HP Extraction 1 pressure bar MP Extraction 2 pressure bar



Parameter Definition Unit VLmax Maximum value of low pressure valve control signal mm/Sec. VLmin Minimum value of low pressure valve control signal mm/Sec. VMmax Maximum value of medium pressure valve control signal mm/Sec. VMmin Minimum value of medium pressure valve control signal mm/Sec. VHmax Maximum value of high pressure valve control signal mm/Sec. VHmin Minimum value of high pressure valve control signal mm/Sec. PLmax Maximum value of low pressure valve position mm PLmin Minimum value of low pressure valve position mm PMmax Maximum value of medium pressure valve position mm PMmin Minimum value of medium pressure valve position mm PHmax Maximum value of high pressure valve position mm PHmin Minimum value of high pressure valve position mm Pa Power output value at point A of steam map MW Pb Power output value at point B of steam map MW Pc Power output value at point C of steam map MW Pd Power output value at point D of steam map MW Pe Power output value at point E of steam map MW Pf Power output value at point F of steam map MW LFa Maximum value of live steam flow t/h LFc Live steam flow value at point C of steam map t/h LFd Minimum value of live steam flow t/h EX2f Extraction 2 steam value at point F of steam map t/h LFv1 Valve position value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics mm LFv2 Valve position value at point 2 of live steam flow characteristics mm LFv3 Valve position value at point 3 of live steam flow characteristics mm LF1 Flow value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics t/h LF2 Flow value at point 2 of live steam flow characteristics t/h LF3 Flow value at point 3 of live steam flow characteristics t/h KFM0 Exponential coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics 1/mm FM0 Minimum flow value of medium pressure steam flow characteristics t/h FM1 Coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics t/h KFL0 Exponential coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics 1/mm FL0 Minimum flow value of low pressure steam flow characteristics t/h FL1 Coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics t/h m1 Valve control parameter m2 Valve control parameter m3 Valve control parameter e1 Valve control parameter e2 Valve control parameter Esf1 Initial extraction 1 steam flow t/h Esf2 Initia2

Initial extraction2 steam flow t/h



Steam Map Diagram

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)


24.5.18 Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR) This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward hydraulic governing systems.

Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VO Gate opening speed p.u. VC1 Gate closing speed inside of the buffer zone p.u. VC2 Gate closing speed outside of the buffer zone p.u. GMAX1 Max gate position (RPM>RPM2) p.u. GMAX2 Max gate position.(RPM<RPM2) p.u GMIN Min gate position p.u. Q Servo gain p.u. RP Permanent droop p.u. RT Temporary droop p.u. TP Pilot and servo motor time constant p.u. TG Main servo time constant p.u. TR Dashpot time constant p.u. Zt Surge impedance of tunnel p.u. Zp1 Surge impedance of penstock p.u. ft Head loss coefficient of tunnel p.u. fp1 Head loss coefficient of penstock p.u. Tt Travel time constant of tunnel in p.u.



Parameter Definition Unit Tp1 Travel time constant of penstock p.u. At1 Proportionality factor p.u. QNL No load flow in first unit p.u. Q2 Flow rate in second unit p.u. Wref Speed reference p.u. Href Head reference p.u. GC Gate conversion factor p.u. Damp Damping coefficient p.u. RPM1 Gate limit speed set point 1 p.u. RPM2 Gate limit speed set point 2 p.u. RPM3 Gate limit speed set point 3 p.u. GBUFF Buffer zone gate limit p.u. m Partial shutdown gate position coefficient p.u. B Partial shutdown gate position coefficient p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)


24.5.19 IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT) This type of governor-turbine system represents the IEEE gas-turbine governing systems.

IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Pref Load reference p.u. Pmax Maximum power limit p.u. Pmin Minimum power limit p.u. K1 Gain 1 p.u. K2 Gain 2 p.u K3 Gain 3 p.u. T1 Governor time constant 1 Sec. T2 Governor time constant 2 Sec T3 Governor time constant 3 Sec. T4 Turbine time constant 1 Sec. T5 Turbine time constant 2 Sec. T6 Turbine time constant 3 Sec. TR Load setting time constant Sec.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)


24.5.20 PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A) This type of governor-turbine system represents the Siemens Westinghouse PowerLogic model A governing systems.

PowerLogic Turbine/Governor Model A (PL-A)




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Model Liquid fuel or Gas fuel Plimit Turbine base load p.u. TP Load transducer time constant Sec. TL Filter time constant in sec Sec. TQ Speed transducer time constant Sec. TLD Lead time constant Sec. TLG Leg time constant Sec. TA Speed/load controller time constant Sec. TC Speed/load controller time constant Sec. TD Current to pneumatic pressure transmitter time constant Sec. TV Valve servo time constant Sec. TPL Liquid piping time constant Sec. TPG Gas piping time constant Sec. TC1 Combustion time constant Sec. TC2 Combustion time constant Sec. TX1 Temperature controller time constant Sec. TX2 Temperature controller time constant Sec. TX3 Temperature controller time constant Sec.



Parameter Definition Unit TX4 Temperature controller time constant Sec. TX5 Temperature controller time constant Sec. KL Speed droop p.u. KI Speed/load controller gain p.u. KA Temperature controller gain V/F KC Temperature controller gain V/V KT Temperature controller gain V/BTU/Sec DL Decel limiter p.u. JRL1 Jump rate limiter1 %/Sec JRL2 Instantaneous jump rate limiter1 %/Sec TFLD Loading time from no-load to full load min Tref Temperature reference p.u./100 GovBase Governor base MW

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)


24.5.21 Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST60) This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel systems

Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode T1 Controller delay time constant Sec. T2 Speed compensator lead time constant Sec. T3 Speed compensator lag time constant Sec. T4 Governor reset time constant Sec. T5 Combustor time constant Sec. T6 Controller delay time constant Sec. T7 Thermocouple time constant Sec. T8 Gas producer time constant Sec. Th1 Controller recursion time constant Sec. Th2 Controller recursion time constant Sec. KS Speed control gain p.u. KT Temperature control gain p.u. Kmax Loader delta maximum fuel gain p.u. Kmin Loader delta minimum fuel gain p.u.



Parameter Definition Unit MinGOV Governor minimum at no load p.u. Pmax Maximum mechanical power p.u. Pmin Minimum mechanical power p.u. Gmax1 Maximum gas producer p.u. Gmin1 Minimum gas producer p.u. Gmax2 Maximum fuel p.u.

Gmin2 Minimum fuel p.u. Psolo Solonox control threshold p.u. R Speed droop p.u. Tref Temperature reference p.u.



24.5.22 Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST70) This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel systems

Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Mode T1 Controller delay time constant Sec. T2 Speed compensator lead time constant Sec. T3 Speed compensator lag time constant Sec. T4 Governor reset time constant Sec. T5 Combustor time constant Sec. T6 Controller delay time constant Sec. T7 Thermocouple time constant Sec. T8 Gas producer time constant Sec. Gp Gas producer constant Sec. Th1 Controller recursion time constant Sec. Th2 Controller recursion time constant Sec. KS Speed control gain p.u. KT Temperature control gain p.u. Pmax Maximum mechanical power p.u. Pmin Minimum mechanical power p.u. Gmax1 Maximum gas producer p.u. Gmin1 Minimum gas producer p.u. R Speed droop p.u. Tref Temperature reference p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas-Turbine (GT-2)


24.5.23 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2) This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with windup limits.

Gas-Turbine and Governor system (GT-2)


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas-Turbine (GT-2)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit Pref Load reference p.u. Plimt Ambient temperature load limit p.u. Vmax Maximum fuel valve opening p.u. Vmin Minimum fuel valve opening p.u. Base Governor base MW R Speed droop p.u. TR Load sensing time constant sec T1 Governor time constant sec T2 Combustion-chamber time constant sec T3 Turbine thermal time constant sec KT Load limit thermal sensitivity gain p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas-Turbine (GT3)


24.5.24 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT3) This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with non-windup limits.

Gas-Turbine and Governor-Turbine system (GT3)


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Gas-Turbine (GT3)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Description Unit Pref Load reference p.u. Plimt Ambient temperature load limit p.u. Vmax Maximum fuel valve opening p.u. Vmin Minimum fuel valve opening p.u. Base Governor base MW R Speed droop p.u. TR Load sensing time constant sec T1 Governor time constant sec T2 Combustion-chamber time constant sec T3 Turbine thermal time constant sec KT Load limit thermal sensitivity gain p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Combustion Turbine (CT251)


24.5.25 Combustion Turbine-Governor (CT251) This type of governor-turbine system represents a combustion turbine-governor.

Combustion Turbine and Governor system (CT251)


Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine Combustion Turbine (CT251)


Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit R Speed droop p.u. TR Load sensing time constant sec T1 PID Integral time constant sec TV Throttle valve time constant sec TE Piping combustion time constant sec K1 PID input scaling factor sec K2 PID output scaling factor p.u. KP PID proportional gain p.u.

Dynamic Models Governor-Turbine User –Defined Dynamic Model (UDM)


24.5.26 User-Defined Dynamic Model (UDM) From the governor type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and save.

Details on how to use UDM model are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.

Dynamic Models Power System Stabilizer (PSS)


24.6 Power System Stabilizer (PSS) Power system stabilizer (PSS) is an auxiliary device installed on synchronous generator and tuned to help with system stability. ETAP provides two standard IEEE type models: • IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A) • IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A) Reference for these two types of PSS is from: • IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power

System Stability Studies”, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992



24.6.1 IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)

IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VSI PSS input (speed, power or frequency) in pu p.u. KS PSS gain p.u. VSTmax Maximum PSS output p.u. VSTmin Minimum PSS output p.u. Vtmin Terminal undervoltage comparison level p.u. TDR Reset time delay for discontinuous controller sec A1 PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant p.u. A2 PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant p.u. T1 PSS lead compensation time constant sec T2 PSS leg compensation time constant sec T3 PSS lead compensation time constant sec T4 PSS leg compensation time constant sec T5 PSS washout time constant sec T6 PSS washout time constant sec



24.6.2 IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)

IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit VSI1 PSS first input (speed, power or frequency) p.u. VSI2 PSS second input (speed, power or frequency) p.u. KS1 PSS gain p.u. KS2 PSS gain p.u. KS3 PSS gain p.u. VSTmax Maximum PSS output p.u. VSTmin Minimum PSS output p.u. VTmin Terminal undervoltage comparison level p.u. TDR Reset time delay for discontinuous controller sec Tw1 PSS washout time constant sec Tw2 PSS washout time constant sec Tw3 PSS washout time constant sec Tw4 PSS washout time constant sec N Integer filter constant M Integer filter constant T1 PSS lead compensation time constant sec T2 PSS leg compensation time constant sec T3 PSS lead compensation time constant sec T4 PSS leg compensation time constant sec T5 PSS transducer time constant sec T6 PSS transducer time constant sec T7 PSS filter time constant sec T8 PSS filter time constant sec

Dynamic Models Mechanical Load


24.7 Mechanical Load For accelerating motors in motor starting studies and dynamically modeled motors in transient stability studies, the connecting mechanical loads should be modeled for the calculation to determine the motor’s acceleration and deceleration characteristics. Mechanical loads are modeled based on load torque curves either curves based or point based as shown in the following screen capture:

When Polynomial type of load toque curve is selected, the following editor is available to select the mechanical load model.

A load curve is expressed by a third order generic polynomial equation:

T=A0+A1 ω+Α2 ω2+Α3 ω3

where

Dynamic Models Mechanical Load


T = Load torque in percent of the rated torque of the driving motor ω = Per unit speed of the load ( = ωm/ωs) A0, A1, A2, A3 = Coefficients When Curve type of load toque curve is selected, the following editor is available to select the mechanical load model. Curve type can be used to create any custom shaped load torque curve that cannot be expressed in the form of a polynomial equation.

ETAP provides a number of the most common load models for you to choose from. Load torque curves can be added to the ETAP Motor Load Library and are then accessible from the Load Model pages in the Induction Machine and Synchronous Motor Editors.

Dynamic Models Static Var Compensator Type 1


24.8 Static Var Compensator Models The Static Var Compesator Control model can be accessed from the SVC Editor, Model Page. It is imperative to model this control when performing transient stability studies to determine the dynamic response of the SVC under different conditions. ETAP contains the following SVC control models:

• Type1 • Type2 • Type3

The SVC control types are in accordance to the following references:



24.8.1 SVC Control Model – Type1




Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit K Voltage regulator gain p.u. A1 Additional control signal gain p.u. A2 Additional control signal gain p.u. T Voltage regulator time constatnt Sec Tm Measurement time constant Sec Tb Thyristor phase control time constant Sec Td Thyristor phase control delay Sec T1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec T2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec TBmax Maximum susceptance limit p.u. TBmin Minimum susceptance limit p.u.



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit K Voltage regulator gain p.u. Ks Synchronizing control gain p.u. A1 Additional control signal gain p.u A2 Additional control signal gain p.u. T Voltage regulator time constatnt Sec Tm Measurement time constant Sec Tb Thyristor phase control time constant Sec Td Thyristor phase control delay Sec Ts Synchronizing control time constant Sec T1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec T2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec Xsl Slope p.u. TBmax Maximum susceptance limit p.u. TBmin Minimum susceptance limit p.u.



Parameter Definitions and Units Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table: Parameter Definition Unit K Voltage regulator gain p.u. Ks Synchronizing control gain p.u. Ksr Susceptance regulator gain p.u. A1 Additional control signal gain p.u. A2 Additional control signal gain p.u. VSRmax Maximum voltage limit p.u. VSRmin Minimum voltage limit p.u. Bset Susceptance set point p.u. T Voltage regulator time constatnt Sec Tm Measurement time constant Sec Tb Thyristor phase control time constant Sec Td Thyristor phase control delay Sec Ts Synchronizing control time constant Sec T1 Voltage regulator time constant Sec T2 Voltage regulator time constant Sec Xsl Slope p.u. TBmax Maximum susceptance limit p.u. TBmin Minimum susceptance limit p.u.

Dynamic Models Lumped Motor Load


24.9 Dynamic Lumped Motor Load Model The motor load portion of lumped loads for conventional load type and unbalanced load type can be modeled dynamically with system frequency variations. This dynamic model can be accessed from the Lumped Load Editor, Dyn Model Page.

Parameters for this model are: • Ta Motor load time constant • γ Motor load frequency coefficient

Ch24_DynModels

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