Ch1. Introduction to Globalization · Introduction to Globalization . 2 Measuring Levels of...
Transcript of Ch1. Introduction to Globalization · Introduction to Globalization . 2 Measuring Levels of...
A P D M 4 7 1 I N T E R N A T I O N A L A P P A R E L T R A D E I S S U E S
Y O U N G J I N B A H N G , P H . D .
U N I V E R S I T Y O F H A W A I I A T M A N O A
Ch.1-2. Introduction to Globalization
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Measuring Levels of Development
The World Bank and United Nations use the term least developed to describe the world’s poorest countries
Terms First World, Second World, Third World indicate differences in levels of development
This text defines countries’ levels of well-being as least developed, newly developing, developing, and developed countries
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Measuring Levels of Development
Gross national product (GNP)
Gross national product (GNP) per capita
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
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Measuring Levels of Development
Per capita
Gross national product (GNP)
Gross national product (GNP) per capita
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Table 1.2, cont.
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Developed Countries
Shifted emphasis from producing textiles and apparel to consuming them
Product development encompasses the design and engineering of products to be serviceable, producible, salable, and profitable (Glock & Kunz, 1995)
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Developing Countries
Significantly improved overall economic condition beyond those of newly developing countries
Embraced the production of textile and apparel products as a way to compete in the global marketplace
No longer the lowest-cost labor sources
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Newly Developing Countries
Nations whose overall economic conditions fall well below the world average in GDP per capita and other measures
Apparel production continues to be the vehicle that provides employment where unemployment and poverty rates are high and wages are low
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Least-Developed Countries
Rank the lowest in measures of economic well-being
Often suffer from governmental exploitation, ongoing tribal wars, lack of education, and traditions inhibiting change
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Organization and Operation of the Textile Complex
Horizontal integration is change brought about through mergers and takeovers among firms that perform similar actions
Vertical integration occurs when firms that perform different stages in the planning, design, production, and distribution of products join to form one larger business
Figure 1.6: Regions of the world in which global retailers are based
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Summary
Ways to view and analyze the operations of global production and distribution include economic and business, political and governmental, and sociological and labor perspectives
Countries around the world can be viewed as newly developing, developing, or developed, based on the trade balance of each in relation to textiles and apparel and gross domestic product per capita
The textile complex incorporates firms around the world into supply chains to accomplish textile manufacturing, apparel manufacturing, retailing, and consumption of textile products