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ch14Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Control of very young children's behaviour is maintained through A. social factors.B. personal feelings.C. ethical beliefs.D. internal standards.

2. As children become older, behaviour is increasingly monitored and controlled by

A. external social factors.B. internal standards of conduct.C. government regulations.D. institutional rules.

3. When moral behaviour is shaped more by personal feelings and ethical beliefs than external factors, what

process has occurred? A. extrapolationB. socializationC. internalizationD. representation

4. The most fundamental and essential process in the child's development of morality is

A. socialization.B. internalization.C. externalization.D. representation.

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic components of morality?

A. cognitive componentB. emotional componentC. religious componentD. behavioural component

6. Which component of morality involves knowledge of ethical rules and judgments of the "goodness"

or "badness" of various acts or behaviours? A. behaviouralB. cognitiveC. emotionalD. religious

7. The capacity to experience the same emotion that someone else is experiencing is _________.

A. friendshipB. empathyC. sympathyD. concern

8. A child is presented with a story in which someone has a conflict about whether or not to lie in a

particular situation. The child is then asked to decide what is appropriate for the character to do and why. What domain of moral development is the researcher examining? A. feelingB. contrastingC. behavingD. reasoning

9. Studies focusing on negative aspects of morality, like feelings of shame or guilt after committing a transgression, are examining A. cognitive factors.B. behavioural factors.C. emotional factors.D. punishment factors.

10. Which theory examines moral judgments in moral development issues?

A. cognitive theoryB. psychoanalytic theoryC. behavioural theoryD. biological theory

11. Which theory examines the affective components of moral development?

A. psychoanalytic theoryB. cognitive theoryC. biological theoryD. behavioural theory

12. Which theory examines the underpinnings of ethical behaviour in moral development?

A. psychoanalytic theoryB. cognitive theoryC. biological theoryD. learning theory

13. The order of Piaget's stages of moral reasoning is

A. morality of reciprocity; premoral; moral realism.B. premoral; morality of reciprocity; conventional.C. premoral; moral realism; morality of reciprocity.D. moral realism; morality of reciprocity; postconventional.

14. What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of moral development?

A. moral reciprocityB. moral realismC. moral reactionismD. retrograde morality

15. Morality of reciprocity is also known as__________.

A. justiceB. premoral reasoningC. immanent moralityD. autonomous morality

16. According to Piaget, when children understand and accept social rules as well as display concern for

equality and reciprocity in relationships, they are exhibiting A. infantile morality.B. subjective morality.C. mature morality.D. moral justice.

17. Jean Piaget investigated the developmental course of moral judgments by examining

A.

changes in children's attitudes toward rules in games and changes in children's judgments of the seriousness of transgressions over time.

B. scenarios, then used follow-up questionnaires and role playing.C.

changes in children's attitudes/reactions toward discipline and children's abilities to make moral decisions.

D.

how frequently children attended church services and the number of aggressive incidents they were committed.

18. Julie and Simon (both aged 4) are playing marbles. The winner is the person who hits the other person's marbles. When asked if they can win by who can shoot a marble the farthest, both emphatically yell "No," believing marble rules cannot be changed. This example illustrates Piaget's principle of A. object permanence.B. moral absolutism.C. reasonable assumption.D. implicit order.

19. Young children's belief that someone will punish a "bad" behaviour or something will inevitably happen

to that person to get back at them for this "bad" deed illustrates Piaget's principle of A. moral perspective.B. object placement.C. immanent justice.D. legal reciprocity.

20. Ryan rode his bike throughout the neighbourhood after his mother emphatically said not to leave the

yard. While riding the bike, he got grease from the bike chain on his pants. He believed this mess was a punishment for disobeying his mother. In Piagetian terms, Ryan has a belief in A. autonomy.B. immanent justice.C. reciprocity.D. revenge.

21. According to Piaget, the two factors that contribute to children's moral realism are their __________ and

their __________. A. ages; immature thinkingB. egocentrism; immature thinkingC. personalities; abstract thinkingD. ages; concrete thinking

22. An inability to understand and perceive the world and situations from the perspective of others is

called A. egocentric thinking.B. selfish thinking.C. idiopathic thinking.D. immature thinking.

23. Ian has been told by his psychology professor that cheating is forbidden. On his first exam, Ian is

overcome by temptation and looks at the answer sheet of the person sitting next to him. Ian then begins to sweat in anticipation of the punishment that he believes the professor is about to deliver. This behaviour demonstrates the concept of A. autonomous moral reasoning.B. postconventional thinking.C. immanent justice.D. the care perspective.

24. According to Piaget, at what age are children's moral judgments characterized by the understanding that

social rules are arbitrary agreements that can be questioned and changed? A. 3 to 5 yearsB. 5 to 8 yearsC. around 11 yearsD. 12 to 15 years

25. During which of Piaget's periods of moral development do children understand that social rules can be

questioned and changed if necessary? A. immanent justiceB. morality of reciprocityC. moral realismD. antrograde morality

26. According to Piaget, when children begin to exhibit a morality of reciprocity, they recognize that A. obedience to authority is necessary and desirable.B. violation of rules is wrong.C. social rules are arbitrary agreements that can be questioned.D. punishment for violating rules should be consistent with the damage done.

27. Jeff stole a sandwich from the cafeteria for his roommate who lost his meal card and didn't have any

money. Jeff did not believe what he had done was wrong. Jeff is operating in what Piaget calls A. moral absolutism.B. moral realism.C. morality of reciprocity.D. objective responsibility.

28. A criticism of Piaget's cognitive theory of moral development is that he

A. misinterpreted the behaviours of young girls.B. fudged his data and misreported facts.C. only used his children and nephews as subjects.D. underestimated the cognitive abilities of young children.

29. The well known theorist who extended, modified, and refined Piaget's cognitive theory of moral

development using a series of moral dilemmas was A. Anna Freud.B. Carol Gilligan.C. Lawrence Kohlberg.D. James Rest.

30. Kohlberg's theory of moral development is more __________ than Piaget's theory.

A. reductionisticB. complexC. simplisticD. holistic

31. What research method did Lawrence Kohlberg use to develop his theory of moral development?

A. field experimentsB. longitudinal studiesC. interviewsD. case studies

32. Your best friend Koko recently participated in a psychological study. When you ask her how it went, she

says, "It was easy. I was just asked what I thought about some Heinz guy who stole drugs for a living." Koko was in a study of moral development based on the methods of A. Sandra Bem.B. Carol Gilligan.C. Walter Mischel.D. Lawrence Kohlberg.

33. The order of Lawrence Kohlberg's levels of moral development is

A. preconventional, altruistic, conventional.B. conventional, postconventional, activist.C. postconventional, activist, altruistic.D. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.

34. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development proceeds from ________ control to ________

control. A. external; internalB. ethical; individualC. societal; parentalD. individual; societal

35. Kohlberg's _______ level of moral development is based on the desire to gain rewards and avoid punishments. A. preconventionalB. conventionalC. precognitiveD. postconventional

36. In Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage, moral thinking is controlled by

A. guilt.B. parents.C. external factors.D. internal thoughts.

37. In Kohlberg's first level of moral development, there is ________ internalization of moral standards.

A. fullB. partialC. noD. reversed

38. In Kohlberg's level I, children operate on the desire to

A. avoid punishment and gain rewards.B. maintain approval from significant others.C. conform to the social order.D. avoid self condemnation.

39. Lori says, "It's wrong to lie because you might get a spanking." According to Kohlberg, which stage of

moral development is she in? A. nonconventionalB. preconventionalC. conventionalD. postconventional

40. When asked why she doesn't hit her sister, Hillary replies "So my mom won't make me sit in the quiet

chair." Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development does her answer exemplify? A. good boy moralityB. morality of self-accepted moral principlesC. naive hedonistic and instrumental orientationD. obedience and punishment orientation

41. Cybil is about to deliver a baby. Her husband Bruce is driving to the hospital at about 120 kilometers per

hour. Their son Will says, "Daddy, don't go that fast, you might get caught and sent to prison." What level of moral reasoning is Will using? A. conventionalB. postconventionalC. preconventionalD. prelogical

42. During which level of Kohlberg's theory on moral development does a child identify with his/her parents

and conform to what they regard as right or wrong? A. presensorB. preconventionalC. conventionalD. postconventional

43. Tori is accused of stealing some money to help support the drug habit of her husband, Luke. When asked why she did it, she responds, "A good wife is supposed to take care of her husband." This answer represents moral thinking at the A. nonconventional level.B. conventional level.C. preconventional level.D. postconventional level.

44. Candice is presented with a moral dilemma. She responds that the person in the dilemma should choose

a course of action so that people will not think badly of that person. Candice is representing Kohlberg's _______ level of moral development. A. preconventional reasoningB. conventional reasoningC. prelogical reasoningD. social expectation

45. When asked why he uses such good manners, Gregory says "Because I want my parents to be proud of

me." Gregory is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A. authority and social order maintaining moralityB. good boy moralityC. morality of self-accepted moral principlesD. naive hedonistic and instrumental orientation

46. An internalized ethical code characterizes which of Kohlberg's levels?

A. conventionalB. postconventionalC. obedience and punishment orientationD. authority and social order maintaining morality

47. Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents. "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am

willing to go to jail for it. But these documents prove the government was engaging in a cover-up. I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using _________ morality. A. conventionalB. postlogicalC. preconventionalD. postconventional

48. David believes you should never drive above the speed limit, even in an emergency. He feels that the

speed limit is the law and it must be obeyed. David is most likely in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A. obedience and punishment orientationB. good boy moralityC. authority and morality that maintain social orderD. morality of self-accepted moral principles

49. Your best friend has just been arrested for demonstrating at a national forest which has recently been

leased to a timber company that was to begin cutting down trees. Your friend feels strongly that we must protect the environment and that the policy of deforestation without replanting is harmful for all inhabitants of the earth. What level of Kohlberg's theory is your friend most likely experiencing? A. preconventionalB. conventionalC. postconventionalD. nonconventional

50. Jefferson, who believes in privacy and personal freedom, becomes aware that a children's book has been banned because it portrays an unwed mother in a positive manner. As a result, Jefferson participates in a public protest and purchases several copies of the book for anyone wishing to read the work. At which level of moral reasoning does Jefferson appear to be operating? A. nonconventionalB. postconventionalC. preconventionalD. conventional

51. At the postconventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, how is moral conflict resolved?

A. through the need to conformB. through the desire to avoid punishmentC. through the desire to obtain rewardsD. through applying broad ethical principles

52. A limitation of Lawrence Kohlberg's initial studies is that only ________ were assessed.

A. boysB. girlsC. adultsD. middle-class people

53. Which researcher argues that Kohlberg's theory of moral development gave unfair treatment to women

both in its scoring system and in its formulation? A. Jean PiagetB. Anna FreudC. Carol GilliganD. James Rest

54. Why did Carol Gilligan believe that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory was flawed?

A. because he used mostly male subjects and male responsesB. because he relied too much on Piaget's theoryC. because he was too FreudianD. because he used interview techniques rather than experimental methods

55. According to Carol Gilligan, men rely on a _______ to solve moral problems while women are more

likely to focus on a __________. A. "rights" orientation; caring orientationB. caring orientation; "rights" orientationC. power orientation; "rights" orientationD. power orientation; caring orientation

56. Gilligan is to Kohlberg as

A. individual is to interpersonal.B. Erikson is to Piaget.C. sexism is to racism.D. care is to justice.

57. Researchers have found a strong relationship between moral maturity and

A. sexual maturity.B. emotional maturity.C. cognitive maturity.D. social maturity.

58. Measures of _______ correlate with Kohlberg's levels of moral judgments.

A. concrete thinkingB. role-taking skillsC. illogical thinkingD. reactional thinking

59. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what type of activities and interactions facilitate more mature moral judgments? A. religiousB. familyC. ruralD. social

60. Which of the following parental behaviours has been associated with more mature moral judgments?

A. the use of physical punishmentB. discussions of the feelings of othersC. establishing an authoritarian climate in the homeD. limited communication between parent and child

61. In a study of the moral development of Hindu Indian and US schoolchildren, researchers found that

Hindu Indian children A. displayed less consideration for interpersonal matters than US schoolchildren.B. were more justice oriented than US schoolchildren.C. displayed more interpersonal consideration than US schoolchildren.D. displayed higher levels of moral reasoning than US schoolchildren.

62. Of the following, whose behaviour illustrates a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A. Murphy, who is 20 years old, but is still in the middle level of moral reasoning.B. Jim and his identical brother, Phil, who operate at different levels of moral reasoning.C.

Corky, who in conversation produces highly ethical arguments, but who illegally parked in a handicapped parking spot earlier in the day.

D. Miles, whose parents were able to help him learn to reason at higher levels. 63. A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that of

A. irresponsibility in data analysis.B. impermanent levels of morality.C. cultural bias.D. racial bigotry.

64. Cheating is to morality as burping loudly is to

A. being polite.B. social convention.C. having gas.D. using manners.

65. Lying or stealing is considered to be a violation of a(n) ________ whereas addressing a professor by his/

her first name is a violation of __________. A. law; common courtesyB. ethic; protocolC. moral rule; social conventionD. moral rule; common sense

66. Which issues are considered fixed, absolute, and invariant across cultures?

A. moral issuesB. sexual issuesC. social conventionsD. religious issues

67. Which of the following are most viewed as arbitrary and relative and can vary across communities and

cultures? A. moral issuesB. social conventionsC. monogamy issuesD. political conventions

68. Young children learn to distinguish moral and conventional transgressions primarily through the influence of A. peers.B. television.C. reading material.D. parents and family.

69. __________ is the ability to inhibit or direct one's actions to conform to social or moral rules.

A. ImpulsivityB. Self-controlC. DisciplineD. Modulation

70. According to Kopp (1982), it is in the _____ phase that children show awareness of social and task

demands as defined by caregivers. A. controlB. restraintC. self controlD. self regulation

71. After analyzing Hartshorne and May's (1928) data on deceit in children, Burton (1984) concluded that

___________. A. each child will respond to "moral" demands differently, regardless of the situationB. no pattern of moral responding can be established because each situation is uniqueC. each child does have a general predisposition to behave morally or immorally in a variety of situationsD. children only have predispositions to behave immorally because they are really noble savages

72. Evidence indicates that adolescents who are better able to cope socially and academically

__________. A. were honest as childrenB. were able to delay gratification as preschoolersC. were hostile and aggressive as preschoolersD. achieved good grades as children

73. Cooperation, helping, and sharing are examples of _________ behaviours.

A. passive-aggressiveB. asocialC. prosocialD. altruistic

74. Bonnie's mother has requested that she make some paper dolls for the sick children at the local pediatric

clinic. Further, because Bonnie is an avid reader, her mother requested that she read to the children for a half hour per day. Bonnie is learning and showing __________ behaviours. A. altruisticB. clinicalC. botanicalD. deviant

75. Jake saw Arnold fall down on the playground. Jake gave Arnold his hand and said "Here, let me help you.

Are you hurt?" Jake is being A. helpful.B. prosocial.C. promoral.D. asocial.

76. Jenny wanted to give something to a needy child so she put a Christmas gift under the donation tree at the shopping mall. Jenny is displaying A. altruistic behaviour.B. the justice perspective.C. preconventional morality.D. the care perspective.

77. Ray (age 9 months) and Eileen (age 11 months) typically play contentedly while their dads visit. Each

engages in sharing and cooperative play with the other. If Ray cries, Eileen will usually follow by crying. Their behaviour can be described as A. prosocial.B. rare.C. manipulatory.D. unselfish.

78. At what age do children begin to approach a distressed person and offer specific help?

A. 12 monthsB. 18 monthsC. 24 monthsD. 30 months

79. Studies of prosocial behaviour in children have found which of the following characteristics to be

correct? A. The form of the child's altruistic behaviour changes across time.B. The expression of the child's altruistic behaviour remains the same.C. Children require more direct cues in order to respond appropriately as they become older.D. All children exhibit similar emotional reactions to another's distress.

80. In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler and associates, children adopted more helping behaviour when

A. they were punished for hurting someone.B. the injured child hurt them back.C. they were rewarded for it.D. their mothers pointed out that they hurt someone.

81. A parental technique that is ineffective is promoting helping behaviour is

A. pointing out that the child hurt someone.B. reacting emotionally to the child's hurtful behaviour.C. physically moving the child away from someone he/she has hurt.D. telling their child they don't want to be near them when he/she hurts someone.

82. Adriana's mother saw her hit another child named Gabriel. Adriana's mother said to her, "You made

Gabriel cry because you hit him." What effect is this likely to have on Adriana's behaviour? A. no effectB. increase prosocial behaviourC. decrease prosocial behaviourD. increase aggressive behaviour

83. Of a son and a daughter, who would you expect to display more empathy?

A. your sonB. your daughterC. it would depend on their agesD. they would be equally empathic

84. If identical twins show more similar levels of altruistic behaviour than do fraternal twins, it suggests a

__________ influence on prosocial behaviour. A. sororityB. cognitiveC. geneticD. environmental

85. Which of the following is least likely to serve as a model of prosocial behaviour for children? A. Barbie dollsB. parentsC. peersD. Mister Rogers' Neighbourhood

86. Sarah's mother offered her a loonie to help her little brother with his chores. Sarah's choice to help her

brother is based on A. perspective taking.B. moral reasoning.C. needs-oriented reasoning.D. hedonistic reasoning.

87. From her research on how children's thinking about prosocial activities changes across development,

Eisenberg concluded that prosocial reasoning and moral reasoning _________. A. were identical processesB. were related but independentC. showed no similarities until adulthoodD. were negatively related

88. Two of the most important determinants of altruism are ________ and ________ abilities.

A. self control; nurturingB. empathy; role takingC. age; educationalD. gender; cognitive

89. In their model of prosocial behaviour and altruism, Roberts and Strayer (1987) proposed that the primary

determinant underlying prosocial behaviour is A. emotional expressiveness.B. emotional insight.C. kindness.D. empathy.

90. Psychologists use the term __________ to describe behaviour that intentionally harms or injures another

person. A. meannessB. aggressionC. psychosisD. cruelty

91. What differentiates instrumental aggression from hostile aggression?

A. Instrumental aggression is object oriented while hostile aggression is more person oriented.B. Instrumental aggression involves a weapon while hostile aggression does not.C.

Instrumental aggression is more common in adults while hostile aggression is more common in children.

D. Instrumental aggression refers to girls while hostile aggression refers to boys. 92. Wayne hits every boy or girl who attacks or threatens him on the playground. Wayne is displaying

__________ aggression when he strikes back at others. A. proactiveB. antroactiveC. reactiveD. pathological

93. Billie is the grade school bully. He regularly harasses the other students, particularly the younger ones. He usually threatens to beat them up if they don't pay him 50 cents a day. Billie is using __________ aggression. A. reactiveB. mentalC. proactiveD. psychological

94. Jessy first expressed anger and frustration by pushing and shoving her mother. How old is Jessy?

A. 0-2 years oldB. 2-4 years oldC. 4-6 years oldD. 6-8 years old

95. The hormones which have been linked with expressions of anger and aggression are

A. testosterone and progesterone.B. estrogen and thyroxin.C. progesterone and FSH.D. testosterone and estradiol.

96. Which of the following is characteristic of the family environments of aggressive children?

A. stable and consistent use of discipline by parentsB. effective use of rewards for prosocial behaviourC. use of physical punishmentD. absence of unnecessary punishment

97. Amy saw her daughter harshly spanking her doll. Where did Amy's daughter most likely learn this

behaviour? A. at schoolB. at homeC. at a friend's houseD. at daycare

98. When compared to parents of nonaggressive children, parents of aggressive children monitor their

children's behaviour A. more.B. less.C. equally.D. directly.

99. Patterson and Bank (1989) found that antisocial behaviour in children before age 5 or 6 was associated

with A. fewer antisocial behaviours as they got older since they outgrow it.B.

fewer antisocial behaviours when compared to children who "begin" antisocial behaviours later on (middle to late adolescence).

C. more serious and persistent delinquent behaviour.D.

less social rejection and school failure when compared to children who "begin" antisocial behaviour at a later age.

100.A prevention program in Quebec designed to reduce aggression in disruptive kindergarten boys

included A.

suspension from school for aggressive students and convincing parents to punish aggressive behaviour at home.

B. home based parent training and school based social skills training.C. increasing awareness to the problem.D. only school based social skills training.

101.__________ is the belief that hostile aggression will be reduced if children are given a safe opportunity to vent accumulated aggressive urges. A. RepressionB. CatharsisC. TransferenceD. Reaction formation

102.Catharsis

A. greatly reduces hostile tendencies.B. reduces hostile tendencies in adults but not children.C. is unlikely to reduce hostile tendencies.D. increases hostile tendencies.

103.Marcia is very angry because she can't go over to her friend's house to play so she hits her mother. Her

mother says, "Why don't you go hit your stuffed animals instead?" The mother believes in A. a pecking order.B. allowing temper tantrums.C. negative reinforcement.D. the catharsis myth.

104.Effective conflict reducing strategies make use of

A. socially approved aggression (e.g., target shooting).B. incompatible responses (e.g., humour).C. strenuous exercise programs.D. Bobo dolls.

105.Which of the following factors will probably NOT contribute to aggression levels in a population?

A. stressB. crowdingC. competition for inadequate resourcesD. IQ

106.Describe Piaget's stages of morality.

107.List and define each of Kohlberg's levels and stages of moral development.

108.Compare and contrast Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development. What are some criticisms

of each?

109.Discuss Kohlberg's ethic of justice versus Gilligan's ethic of care. Is Carol Gilligan overreacting to Kohlberg's theory? Explain.

110.Using examples, describe the difference between "moral reasoning" and "social convention."

111.Discuss differences between children who exhibit good self control and those who do not.

112.Describe important components of altruism and prosocial behaviour.

113.What is empathy? How does perspective taking influence altruism?

114.How do biological influences determine prosocial development in children?

115.Recent research by Halperin, et al. (2002; 2003) has expanded on the definition of aggression. Explain why they expanded on the definition of aggression?

116.Based upon Patterson's research, what advice would you give parents to help them raise nonaggressive

children?

ch14 Key 1.(p. 538)

Control of very young children's behaviour is maintained through A. social factors.B. personal feelings.C. ethical beliefs.D. internal standards.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 14 #1

Type: Knowledge

2.(p. 538)

As children become older, behaviour is increasingly monitored and controlled by A. external social factors.B. internal standards of conduct.C. government regulations.D. institutional rules.


Type: Knowledge

3.(p. 538)

When moral behaviour is shaped more by personal feelings and ethical beliefs than external factors, what process has occurred? A. extrapolationB. socializationC. internalizationD. representation


Type: Comprehension

4.(p. 538)

The most fundamental and essential process in the child's development of morality is A. socialization.B. internalization.C. externalization.D. representation.


Type: Knowledge

5.(p. 538)

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic components of morality? A. cognitive componentB. emotional componentC. religious componentD. behavioural component


Type: Knowledge

6.(p. 538)

Which component of morality involves knowledge of ethical rules and judgments of the "goodness" or "badness" of various acts or behaviours? A. behaviouralB. cognitiveC. emotionalD. religious


Type: Knowledge

7.(p. 538)

The capacity to experience the same emotion that someone else is experiencing is _________. A. friendshipB. empathyC. sympathyD. concern


Type: Knowledge

8.(p. 538)

A child is presented with a story in which someone has a conflict about whether or not to lie in a particular situation. The child is then asked to decide what is appropriate for the character to do and why. What domain of moral development is the researcher examining? A. feelingB. contrastingC. behavingD. reasoning

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 14 #8Type: Application

9.(p. 538)

Studies focusing on negative aspects of morality, like feelings of shame or guilt after committing a transgression, are examining A. cognitive factors.B. behavioural factors.C. emotional factors.D. punishment factors.


Type: Comprehension

10.(p. 539)

Which theory examines moral judgments in moral development issues? A. cognitive theoryB. psychoanalytic theoryC. behavioural theoryD. biological theory

Learning Objective: 2

Parke - Chapter 14 #10Type: Knowledge

11.(p. 539)

Which theory examines the affective components of moral development? A. psychoanalytic theoryB. cognitive theoryC. biological theoryD. behavioural theory



12.(p. 539)

Which theory examines the underpinnings of ethical behaviour in moral development? A. psychoanalytic theoryB. cognitive theoryC. biological theoryD. learning theory



13.(p. 539)

The order of Piaget's stages of moral reasoning is A. morality of reciprocity; premoral; moral realism.B. premoral; morality of reciprocity; conventional.C. premoral; moral realism; morality of reciprocity.D. moral realism; morality of reciprocity; postconventional.



14.(p. 539)

What is the second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of moral development? A. moral reciprocityB. moral realismC. moral reactionismD. retrograde morality



15.(p. 539)

Morality of reciprocity is also known as__________. A. justiceB. premoral reasoningC. immanent moralityD. autonomous morality


Parke - Chapter 14 #15Type: Comprehension

16.(p. 539)

According to Piaget, when children understand and accept social rules as well as display concern for equality and reciprocity in relationships, they are exhibiting A. infantile morality.B. subjective morality.C. mature morality.D. moral justice.



17.(p. 539-540)

Jean Piaget investigated the developmental course of moral judgments by examining A.

changes in children's attitudes toward rules in games and changes in children's judgments of the seriousness of transgressions over time.

B. scenarios, then used follow-up questionnaires and role playing.C. changes in children's attitudes/reactions toward discipline and children's abilities to make moral

decisions.D.

how frequently children attended church services and the number of aggressive incidents they were committed.



18.(p. 539)

Julie and Simon (both aged 4) are playing marbles. The winner is the person who hits the other person's marbles. When asked if they can win by who can shoot a marble the farthest, both emphatically yell "No," believing marble rules cannot be changed. This example illustrates Piaget's principle of A. object permanence.B. moral absolutism.C. reasonable assumption.D. implicit order.


Parke - Chapter 14 #18Type: Application

19.(p. 539)

Young children's belief that someone will punish a "bad" behaviour or something will inevitably happen to that person to get back at them for this "bad" deed illustrates Piaget's principle of A. moral perspective.B. object placement.C. immanent justice.D. legal reciprocity.



20.(p. 539)

Ryan rode his bike throughout the neighbourhood after his mother emphatically said not to leave the yard. While riding the bike, he got grease from the bike chain on his pants. He believed this mess was a punishment for disobeying his mother. In Piagetian terms, Ryan has a belief in A. autonomy.B. immanent justice.C. reciprocity.D. revenge.



21.(p. 539)

According to Piaget, the two factors that contribute to children's moral realism are their __________ and their __________. A. ages; immature thinkingB. egocentrism; immature thinkingC. personalities; abstract thinkingD. ages; concrete thinking



22.(p. 539)

An inability to understand and perceive the world and situations from the perspective of others is called A. egocentric thinking.B. selfish thinking.C. idiopathic thinking.D. immature thinking.



23.(p. 539)

Ian has been told by his psychology professor that cheating is forbidden. On his first exam, Ian is overcome by temptation and looks at the answer sheet of the person sitting next to him. Ian then begins to sweat in anticipation of the punishment that he believes the professor is about to deliver. This behaviour demonstrates the concept of A. autonomous moral reasoning.B. postconventional thinking.C. immanent justice.D. the care perspective.



24.(p. 539)

According to Piaget, at what age are children's moral judgments characterized by the understanding that social rules are arbitrary agreements that can be questioned and changed? A. 3 to 5 yearsB. 5 to 8 yearsC. around 11 yearsD. 12 to 15 years



25.(p. 539)

During which of Piaget's periods of moral development do children understand that social rules can be questioned and changed if necessary? A. immanent justiceB. morality of reciprocityC. moral realismD. antrograde morality



26.(p. 539)

According to Piaget, when children begin to exhibit a morality of reciprocity, they recognize that A. obedience to authority is necessary and desirable.B. violation of rules is wrong.C. social rules are arbitrary agreements that can be questioned.D. punishment for violating rules should be consistent with the damage done.



27.(p. 539)

Jeff stole a sandwich from the cafeteria for his roommate who lost his meal card and didn't have any money. Jeff did not believe what he had done was wrong. Jeff is operating in what Piaget calls A. moral absolutism.B. moral realism.C. morality of reciprocity.D. objective responsibility.



28.(p. 540)

A criticism of Piaget's cognitive theory of moral development is that he A. misinterpreted the behaviours of young girls.B. fudged his data and misreported facts.C. only used his children and nephews as subjects.D. underestimated the cognitive abilities of young children.



29.(p. 541)

The well known theorist who extended, modified, and refined Piaget's cognitive theory of moral development using a series of moral dilemmas was A. Anna Freud.B. Carol Gilligan.C. Lawrence Kohlberg.D. James Rest.



30.(p. 541)

Kohlberg's theory of moral development is more __________ than Piaget's theory. A. reductionisticB. complexC. simplisticD. holistic



31.(p. 541)

What research method did Lawrence Kohlberg use to develop his theory of moral development? A. field experimentsB. longitudinal studiesC. interviewsD. case studies



32.(p. 541)

Your best friend Koko recently participated in a psychological study. When you ask her how it went, she says, "It was easy. I was just asked what I thought about some Heinz guy who stole drugs for a living." Koko was in a study of moral development based on the methods of A. Sandra Bem.B. Carol Gilligan.C. Walter Mischel.D. Lawrence Kohlberg.



33.(p. 541)

The order of Lawrence Kohlberg's levels of moral development is A. preconventional, altruistic, conventional.B. conventional, postconventional, activist.C. postconventional, activist, altruistic.D. preconventional, conventional, postconventional.



34.(p. 541)

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, moral development proceeds from ________ control to ________ control. A. external; internalB. ethical; individualC. societal; parentalD. individual; societal



35.(p. 541)

Kohlberg's _______ level of moral development is based on the desire to gain rewards and avoid punishments. A. preconventionalB. conventionalC. precognitiveD. postconventional



36.(p. 541)

In Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage, moral thinking is controlled by A. guilt.B. parents.C. external factors.D. internal thoughts.



37.(p. 541)

In Kohlberg's first level of moral development, there is ________ internalization of moral standards. A. fullB. partialC. noD. reversed



38.(p. 541)

In Kohlberg's level I, children operate on the desire to A. avoid punishment and gain rewards.B. maintain approval from significant others.C. conform to the social order.D. avoid self condemnation.



39.(p. 541)

Lori says, "It's wrong to lie because you might get a spanking." According to Kohlberg, which stage of moral development is she in? A. nonconventionalB. preconventionalC. conventionalD. postconventional



40.(p. 541)

When asked why she doesn't hit her sister, Hillary replies "So my mom won't make me sit in the quiet chair." Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development does her answer exemplify? A. good boy moralityB. morality of self-accepted moral principlesC. naive hedonistic and instrumental orientationD. obedience and punishment orientation



41.(p. 541)

Cybil is about to deliver a baby. Her husband Bruce is driving to the hospital at about 120 kilometers per hour. Their son Will says, "Daddy, don't go that fast, you might get caught and sent to prison." What level of moral reasoning is Will using? A. conventionalB. postconventionalC. preconventionalD. prelogical



42.(p. 541)

During which level of Kohlberg's theory on moral development does a child identify with his/her parents and conform to what they regard as right or wrong? A. presensorB. preconventionalC. conventionalD. postconventional



43.(p. 541)

Tori is accused of stealing some money to help support the drug habit of her husband, Luke. When asked why she did it, she responds, "A good wife is supposed to take care of her husband." This answer represents moral thinking at the A. nonconventional level.B. conventional level.C. preconventional level.D. postconventional level.



44.(p. 541)

Candice is presented with a moral dilemma. She responds that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action so that people will not think badly of that person. Candice is representing Kohlberg's _______ level of moral development. A. preconventional reasoningB. conventional reasoningC. prelogical reasoningD. social expectation



45.(p. 541)

When asked why he uses such good manners, Gregory says "Because I want my parents to be proud of me." Gregory is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A. authority and social order maintaining moralityB. good boy moralityC. morality of self-accepted moral principlesD. naive hedonistic and instrumental orientation



46.(p. 541)

An internalized ethical code characterizes which of Kohlberg's levels? A. conventionalB. postconventionalC. obedience and punishment orientationD. authority and social order maintaining morality



47.(p. 541-542)

Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents. "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. But these documents prove the government was engaging in a cover-up. I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using _________ morality. A. conventionalB. postlogicalC. preconventionalD. postconventional



48.(p. 541-542)

David believes you should never drive above the speed limit, even in an emergency. He feels that the speed limit is the law and it must be obeyed. David is most likely in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A. obedience and punishment orientationB. good boy moralityC. authority and morality that maintain social orderD. morality of self-accepted moral principles



49.(p. 541-542)

Your best friend has just been arrested for demonstrating at a national forest which has recently been leased to a timber company that was to begin cutting down trees. Your friend feels strongly that we must protect the environment and that the policy of deforestation without replanting is harmful for all inhabitants of the earth. What level of Kohlberg's theory is your friend most likely experiencing? A. preconventionalB. conventionalC. postconventionalD. nonconventional



50.(p. 541-542)

Jefferson, who believes in privacy and personal freedom, becomes aware that a children's book has been banned because it portrays an unwed mother in a positive manner. As a result, Jefferson participates in a public protest and purchases several copies of the book for anyone wishing to read the work. At which level of moral reasoning does Jefferson appear to be operating? A. nonconventionalB. postconventionalC. preconventionalD. conventional



51.(p. 541-542)

At the postconventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, how is moral conflict resolved? A. through the need to conformB. through the desire to avoid punishmentC. through the desire to obtain rewardsD. through applying broad ethical principles



52.(p. 541-542)

A limitation of Lawrence Kohlberg's initial studies is that only ________ were assessed. A. boysB. girlsC. adultsD. middle-class people



53.(p. 541-542)

Which researcher argues that Kohlberg's theory of moral development gave unfair treatment to women both in its scoring system and in its formulation? A. Jean PiagetB. Anna FreudC. Carol GilliganD. James Rest



54.(p. 543)

Why did Carol Gilligan believe that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory was flawed? A. because he used mostly male subjects and male responsesB. because he relied too much on Piaget's theoryC. because he was too FreudianD. because he used interview techniques rather than experimental methods



55.(p. 543)

According to Carol Gilligan, men rely on a _______ to solve moral problems while women are more likely to focus on a __________. A. "rights" orientation; caring orientationB. caring orientation; "rights" orientationC. power orientation; "rights" orientationD. power orientation; caring orientation



56.(p. 543)

Gilligan is to Kohlberg as A. individual is to interpersonal.B. Erikson is to Piaget.C. sexism is to racism.D. care is to justice.


Parke - Chapter 14 #56Type: Analysis

57.(p. 544)

Researchers have found a strong relationship between moral maturity and A. sexual maturity.B. emotional maturity.C. cognitive maturity.D. social maturity.



58.(p. 544)

Measures of _______ correlate with Kohlberg's levels of moral judgments. A. concrete thinkingB. role-taking skillsC. illogical thinkingD. reactional thinking



59.(p. 544)

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what type of activities and interactions facilitate more mature moral judgments? A. religiousB. familyC. ruralD. social



60.(p. 544)

Which of the following parental behaviours has been associated with more mature moral judgments? A. the use of physical punishmentB. discussions of the feelings of othersC. establishing an authoritarian climate in the homeD. limited communication between parent and child



61.(p. 546)

In a study of the moral development of Hindu Indian and US schoolchildren, researchers found that Hindu Indian children A. displayed less consideration for interpersonal matters than US schoolchildren.B. were more justice oriented than US schoolchildren.C. displayed more interpersonal consideration than US schoolchildren.D. displayed higher levels of moral reasoning than US schoolchildren.



62.(p. 545)

Of the following, whose behaviour illustrates a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? A. Murphy, who is 20 years old, but is still in the middle level of moral reasoning.B. Jim and his identical brother, Phil, who operate at different levels of moral reasoning.C.

Corky, who in conversation produces highly ethical arguments, but who illegally parked in a handicapped parking spot earlier in the day.

D. Miles, whose parents were able to help him learn to reason at higher levels.


Type: Comprehension

63.(p. 545)

A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that of A. irresponsibility in data analysis.B. impermanent levels of morality.C. cultural bias.D. racial bigotry.



64.(p. 548)

Cheating is to morality as burping loudly is to A. being polite.B. social convention.C. having gas.D. using manners.



65.(p. 548)

Lying or stealing is considered to be a violation of a(n) ________ whereas addressing a professor by his/her first name is a violation of __________. A. law; common courtesyB. ethic; protocolC. moral rule; social conventionD. moral rule; common sense



66.(p. 546-547)

Which issues are considered fixed, absolute, and invariant across cultures? A. moral issuesB. sexual issuesC. social conventionsD. religious issues



67.(p. 546-547)

Which of the following are most viewed as arbitrary and relative and can vary across communities and cultures? A. moral issuesB. social conventionsC. monogamy issuesD. political conventions



68.(p. 548)

Young children learn to distinguish moral and conventional transgressions primarily through the influence of A. peers.B. television.C. reading material.D. parents and family.



69.(p. 549-550)

__________ is the ability to inhibit or direct one's actions to conform to social or moral rules. A. ImpulsivityB. Self-controlC. DisciplineD. Modulation



70.(p. 550)

According to Kopp (1982), it is in the _____ phase that children show awareness of social and task demands as defined by caregivers. A. controlB. restraintC. self controlD. self regulation



71.(p. 550)

After analyzing Hartshorne and May's (1928) data on deceit in children, Burton (1984) concluded that ___________. A. each child will respond to "moral" demands differently, regardless of the situationB. no pattern of moral responding can be established because each situation is uniqueC. each child does have a general predisposition to behave morally or immorally in a variety of

situationsD. children only have predispositions to behave immorally because they are really noble savages



72.(p. 552)

Evidence indicates that adolescents who are better able to cope socially and academically __________. A. were honest as childrenB. were able to delay gratification as preschoolersC. were hostile and aggressive as preschoolersD. achieved good grades as children



73.(p. 552)

Cooperation, helping, and sharing are examples of _________ behaviours. A. passive-aggressiveB. asocialC. prosocialD. altruistic



74.(p. 552)

Bonnie's mother has requested that she make some paper dolls for the sick children at the local pediatric clinic. Further, because Bonnie is an avid reader, her mother requested that she read to the children for a half hour per day. Bonnie is learning and showing __________ behaviours. A. altruisticB. clinicalC. botanicalD. deviant



75.(p. 553)

Jake saw Arnold fall down on the playground. Jake gave Arnold his hand and said "Here, let me help you. Are you hurt?" Jake is being A. helpful.B. prosocial.C. promoral.D. asocial.



76.(p. 553)

Jenny wanted to give something to a needy child so she put a Christmas gift under the donation tree at the shopping mall. Jenny is displaying A. altruistic behaviour.B. the justice perspective.C. preconventional morality.D. the care perspective.



77.(p. 553)

Ray (age 9 months) and Eileen (age 11 months) typically play contentedly while their dads visit. Each engages in sharing and cooperative play with the other. If Ray cries, Eileen will usually follow by crying. Their behaviour can be described as A. prosocial.B. rare.C. manipulatory.D. unselfish.



78.(p. 554)

At what age do children begin to approach a distressed person and offer specific help? A. 12 monthsB. 18 monthsC. 24 monthsD. 30 months



79.(p. 554)

Studies of prosocial behaviour in children have found which of the following characteristics to be correct? A. The form of the child's altruistic behaviour changes across time.B. The expression of the child's altruistic behaviour remains the same.C. Children require more direct cues in order to respond appropriately as they become older.D. All children exhibit similar emotional reactions to another's distress.



80.(p. 557)

In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler and associates, children adopted more helping behaviour when A. they were punished for hurting someone.B. the injured child hurt them back.C. they were rewarded for it.D. their mothers pointed out that they hurt someone.



81.(p. 557)

A parental technique that is ineffective is promoting helping behaviour is A. pointing out that the child hurt someone.B. reacting emotionally to the child's hurtful behaviour.C. physically moving the child away from someone he/she has hurt.D. telling their child they don't want to be near them when he/she hurts someone.



82.(p. 557)

Adriana's mother saw her hit another child named Gabriel. Adriana's mother said to her, "You made Gabriel cry because you hit him." What effect is this likely to have on Adriana's behaviour? A. no effectB. increase prosocial behaviourC. decrease prosocial behaviourD. increase aggressive behaviour



83.(p. 557)

Of a son and a daughter, who would you expect to display more empathy? A. your sonB. your daughterC. it would depend on their agesD. they would be equally empathic



84.(p. 559)

If identical twins show more similar levels of altruistic behaviour than do fraternal twins, it suggests a __________ influence on prosocial behaviour. A. sororityB. cognitiveC. geneticD. environmental



85.(p. 559)

Which of the following is least likely to serve as a model of prosocial behaviour for children? A. Barbie dollsB. parentsC. peersD. Mister Rogers' Neighbourhood



86.(p. 559)

Sarah's mother offered her a loonie to help her little brother with his chores. Sarah's choice to help her brother is based on A. perspective taking.B. moral reasoning.C. needs-oriented reasoning.D. hedonistic reasoning.



87.(p. 559)

From her research on how children's thinking about prosocial activities changes across development, Eisenberg concluded that prosocial reasoning and moral reasoning _________. A. were identical processesB. were related but independentC. showed no similarities until adulthoodD. were negatively related



88.(p. 559)

Two of the most important determinants of altruism are ________ and ________ abilities. A. self control; nurturingB. empathy; role takingC. age; educationalD. gender; cognitive



89.(p. 558)

In their model of prosocial behaviour and altruism, Roberts and Strayer (1987) proposed that the primary determinant underlying prosocial behaviour is A. emotional expressiveness.B. emotional insight.C. kindness.D. empathy.



90.(p. 560)

Psychologists use the term __________ to describe behaviour that intentionally harms or injures another person. A. meannessB. aggressionC. psychosisD. cruelty



91.(p. 561)

What differentiates instrumental aggression from hostile aggression? A. Instrumental aggression is object oriented while hostile aggression is more person oriented.B. Instrumental aggression involves a weapon while hostile aggression does not.C. Instrumental aggression is more common in adults while hostile aggression is more common in

children.D. Instrumental aggression refers to girls while hostile aggression refers to boys.



92.(p. 561)

Wayne hits every boy or girl who attacks or threatens him on the playground. Wayne is displaying __________ aggression when he strikes back at others. A. proactiveB. antroactiveC. reactiveD. pathological



93.(p. 561)

Billie is the grade school bully. He regularly harasses the other students, particularly the younger ones. He usually threatens to beat them up if they don't pay him 50 cents a day. Billie is using __________ aggression. A. reactiveB. mentalC. proactiveD. psychological



94.(p. 563)

Jessy first expressed anger and frustration by pushing and shoving her mother. How old is Jessy? A. 0-2 years oldB. 2-4 years oldC. 4-6 years oldD. 6-8 years old



95.(p. 565-566)

The hormones which have been linked with expressions of anger and aggression are A. testosterone and progesterone.B. estrogen and thyroxin.C. progesterone and FSH.D. testosterone and estradiol.



96.(p. 567)

Which of the following is characteristic of the family environments of aggressive children? A. stable and consistent use of discipline by parentsB. effective use of rewards for prosocial behaviourC. use of physical punishmentD. absence of unnecessary punishment



97.(p. 568)

Amy saw her daughter harshly spanking her doll. Where did Amy's daughter most likely learn this behaviour? A. at schoolB. at homeC. at a friend's houseD. at daycare



98.(p. 567)

When compared to parents of nonaggressive children, parents of aggressive children monitor their children's behaviour A. more.B. less.C. equally.D. directly.



99.(p. 567-568)

Patterson and Bank (1989) found that antisocial behaviour in children before age 5 or 6 was associated with A. fewer antisocial behaviours as they got older since they outgrow it.B.

fewer antisocial behaviours when compared to children who "begin" antisocial behaviours later on (middle to late adolescence).

C. more serious and persistent delinquent behaviour.D.

less social rejection and school failure when compared to children who "begin" antisocial behaviour at a later age.



100.(p. 567)

A prevention program in Quebec designed to reduce aggression in disruptive kindergarten boys included A.

suspension from school for aggressive students and convincing parents to punish aggressive behaviour at home.

B. home based parent training and school based social skills training.C. increasing awareness to the problem.D. only school based social skills training.



101.(p. 570)

__________ is the belief that hostile aggression will be reduced if children are given a safe opportunity to vent accumulated aggressive urges. A. RepressionB. CatharsisC. TransferenceD. Reaction formation



102.(p. 570)

Catharsis A. greatly reduces hostile tendencies.B. reduces hostile tendencies in adults but not children.C. is unlikely to reduce hostile tendencies.D. increases hostile tendencies.



103.(p. 570)

Marcia is very angry because she can't go over to her friend's house to play so she hits her mother. Her mother says, "Why don't you go hit your stuffed animals instead?" The mother believes in A. a pecking order.B. allowing temper tantrums.C. negative reinforcement.D. the catharsis myth.



104.(p. 572)

Effective conflict reducing strategies make use of A. socially approved aggression (e.g., target shooting).B. incompatible responses (e.g., humour).C. strenuous exercise programs.D. Bobo dolls.



105.(p. 571)

Which of the following factors will probably NOT contribute to aggression levels in a population? A. stressB. crowdingC. competition for inadequate resourcesD. IQ



106.(p. 539)

Describe Piaget's stages of morality.

Answers will vary.



107.(p. 541)

List and define each of Kohlberg's levels and stages of moral development.

Answers will vary.



108.(p. 539-545)

Compare and contrast Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development. What are some criticisms of each?

Answers will vary.



109.(p. 543)

Discuss Kohlberg's ethic of justice versus Gilligan's ethic of care. Is Carol Gilligan overreacting to Kohlberg's theory? Explain.

Answers will vary.



110.(p. 548-549)

Using examples, describe the difference between "moral reasoning" and "social convention."

Answers will vary.



111.(p. 550)

Discuss differences between children who exhibit good self control and those who do not.

Answers will vary.



112.(p. 552)

Describe important components of altruism and prosocial behaviour.

Answers will vary.



113.(p. 538-552)

What is empathy? How does perspective taking influence altruism?

Answers will vary.

Learning Objective: 1-4


114.(p. 555)

How do biological influences determine prosocial development in children?

Answers will vary.



115.(p. 560)

Recent research by Halperin, et al. (2002; 2003) has expanded on the definition of aggression. Explain why they expanded on the definition of aggression?

Answers will vary.



116.(p. 573)

Based upon Patterson's research, what advice would you give parents to help them raise nonaggressive children?

Answers will vary.



ch14 Summary Category # of Questions

Learning Objective: 1 10

Learning Objective: 1-4 1







Parke - Chapter 14 116

Type: Analysis 5

Type: Application 27

Type: Comprehension 24

Type: Knowledge 60

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