Ch1C Islamic Astronomy
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Transcript of Ch1C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 1
Ch1_B: History of
Astronomy; Islamic
astronomy
B :
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Contents
The instruments
The scientists
The observatories
The Worships
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 2
Astrolabe: has may functions.
That could be used to know the following:
1- Astronomy: is the science of the upper region of the atmosphere. The location and the altitude of the celestial objects.
2- Surveying : measuring the longitude and latitude of countries and the height of the mountains.
3- Time: the knowledge of the hours of day and night, dawn, sunrise, and sunset, etc
:
.
:
1- : .
2- : , .
3- :
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
The instruments
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
The types of astrolabe
Flat Astrolabe
Spherical Astrolabe
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 3
There are many parts installed in the astrolabe, e.g.
1- Block: Metal body often, flat square used to know the deviation of Zodiac and the dimensions of countries.
2- With Tendons: 4 cylinders are used for measuring the conversion of Equinox.
3- With Azimuth: Half ring used to know the altitude of the Orbs
:
1- :
.
2 - : .
3- : .
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
( )
Sundials
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 4
Sundials
The Solar time consists
of a number of points
and lines, painted on a
plate, with the pointer in
the middle, leaving
behind a shadow
moving on points, lines,
and monitor the
Shadow knows the
daylight hours.
.
3500
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
()
The Compass
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 5
The Compass
An instrument used for
navigation, which shows the
directions
North South East West
()
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
The Simple Pendulum
( )
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 6
The Simple
Pendulum
A time machine,
which was probably
invented by Ibn
Yunus..
( )
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
muslim scholars
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 7
Al Battani
THE SCIENTISTS
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Al Battani (854-929) CE
Ab Abd Allh Muammad ibn Jabir ibn Sinan al-Raqqi al-arrani al-abi al-Battani ( As Albategnius). He was born in Harran in Turkey
He calculated the values of the precession of the equinoxes and the obliquity of the ecliptic. He used a uniformed rate for procession in his tables. He was known to the westerns as (Battenius).
: (854-929)
(
)
( )
( ) ( .)
.. (Battenius)
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 8
: 1. He wrote the Book of Astronomical
Tables (Al Zaij Assabea).
2. He fixed the zodiac celestial equators angle.
3. Corrected the Equinox.
4. First to locate the perigee moon in its
orbit around the Earth.
5. Helped in achieving the independence
of Trigonometry and use it in
Astronomy.
6. Modified the equation of time
7. First to talk about the possibility of an
annular eclipse.
8. First to accurately calculate the solar
year.
9. Improved upon many astronomical
observations machine, e.g. The
astrolabe, which is known for the
alidade, block, and mater.
.1 .
.2 ( )
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
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Battanis most important works:
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Ibn Yunus
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 9
Ibn Yunus: (950-1009 )CE
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad ibn Yunus was an important Egyptian Muslim Astronomer. His father was a historian, biographer and scholar of hadith .And his great grandfather had been an associate of the noted legal scholar Imam Shafi
(950-1009)
. .
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Ibn Yunus' most famous work
He wrote Al-Zaij al-Hakimi
He monitored Solar eclipse
several times
Fixed the zodiac celestial
equators angle
Considered to be the first to
use the pendulum for time
measurement
( .)
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().
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 10
Al Biruni
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
AL BIRUNI:
(351-440 BC / 962-1048 CE) Ab al-Rayhn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Brn .Born in the outer district of Kath the capital of the Afrighid dynasty of Chorasmia
Al biruni was regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics,mathematics , astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist & linguist
Although he spoke Persian, Sanskrit and Indian languages fluently Most of the works of Al-Biruni are in Arabic such as (The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries ) & (The Mas'udi Canon)
(351-440 /962-1048 )
( (
.
. ( ) ( )
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 11
Al birunis most famous work
Monitored the winter & summer solstices
The first to put the foundations to determine the Qibla
The first to fix the longitude & latitude for any country
Commented favourably on the idea that the Earth rotates
Calculated the diameter & circumference of the earth using the Geodesic (Scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth) and he created this science.
The first who noticed the gravity force
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(
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Ibn Al-Shater
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 12
Ibn Al-shatir (1304 1375) CE
Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatir
Astronomer, mathematician, engineer and inventor who worked as (mouathen) (regligous time keeper) at the Umayyed Mosque in Damascus, Syria
Studied astronomy in Cairo and Alexandria.
His most two famous books are (Zaij Ibn Alshater)& (Kitb Nihyat al-Sul f Tashih al-Ul ) As known as (The Final Quest Concerning the Rectification of Principles)
(1304 - 1375 )
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( ) ( )
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Ibn Alshatirs most famous work
Understood that the sun is at
the exact center of the solar
system not the earth, which all
heavenly bodies moved in
uniform circular motions
around the sun.
Has his own effort in making
the Astrolabe & sundial
Fixed the zodiac celestial
equators angle.
The inventor of Al baseet machine which is used to
determine the prayer times.
( .)
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Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 13
Observatories Islamic observatories have been built and
organised in Al Khalipha Al Mamoun Days & continued since that time
Al Shammisiyyah observatory, Baghdad, Iraq (During the reign of Al Khalipha Al Mamoun)
Al Maragheh observatory, considered as one of the greatest observatories, by the astronomer Naseer Aldeen Atousi.
Qasyons mountain observatory Damascus , Syria (During the reign of Al Khalipha Al Mamoun)
Al Battani observatory Riqqa.
Muqattam Hills observatory Cairo Egypt, was built by Al Hakim B amer Allah for Ibn Younus, Although some historians disagree with it.
Samarkand observatory Uzbekistan, considered to be one of the greatest Islamic observatories, found by prince Alogh Bayk
Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din, Turkey One of the latest Islamic observatories
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985 .
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Worship
The Direction of Al Qibla :
Can be determined by the rounded triangle which its edges are located as Mecca , The prayers City & Polaris
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 14
The rounded triangle
By mathematical methods and high accuracy: determined by the rounded triangle which its edges are located as Mecca , The woshipers City & Polaris.
By monitoring and closely to the actual location: By Suns Shadow daytime & star Inference night time.
By simple Machines such as compass , clocks etc
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: , .
:
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Ursa Majors
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 15
Big Bear
and Little
Bear
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Beginnings of Lunar Months
Here are some controls to be astronomical vision process without mixing:
1. Ensure the birth of the moon astronomically
2. Ensure that the Sieverb moon after sunset.
3. Purity of the air.
4. Stay away from cities and choose the high place so that the horizon is clear.
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1-
2- .
3- .
4-
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 16
the moon
Moon luminary dark does not shine by itself, but derives its light from the sun. It is in the form of a ball, the sun always light up half of the moon, while the other half is dark. It is the fastest in the movement of the sun; it cut its orbit in the month, while the sun in its orbit cut.
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
The geometric site of the Cresent
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 17
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 18
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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7 March 2015
Astro & Sp. Sc. Ch1 19
The hadith about Jibril (AS) leading the
Prophet (PBUH) in prayer
Ibn Abbas narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said,
Jibril (AS) led me in (in Salat) twice at the House (the Kaaba). So he prayed Zuhr the first time when
the shadow was similar to (the length of) the strap of
a sandal. Then he prayed Asr when everything was
similar (to the length of) its shadow. Then he
prayed Maghrib when the sun had set and the
fasting person breaks fast. Then he
prayedIsha when the twilight had vanished. Then he
prayed Fajr when fajr (the dawn) began, and when
eating is prohibited for the fasting person. The
second time he prayed Zuhr when the shadow of
everything was similar to (the length of) it, at the
time of Asr the day before. Then he prayed Asrwhen
the shadow of everything was about twice as long
as it. Then he prayed Maghrib at the same time as
he did the first time. Then he prayed Isha, the later
one, when a third of the night had gone. Then he
prayed Subh (Fajr) when the land glowed. Then
Jibril (AS) turned towards me and said: O
Muhammad (PBUH)! These are the times of the
Prophets before you, and the time is what is
between these two times.
:
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7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
Time(s) of Prayers
http://www.quranandhadith.com/times-of-prayers/
7 March 2015 Ast. & SS. Ch.1_C Islamic Astronomy
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