Ch2-DATA COLLECTION METHODS.ppt
Transcript of Ch2-DATA COLLECTION METHODS.ppt
CHAPTER-2
• Compilation and interpretation of primary and secondary sources of information.
• The integration of different sources will consolidate the write up of the report.
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Primary SourcePrimary Source•Data is collected by
researcher himself
•Data is gathered through questionnaire,
interviews,observations etc.
Secondary SourceSecondary Source•Data collected,
compiled or written by other
researchers eg. books, journals, newspapers•Any reference must
be acknowledged
STEPS TO COLLECT DATA
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATIONREVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION(Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report)
REVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATIONREVIEW & COMPILE SECONDARY SOURCE INFORMATION(Referred to in the BACKGROUND/ INTRODUCTION section of report)
PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATIONTO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION
(Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report)
PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS PLAN & DESIGN DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS TO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATIONTO GATHER PRIMARY INFORMATION
(Referred to in the FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS sections of report)
DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION
METHODS USED TO COLLECT
PRIMARY SOURCE DATA
1. Interviews2. Questionnaires3. Survey4. Experimentation5. Case Study6. Observation
However, for a small-scale study, the most commonly used methods are interviews, survey questionnaires and observations.
Effective way of gathering information
INTERVIEW
Involves verbal and non-verbal communications
Can be conducted face to face, by telephone,
online or through mail
Steps To An Effective Interview
Prepare your interview schedule
Select your subjects/ key informants
Conduct the interview
Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview
The most common data collection instrument
SurveyQuestionnaire
Useful to collect quantitative and qualitative
information
Should contain 3 elements:1. Introduction – to explain the objectives
2. Instructions – must be clear, simple language & short3. User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions
2 Basic Types of survey questions:
1. Open-ended Questions– Free-response
(Text Open End)
– Fill-in relevant information
2. Close-ended Questions– Dichotomous question
– Multiple-choice
– Rank
– Scale
– Categorical
– Numerical
Note: For specific examples and students’ activities on each question style, please refer to the notes on Data Collection in the e-learning.
Steps To An Effective Survey QuestionnairePrepare your survey questions
(Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies)
Select your respondents/samplingRandom/Selected
Administer the survey questionnaire(date, venue, time )
Analyze and interpret data collected
Tabulate data collected (Statistical analysis-frequency/mean/correlation/% )
A sample of complete survey questionnairehttp://www.custominsight.com/demo/form_widgets.rtf
Observe verbal & non-verbal communication, surrounding atmosphere,
culture & situation
Observations
Need to keep meticulous records of
the observations
Can be done through discussions,observations of habits, rituals,
review of documentation,experiments
Steps To An Effective ObservationDetermine what needs to be observed
(Plan, prepare checklist, how to record data)
Select your participantsRandom/Selected
Conduct the observation(venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs )
Analyze and interpret data collected
Compile data collected
DATA ANALYSIS
3. In a small scale study, the most common forms of statistical analysis presented are:
•Frequency•Mean•Percentage
1. To analyse data from interviews and observation, use
Summary sheet
Checklist
2. To analyse data from questionnaires, use
Manually
SPSS
DATA INTERPRETATION
1. It involves 2 terms• ‘Results’ – presentation of data/findings (statistics)• ‘Discussion’ – interpretation of data/findings
2. Things to consider when interpreting your data:• Interpret findings based on the purpose and objectives of your study• Relate the findings to real life context• Use persuasive language to convince your readers to see the research from your point of view.• Order your interpretation to highlight the most important findings• Include limitations to your research.• Use simple, clear language
Field work plan• "Fieldwork is most effective when
it is deliberately structured to be engaging and meaningful" Nundy, 1999
• However, like other educational experiences, a successful and enjoyable fieldwork activity is often one that involves the Researcher in identifying issues, making decisions and taking responsibility for their learning.
Issues based fieldworkThe approach to structuring a local fieldwork episode is
threefold:• Qualitative. Identify a local issue of relevance to the
students – through, for example, emotional mapping• Quantitative. Determine a quantitative approach to data
collection in order to investigate the issue, using primary and secondary data sources
• Action. Agree on a way forward- how can we make a difference to our local area through addressing this issue?
Survey administration method
Survey administration means the way in which a questionnaire is presented to a respondent. There are three traditional methods of survey administration:
• mailed,
• telephone and
• face-to-face surveys.
1. Mailed surveys are usually self-administered; that is, the respondents fill in the questionnaires themselves.
2. Telephone and
3. face-to-face surveys are administered by another person.
Choosing one of these methods depends upon several factors: the availability of time and funds, the sample population and the amount and kind of information you want to collect.
Training field investigatorA field investigator conducts investigations in the field on behalf of an employer.
• Field investigators can work in a number of different industries, ranging from law enforcement to insurance.
• These professionals have good people skills and deductive logic abilities, working with other field investigators and office staff to gather as much information as possible about a person or situation.
• In the law enforcement community, field investigators are a very important part of the investigative team.
• They gather information from scenes of crimes, witnesses, and references who may have useful information, preparing a report which can be combined with analysis of physical evidence to draw conclusions about the circumstances of a crime and who may be responsible.
• Field investigators can work for national security agencies conducting investigations into suspected security threats, along with a variety of law enforcement organizations doing everything from investigating animal cruelty accusations to solving murders.