Ch01-Organization of the Human Body
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Transcript of Ch01-Organization of the Human Body
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human Body
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Definitions Anatomy: science that studies structure Physiology: science that studies body functions Anatomy (structure) determines physiology
(functions)
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Levels of Organization Chemical: atoms molecules Cellular: cells containing organelles
Basic unit of life Tissue: groups of cells and surrounding material
4 basic types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organ: group of tissues performing a common function
System: group of organs with a common function Organism: contains all systems of an individual
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Levels of Organization
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Life Processes Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical
processes that occur in the body. Responsiveness - the body’s ability to detect
and respond to changes. Movement - includes motion of the whole body,
individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Life Processes Growth - is an increase in body size that
results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
Differentiation - the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Reproduction - refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a
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Autopsy Postmortem examination Examination and dissection of a body to
determine the cause of death when life processes have not been maintained adequately.
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Homeostasis is the condition of equilibrium in the body’s
internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes.
Maintaining a stable internal environment Dynamic process because of many changes Examples of variable factors
Body temperature, Blood pressure Water and nutrient levels
Maintained by feedback systems
Feedback sys. or Feedback loop
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a controlled condition.
three basic components of Feedback sys : receptor, control center, and an effector.
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Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms Stimulus disrupts a controlled variable Receptor recognizes the change and
sends message = input (typically by nerve pathways) to:
Control Center that evaluates input and sends output to:
Effector that attempts to change the altered variable
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Operation of Feedback System
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Negative Feedback Systems reverses a change in a controlled condition Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
negative feedback systems “Negative” means “opposite” (not “bad”) These systems reverse a change in the
controlled variable, bringing it back to “normal” Example: high blood pressure (BP) is detected
and then lowered to normal BP
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Negative Feedback Systems
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Positive Feedback Systems Few homeostatic control mechanisms are of
this type These systems strengthen a change and
must be shut down by an outside force. Examples:
Contractions of uterus cause even more contractions at child birth
Hormonal control of ovulation Systems that control blood clotting
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Clinical Terms
Disorder: abnormality of structure/function Disease: specific illness characterized by signs
and symptoms Symptoms: subjective changes not observable from
outside a person. Examples: pain, headache, nausea, anxiety
Signs: observable or measurable changes. Examples: can be either anatomical, such as swelling or a rash, or physiological,such as fever, high blood pressure, or paralysis.
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Aging and Homeostasis
Normal process that: Includes a progressive loss in the ability to
maintain homeostasis (homeostatic imbalance) Affects all body systems Can be slowed down or minimized by healthy
living
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Anatomical Terms Precise use of language to define position,
direction, and location in the body. Anatomical position
Stands erect facing the observer, with head level and eyes facing forward, and palms facing forward
Common and anatomical terms Directional terms Planes and sections Body cavities
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Anatomical Position
Directional Terms
Superior - toward the head Inferior - away from the head Anterior (ventral) - nearer to or at the front of the
body Posterior (dorsal) - nearer to or at the back of the
body Medial – nearer to the midline Lateral- farther from the midline Intermediate – between two structures
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• words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
Directional Terms Ipsilateral -On the same side of the body as
another structure Contralateral - On the opposite side of the body
from another structure Proximal - Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the
trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure Distal - Farther from the attachment of a limb to the
trunk; farther from the origination of a structure Superficial (external)-Toward or on the surface of
the body Deep (internal)- Away from the surface of the body.
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Directional Terms
Planes Through the Human Body Planes - imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts Sagittal plane - a vertical plane that divides the
body or an organ into right and left sides. midsagittal plane or a median plane - a plane
passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides
parasagittal plane - divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides
frontal or coronal - divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
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Planes Through the Human Body
Transverse plane - divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.
aka cross-sectional or horizontal plane
Oblique plane - passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle.
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Planes Through the Human Body
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Planes and Sections: Brain•Section - is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes
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Planes and Sections: Brain
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Planes and Sections: Brain
Anatomical Terms
Body cavities - are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
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Anatomical Terms Body cavities
Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) Thoracic (chest cavity): pleural, pericardial, and
mediastinal (region between lungs) Abdominopelvic (inferior to diaphragm):
Abdominal Larger; contains most abdominopelvic organs Subdivided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants
Pelvic More inferior and smaller Contains urinary bladder, lowest portions of digestive
tract, and internal reproductive organs
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Anatomical Terms Body cavities
Serous membranes are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Functions: protect organs, reduce friction Layers
Visceral layer covers organs Parietal layer lines cavity
Names: Pleural (covers lungs, lines thorax) Pericardial (covers heart, lines central part of thorax) Peritoneal (covers organs, lines abdominopelvic cavity)
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Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
Anterior view of thoracic cavity
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Anterior View of Abdominopelvic cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: 9 Regions
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Abdominopelvic Cavity: 4 Quadrants
Other body cavities Oral (mouth) cavity, which contains the tongue
and teeth Nasal cavity in the nose Orbital cavities (orbits), which contain the
eyeballs Middle ear cavities which contain small bones Synovial cavities which are found in freely
movable joints and contain synovial fluid
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References
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2012). Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. (13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (NJ)
Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B. (2009). Principles of ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY. (12th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken (NJ)
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