Ch100 CHEM100/ Food Chemistry The material for this unit is in chaps 15-16, 19-20 (text on reserve)...

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CHEM100/ Food CHEM100/ Food ChemistryChemistry

• The material for this unit is The material for this unit is in chaps 15-16, 19-20 (text in chaps 15-16, 19-20 (text on reserve) slides pp 55-60. on reserve) slides pp 55-60.

•We cover Biochemistry slides We cover Biochemistry slides p.50, Food/Agriculture p.55, p.50, Food/Agriculture p.55, Drugs,p. 61-78 , and Tox-Drugs,p. 61-78 , and Tox-icology p. 66 slides 30,31 for icology p. 66 slides 30,31 for the final exam part 1. the final exam part 1.

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CHEM100/Food Chem.CHEM100/Food Chem.

•Lecture notebook pp. 88-Lecture notebook pp. 88-114.114.

•Objectives:132-152Objectives:132-152

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CHEM100/ Food Chem.CHEM100/ Food Chem.

•Three basic structural Three basic structural groups:groups:

•Protein- polymers of Protein- polymers of amino acidsamino acids

•Fats- esters of fatty Fats- esters of fatty acids and glycerol.acids and glycerol.

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CHEM100/Food CHEM100/Food ChemistryChemistry

•Carbohydrates: Glucose Carbohydrates: Glucose and various other simple and various other simple sugars plus starch, a sugars plus starch, a polymer of glucose. polymer of glucose.

•Carbohydrates are Carbohydrates are mainly energy moleculesmainly energy molecules

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CHEM100/Food CHEM100/Food ChemistryChemistry

•Fats are energy storage Fats are energy storage moleculesmolecules

•Proteins are structural Proteins are structural and enzymes.and enzymes.

•We need to eat to get We need to eat to get glucose and 8 amino acids.glucose and 8 amino acids.

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CHEM100/FoodCHEM100/Food

•Of 22 amino acids need to Of 22 amino acids need to make proteins, humans make proteins, humans manufacture 14. The other 8 manufacture 14. The other 8 (some say 10) are called (some say 10) are called Essential Amino Acids.Essential Amino Acids.

•Two of these are also used Two of these are also used to synthesize to synthesize neurotransmittersneurotransmitters

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•These two amino acids, These two amino acids, tryptophane and tryptophane and tryrosine, are precursers tryrosine, are precursers to serotonin and the L-to serotonin and the L-dopamine series of dopamine series of neurotransmitters neurotransmitters respectivelyrespectively

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•Low levels of serotonin are Low levels of serotonin are typically found in suicide typically found in suicide victims. Diet may victims. Diet may contribute to suicide?????contribute to suicide?????

•PLEASE NOTE: The human PLEASE NOTE: The human body CANNOT make these body CANNOT make these amino acids.amino acids.

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CHEM 100/Essential CHEM 100/Essential Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

•There are essential fatty There are essential fatty acids as well. These are acids as well. These are found in abundance in found in abundance in fish and flax seed oils. fish and flax seed oils.

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• Anorexia, a food disorder Anorexia, a food disorder associated mainly with young associated mainly with young women, seems to lead to ongoing women, seems to lead to ongoing problems. Of 70 women diagnosed problems. Of 70 women diagnosed with the disorder, all had at least with the disorder, all had at least one psychiatric disorder in the mid one psychiatric disorder in the mid ‘90s.*‘90s.*

• **B.Bower, “Sci. News”, 18 Jul.’98, p.39B.Bower, “Sci. News”, 18 Jul.’98, p.39

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• It is little wonder that It is little wonder that anorexics and starving anorexics and starving people have mental people have mental problems. Note: the brain problems. Note: the brain is the favorite organ of the is the favorite organ of the body. Other parts can be body. Other parts can be stripped to fix the brain.stripped to fix the brain.

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•The following chemical The following chemical transformations are transformations are possible in the body:possible in the body:

• fat-> energyfat-> energy•glucose->energy and/or fatglucose->energy and/or fat•protein-> fat and/or glucoseprotein-> fat and/or glucose

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•Vitamins: act as a kind of Vitamins: act as a kind of catalystcatalyst

•Minerals: required in Minerals: required in various chemicals- various chemicals- EXAMPLE: Fe in hemoglobinEXAMPLE: Fe in hemoglobin

•Women need as much or Women need as much or more than men.more than men.

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CHEM100/ Easy CHEM100/ Easy Nutrition Nutrition

Advice/CarbohydratesAdvice/Carbohydrates•Minimize “white foods”- Minimize “white foods”-

white bread, white rice, white bread, white rice, potatoes (Except cauliflower potatoes (Except cauliflower &skim milk)&skim milk)

•Maximize “colored foods” red Maximize “colored foods” red peppers, oranges, tomatoes peppers, oranges, tomatoes greens, whole grains.greens, whole grains.

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CHEM 100/More CHEM 100/More Nutrition Advice Nutrition Advice

• Antioxidants, lycopenes, Antioxidants, lycopenes, flavenoids and other nutrients flavenoids and other nutrients work better when they come from work better when they come from food. The “colored” veggies, food. The “colored” veggies, whole grains and fruits are the whole grains and fruits are the main source. Pills can work, but main source. Pills can work, but not as well.*not as well.*

• *read more about this in *read more about this in “Health”, Jan/Feb, 2001, p. 20“Health”, Jan/Feb, 2001, p. 20

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•Additives:Additives:•Used for Nutrition, flavor, Used for Nutrition, flavor,

enhance flavor, enhance flavor, preservation, color, preservation, color, sweetnesssweetness

•Some “natural” additives; Some “natural” additives; oxalic acid, salt, vit.A, ergotoxalic acid, salt, vit.A, ergot

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CHEM100/FoodsCHEM100/Foods

•Carcinogens “naturally “ Carcinogens “naturally “ found in foods: found in foods: aflatoxin(peanuts), aflatoxin(peanuts), safrole(cinnamon,nutmeg)safrole(cinnamon,nutmeg), 3,4-benzpyrene(charcoal , 3,4-benzpyrene(charcoal broiled anything) broiled anything) BROOKS!!!BROOKS!!!

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CHEM 100/FoodCHEM 100/Food

•Contaminants: bacteria, Contaminants: bacteria, PCBs, hormones, Pb, DES, PCBs, hormones, Pb, DES, sulfites, bugs, pesticides, sulfites, bugs, pesticides, droppings(rat), cow, etc., droppings(rat), cow, etc.,

•Mad Cow Disease.Mad Cow Disease.•Contaminated burgers.Contaminated burgers.

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•High Tech PizzaHigh Tech Pizza•Regular pizza has food Regular pizza has food

components from all components from all four food groups; milk, four food groups; milk, meat(beans), grain, meat(beans), grain, vegetablesvegetables

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CHE100/FoodCHE100/Food•BUT: The grain has been BUT: The grain has been

treated with chemicals that treated with chemicals that alter the structure, the alter the structure, the cheese, tomatoes, and cheese, tomatoes, and sausage are all sausage are all manufactured from manufactured from components that are components that are manufactured or chemical manufactured or chemical additives.additives.

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• This constitutes an extreme This constitutes an extreme example. Yet this is the sort of example. Yet this is the sort of meal served to school children.meal served to school children.

• Teachers trying to teach Teachers trying to teach nutrition are faced with the nutrition are faced with the fact that the appearance of fact that the appearance of food may not suffice.food may not suffice.

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CHEM 100/AgricultureCHEM 100/Agriculture

• Population: Conventional wisdom- Population: Conventional wisdom- Population growth out of controlPopulation growth out of control

• Wattenberg- well known demographer Wattenberg- well known demographer says NO- (N.Y.Times Sun . 23 Nov ‘97)-says NO- (N.Y.Times Sun . 23 Nov ‘97)-based on latest UN data. A recent based on latest UN data. A recent article in Science (vol282, 16 Oct ‘98, article in Science (vol282, 16 Oct ‘98, p. 419) entitled “Demographic p. 419) entitled “Demographic Consequences of Declining Fertility”) Consequences of Declining Fertility”) reinforces this analysis- population reinforces this analysis- population pressure is declining. pressure is declining.

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CHEM100/AgricultureCHEM100/Agriculture• World barely replacing its World barely replacing its

population. Most rapidly growing population. Most rapidly growing areas are at 3 children/woman. areas are at 3 children/woman. Replacement is 2.1 Replacement is 2.1 children/woman. Currently the U.S. children/woman. Currently the U.S. is less than 2/woman (Wattenberg, is less than 2/woman (Wattenberg, NY Times). NY Times).

• A recent US News & World Report (1Mar’99) had a A recent US News & World Report (1Mar’99) had a feature story on aging of world population. Peter F feature story on aging of world population. Peter F Drucker in his latest book states that the biggest Drucker in his latest book states that the biggest problem facing business is population decline & aging. problem facing business is population decline & aging. In her book “War on Population. Dr J.Kasun questions In her book “War on Population. Dr J.Kasun questions the conventional population wisdom in her book “The the conventional population wisdom in her book “The War on Population”. War on Population”.

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CHEM100/AgricultureCHEM100/Agriculture

•Biological growth is Biological growth is geometricalgeometrical

• If rate of growth is 10%, If rate of growth is 10%, there is doubling every 7 there is doubling every 7 years or 70/10=7years or 70/10=7

•Divide 70 by % growth. Divide 70 by % growth.

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• Need to keep pace with population. Need to keep pace with population. (there is still growth BUT from (there is still growth BUT from better health-longevity, not births.)better health-longevity, not births.)

• To do this we need soil fertility and To do this we need soil fertility and pest control. Also need water and pest control. Also need water and suitable climate- suitable climate- go back to go back to concerns over human tampering concerns over human tampering with climate such as global with climate such as global warming.warming.

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•Major fertility: Phosphate, Major fertility: Phosphate, Nitrate, PotassiumNitrate, Potassium

•Minor or trace elements: Minor or trace elements: Ca, B, Cu, Zn, etc.Ca, B, Cu, Zn, etc.

•pH control usually with pH control usually with lime(CaCOlime(CaCO33). ).

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• Pesticides: mainly insecticides Pesticides: mainly insecticides and herbicidesand herbicides

• Broad Spectrum- kills all Broad Spectrum- kills all insects-narrow spectrum insects-narrow spectrum desirable- kills only pestdesirable- kills only pest

• Persistent- lasts a long time in Persistent- lasts a long time in environment. Nonpersistent is environment. Nonpersistent is more desirable.more desirable.

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CHEM100/AgCHEM100/Ag

• Chlorohydrocarbons (DDT, Chlorohydrocarbons (DDT, Chlordane, Lindane, Dieldrin) are Chlordane, Lindane, Dieldrin) are broad spectrum and VERY broad spectrum and VERY persistent. Some or all of these are persistent. Some or all of these are estrogen mimicking chemicalsestrogen mimicking chemicals, and , and therefore are thought to cause therefore are thought to cause certain diseases such as cancer. The certain diseases such as cancer. The connection is still uncertain, but connection is still uncertain, but caution is advised. No longer used caution is advised. No longer used widely in USA. widely in USA.

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CHEM100/PesticidesCHEM100/Pesticides

• Organophosphates- broad Organophosphates- broad spectrum, non persistent- many spectrum, non persistent- many especially parathion quite especially parathion quite poisonous. Malathion less poisonous. Malathion less dangerous. No pest strips and dangerous. No pest strips and flea/tick collars have a relatively flea/tick collars have a relatively nonpoisonous type. Parathion nonpoisonous type. Parathion not used in USA- still used in not used in USA- still used in other countries. other countries.

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CHEM100/MalathionCHEM100/Malathion• Malathion has been used during Malathion has been used during

the summers of ‘99 & ‘00 in the summers of ‘99 & ‘00 in certain areas- especially the certain areas- especially the New York City region- to combat New York City region- to combat mosquitoes that carry West Nile mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus.virus.

• There are environmental There are environmental concerns about the effect of concerns about the effect of residues from this compound on residues from this compound on lobsters in Long Island Sound lobsters in Long Island Sound

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CHEM100/ CarbamatesCHEM100/ Carbamates

•Typical trade name: SevinTypical trade name: Sevin•More narrow spectrum More narrow spectrum

than chlorohydrocarbons than chlorohydrocarbons and organophosphates and organophosphates and not persistent. Used and not persistent. Used a great deal now.a great deal now.

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CHEM 100/AgCHEM 100/Ag

•Newer pesticides:Newer pesticides:Pheromones-attract males, then kill Pheromones-attract males, then kill

the malesthe males

Juvenile hormones-prevent maturationJuvenile hormones-prevent maturation

Other bugs/diseasesOther bugs/diseases

SterilizationSterilization

•Also in lecture notebookAlso in lecture notebook

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Ch100 CHEM100/ Food Chemistry The material for this unit is in chaps 15-16, 19-20 (text on reserve)...

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Transcript of Ch100 CHEM100/ Food Chemistry The material for this unit is in chaps 15-16, 19-20 (text on reserve)...