Name:

Unit 4 Earth Science

Chapter 12: Earthquakes & VolcanoesDAY OUTLINE DATE

1 10.1 Notes (p.243)Assignment: Read text p.424-435

Do Ch.10/12 Key Terms (p.241-242)Do 10.1 Thermal Energy Transfer w.s. (p.244)Do 10.1 Assessment w.s. (p.244)

2 12.1 Notes (p.245-246)Assignment: Read text p.506-517

Do Evidence for Continental Drift w.s. (p.247)Do 12.1 CYUQ.’sp.517#1-6(p.247)

3 Activity 12-1B: Magnetic Striping in text p.514Activity 12-iC: Pangaea in text p.515Assignment: Read text p.518-526

Do 12.1 CYUQ.’sp.517#7-11 (p.248)Do_Features_of Plate_Tectonics_w.s._(p.248)

4 12.2 Notes — Plate Tectonics (p.249-250)Assignment: Read text p.518-526

Do_12.2_CYU Q.’s_p.53’7#l,2,4-6,ll,l2,l5_(p.252)5 12.2 Notes — Earthquakes & Volcanoes (p.250-25 1)

Assignment: Read text p.526-537Do 12.2 CYU Q.’s p.537#3,7,-1O,l3,l4 (p.253)

Ch. 12 ReviewAssignment: Read Summary Notes 12.1, 12.2 (p.333-334)

Do_12.1_and_12.2_Assessment w.s._(p.254)6 Earth Science Project (p.255)

7 Unit 4 ReviewAssignment: Do Unit 4 Multiple Choice Review (p.256-258)

Do Unit 4 Final Review (p.305-306)Study for Test next dss!Ch.12_Pckg_Due_next_class!_(do_self evaluation)

7 Unit 4 Exam (35 multiple choice quiestions on scantron — brhg a pencil)Ch.12 Pkg Due

Ch.12 SUMMARY STUDY NOTES: p.333-334

2)9

Chapter 10.1 & Chapter 12 Key TermsKey Term Definition Example/Graphic

1. Kinetic Molecular Theory

2. Conduction

3. Convection

4. Radiation

5. Thermal Energy

6. Continental Drift Theory

7. Tectonic Plate

8. Hot Spot

9. Spreading Ridge

10. Pangea

11. Asthenosphere

12. Lithosphere

13. Subduction Zone

14. Mantle Convection

15. Epicenter

16. Convergent

17. Divergent

18. Transform Fault

19. Primary Waves

20. Secondary Waves

21. Surface Waves

Ch. 10.1 Energy Transfer Temperature

Radiation

2L(3

Kinetic Molecular Theory

• all matter is made up of tiny movingparticles.

• SOLIDS (e.g. ice) = particles are close & onlyvibrate (don’t change position).

• LIQUIDS (e.g. water) particles are fartherapart, move faster, and make a set volume.

• GAS (e.g. steam) = particles are far apart,move quickly & take up all available space.

• Temperature is an average measure of howmuch the particles are moving (how much kineticenergy they have). (Units: Celsius, Fahrenheit orKelvin)

o Thermal Energy = Kinetic + Potential Energy(energy of movement) (energy of position)

• So Thermal Energy is the total energy of all theparticles in any substance.

Heat and Thermal Energy Transfer

Heat = the amount of thermal energy that is transferredfrom a higher - k’’a of thermal energy.

RADIATION

t—

‘1ri

Conduction

• Conduction = transfer of heat by direct contact.

Heat is transferred from higher temperature (higherkinetic energy) particles - lower temperature (lowerkinetic energy) particles.

• Example: a cold spoon warmswhen placed in acup of hot chocolate.

Conductors = materials that transferheateasily (e.g. metals)tnsulatOrS materials that do not conduct heat easily (e.g. ceramics)

-.—-—

Convection• Convection:

a) the transfer of heat in liquids and gases

b) the movement of heat from hot to cold within a fluid

c) the movement of the hot liquid to an area of coldliquid.

• Hot - cold(low density) (high density)

This is how convection

currents form.

Radiation = the transfer of radiant energy bywaves. What we feel as heat is called infraredradiation.

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He used the following evidence to come up with histheory:

The continents looked as though they might fit together likepuzzle pieces. (The continental shelves actually fit togethereven better)There were matching geologic features and rocks ondifferent continents.There were matching fossils, like Mesosaurus, on differentcontinents.There was evidence of different climates, (eg. such asglaciers) on warm continents.

Like pieces of a jigsawpuzzle, the continentsfit together into one,large whole.

— -.----

12.1 Evidence for Continental Drift

• Wegener came up with the continent1drift theory

the idea that the continents used to be connected asone big supercontinent but slowly moved apart overtime

+ He named the original supercontinent Pangaea.

—..

___________

How Can Coiifinents Move?•: Wegener’s evidence for continental drift did not explain

how entire continents could change locations so his theorywas not accepted yet.Eventually, his theory was accepted because:

New scientific equipment allowed scientists to measurethe slow but steady drift of Earth’s tectonic plates.It was noted that earthquak and volcanoes appear incertain patterns along the edges of tectonic plates.Mapping of the ocean floor revealed the Mid-AtlanticRidge, a long mountain range running down the middleof the Atlantic Ocean.

Rocks taken from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge wereyounger than other ocean rocks.Sediments along the ridge became thicker farther awayfrom the ridge.Paleomagnetism shows that iron-based rocks along the

reversing magnetic fields.

Volcanoes are frequently found ,

on boundaries between\

/

tectoruc plates.

‘‘ ‘“‘

Sea Floor Spreading: An Explanation

Hess suggested that magma rose to form new rock

at certain places.

•:• Magma (melted rock) rises and falls like warm andcold liquids.

The convection cuffents of magma formed a spreadingridge where they broke thmugh Earth’s crust.

•:.Like a “new crust” conveyer belt

+Magnetic striping of basalt rock shows long stripesof new rock moving away from ocean ridges and thedirection of Earth’s magnetic field at that time.

—_

Sea Floor Spreading: An ExplanationWilson then unified the ideas of Wegener and Hess intothe plate tectonic theory that states:

- Continental drift occurs because of magma cooling andforcing the floating tectonic plates apart at spreadingridges

Note: Rot spots are places magma rises to Earth’ssurface that can happen at weak spots in the centre ofplates (rather than along the plate boundaries)

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IL 1-’eatures iTi-21ate lectonicsEarth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers.

These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core,and inner core.

Crust — outer solid rock layer (granite on land, basalt inoceans)

+Mantle — thickest layer,mostly solid except forupper mantle being able toflow like “thick toothpaste”

Outer core — composed ofliquid iron and nickel

Inner core — mostly solidiron, at tremendoustemperature and pressure

I—------

Plate Motf6n

magma of the asthenosphereAs magma is heated in theasthenosphere convectioncurrents form.Rising magma can reach the surface at ridges(in the oceans) or rifts (on land).•:.The magma cools when it reaches the surface,

solidifies, and is pushed aside as new magmapushes from below. This is called ridge push.

Continents, attached to the

tectonic plates float in the

..

_

—

LAYERS OF THE EARTHTectonic plates make up the lithosphere, which floats on

the asthenosphere.

The lithosphere is the crust and upper portion

of the upper mantle.

The asthenosphere is the molten layer of the upper

mantle.+Heat to keep the asthenosphere molten comes from

radioactive elements.

—N

Plate Motion (continued)•: Tectonic plates are all moving at the same time.

There are 12 large tectonic plates and many smallerones.

•:• Where continental and oceanic plates meet,subduction occurs.•The denser oceanic plate subducts under the

lighter continental plate.•By “slab pull,” the rest of the plate follows.

Large earthquakes and volcanoes are found insubduclion zones.

—.-‘-

-——.—-.-.. [_ -

Plate InteractionsA plate boundaiy is an area where two plates are in contact.

The way the plates interact is based on the type of plateand the direction the plates are moving relative to eachother.Divergent plate boundaries — areas where plates arespreading apartConvergent Plate boundaries — areas where plates meetTransform plate boundaries — areas where plates movepast each other

Divergent PlTe Boundaries- are areas where plates are spreading apart.

Ocean ridges and continental rifts are examples.

+ The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the longest mountain

range on Earth.

Divergent Plate Boundary Animation

S. poges 523 .525

f.- __w - —

Convergent Plate Boundaries- are areas where plates collide.A. Oceanic-continental plate convergence:

• The oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate, fanninga trench.

• Cone-shaped volcanoes can formfrom magma seeping to the surface.

This is how the volcanic beltof the North America’s westcoast has formed.Mountain ranges like the Coast

Mountain range also form from thecollision.

Earthquakes can occur when subduction, ripull stall.

l—---. .- ----------

Describing Earthquakes

Scientists understand why they happen, but it is verydifficult to predict their timing, exact location, andstrength... Their pressure build-up happens underground, over

very long periods of time.The focus of the earthquake is where the pressure isfinally released.The epicentre is the point on the surface directly abovethe focus.

B. Oceanic-oceanic plate convergence

The cooler, denser plate will subduct under the

less dense plate.

• Convergence may produce a volcanic island

arc such as those found in Japan, Indonesia, and

Alaska’s Aleutian islands

and slab

/W&

— -

-

, .‘

- ——

Transform Plate Boundaries

- are where plates move past each other.•:• Usually are found near

ocean ridges•:• Since rock slides past

rock, no mountains orvolcanoes form.

•:• Earthquakes and faultsare very common.

C. Continental-continental plate convergence• Since both are continental

plates, their densities aresimilar.As they collide, theiredges fold and crumple,forming mountain ranges.

The Himalayas are the’tallest) mountain range, formed as Asia and Africaplates collided 40 million years ago.

They are still growing taller today.

-

Earthquakes4. Earthquakes often form from the friction

between moving tectonic plates.I• This accounts for 95 %

of all earthquakes.The Juan de Fuca convergent!plate boundary west ofVancouver Island has manyearthquakes.

Transform bosndaryLarge earthquakes hit this San Andress fault

region every 200- 800 years.

n1laa

VolcanoesThe movement of tectonic plates causes volcanoformation.

Composite volcanoes — found along plate boundaries

• Layers of ash and thick, ..

lava form a tall cone.• As magma reaches the

surface, it cools,and traps gases below.

• Pressure builds;eventually, there isan eruption. Mcont Si HSn

cwWosite vcano

Earthquake Waves

Earthquakes produce seismic waves.

Seismology is the study of these waves.

These waves reveal the source and strength of anearthquake

They also help us learn about the composition anddistances of the Earth’s interior.

ZiEarthà1Wàves

Types of earthquake waves:

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Seismic Waves

Seismic waves behave differently in different Earth layers.

Knowing this, scientists can learn about earthquakesand Earth’s interior.

+ Seismometers are used to measure seismic wave energy.

Early seismometers just measured whether the groundshook.Some seismometers measure horizontal movement,others vertical movement.

Seismograms• A seismogram is produced, showing when an earthquake

started, how long it lasted, and the magnitude.

•:• 1 increase in magnitudelOX stronger

+A magnitude 6 earthquake /

is 100X more powerful//

/ ——

thana4.•Since seismic waves travel V

at different speeds, adistance-time graph can reveal the focus.

____________

2. Shield Volcanoes— these are not found at plate boundaries but instead form

over hot spots.• Thin magmallava flows out from a hot spot

and forms a low, wide cone.

o The Hawaiian Islands are an exampleof a chain of shield volcanoes

3. Rift Eruptions— occur along long cracks in the lithosphere

• These are not explosive, but they release massiveamounts of lava.

r&th O.,,t.,.,,19 Oflolo

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12.2 Check Your Understanding p.537#3,7-1O,13,14 (complete sentences)

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belt

Names:

Earth Science Project

Make a booklet with the following information (must include all information with colored

pictures that are labeled).

TOPICS:

1) Layers of the Earth : - must include composition and depths (picture)

- must include lithosphere and asthenosphere (picture)

- must explain plate motion (must explain convection

currents)

2) Plate interactions: - must include divergent, convergent (3 types), transform

-you must include 5 pictures

3) Earthquakes: - what are they and how are they created- must include focus and epicenter (picture)- must describe and explain the 3 different waves (primary

waves (P waves), secondary waves (S waves), andsurface waves(L waves))

4) Volcanoes: - must include how they are formed

- their composition (what they are made of)

- the 3 types (composite, shield, rift eruptions)

- 3 pictures

Self-evaluation Peer evaluation Teacher evaluation

Required information/20

Pictures/Visual/20

Neatness/20

Presentation/25

Total/75

cR55

Nam

e:

_________________

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