7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

1/119

CROSS REGULATOR

The cross regulator is provided to effect equitable distribution ofsupplies amongst the distributary and parent canal, to raise waterlevel when supply in the parent canal is low, to release surpluswater from canal, in conjunction with escapes, or to provide means

for cutting off supplies to the downstream side for repairs etc.

The criteria for the Hydraulic Design of cross regulators for canalsis as per I.S. code !""# $ "%!& 'reprint December, "%!%(.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

2/119

1) DRIVING HEAD:

The driving head is the difference between the water levels on )*Sand D*S side of the regulator. This is provided to allow the passageof required discharge on D*S through the regulator at full supplylevel.

2) FLUMING RATIO:

Depending upon the driving head 'fully utili+ing the driving head(

the regular width may be flumed up to a maimum of -/ of thecanal width to economi+e the cost of the structure.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

3/119

3) HUMP AT THE REGULATORSRUCTURE

0 hump is provided below the regulator gates creating a fall on the D*S

side for the following reasons.

'a( To trap silt carried by the water on the )*S side of the regulator.

'b( To reduce the depth of flow over the hump to increase velocitythrough the vents and economi+e the gate structure.

'c( Hump is created in the glacis drops to increase the efficiency of flow

of water to D*S side.

'd( To negotiate the difference of levels if any in the canal bed levels onthe )*S and D*S side of the regulator.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

4/119

4) DISCHARGE FORMULA

1 2 3 4t H&*5

6here 1 2 D*S full supply discharge in m& *sec 3 2 3o7efficient of discharge

4t 2 3lear water way in metres.

H 2 Head over crest i.e. 8ull supply level on the )*S 9 head

due to velocity of approach $ crest level.

The value of :3; is determined using

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

5/119

5) HEIGHT OFHUMP

3rest level is calculated as per 363, ? $ head over crest 'H(

The height of crest above up stream bed level should not be more

than .# H. @lacis profile is calculated as per 363 manual with 5"slopes to negotiate the levels and smooth curves at the junctions.The radius of curvature to be adopted is H*5 on up steam and :H;on downstream as specified therein.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

6/119

6) ENERGY DISSIPATION:

D*s floor of the regulator is depressed to form a cistern to dissipateenergy. Since the )*s and D*s 3.4.?s and 8.S.?s are almost thesame in the ASB 3anals and distributaries, the energy dissipationarrangement is quite simple. To dissipate energy at low flowsthrough regulator the cistern with water cushion with a minimum

length and deflector wall at the end of the cistern are provided. Cnmain system the hydraulic jump calculations are to be done fordifferent opening conditions i.e., , E, F and full supply. 8urther ifthere are more than one vent, these calculations have to be made

for different conditions of vents opening. The height and length ofjump in each case is to be found. 4ased on these calculations thedepth and length of cistern will be fied. Gefer I.S#%%!$"% orSmall Dams by )S4G.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

7/119

7) EXIT GRADIENT AND FLOOR THICKNESS

6hen there is no water on D*s of the regulator and water at 8S?on )*s, the eit gradient is to be calculated and the thic=ness offloor has to be designed for the uplift pressures at varioussections. The formula for eist gradient is

GE = 1 x H

( ) d

Where: = 1 + 1 + 2

2

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

8/119

= b

d

H 2 difference between crest level and downstream bed level in m

b 2 length of impervious floor in md 2 depth of downstream curtain wall in m

) U!" # D!" CURTAIN $ALLS

Scour depths are to be calculated at the )*s and D*s transition ends

and the curtain walls to be ta=en up to ".- times the scour depth.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

9/119

%) PIERS

Biers to be designed considering hoist loads, load due to waterthrust on gates, wind pressure and water currents. 6henever aroad bridge is provided the live load moments, tractive force andbra=ing force etc., are to be considered while chec=ing thestability.

1&) A'UTMENTS

0butments to be designed with super imposed loads, live loadmoments, tractive force and bra=ing force and the earth pressurebehind them.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

10/119

11) $INGS AND RETURNS

3onventional 6ings and returns to be designed for the earthpressures with T.J.0. procedure considering K as &5 degrees andL as " degrees.

12) 'ED PROTECTION

)*s and D*s canal bed and sides are to be protected with 3.3.

lining in < "- grade concrete with profile walls at the end. Thethic=ness of lining is normally the same as for the remaininglength of the canal in the reach.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

11/119

13) OPERATION PLATFORM

It is in JG33 < 5 grade, designed for its self weight plus forcestransmitted through the screw rod or the hoist and crowd load of

# =g* sqm.

14) GATES AND HOISTS

>ither sliding type or fied wheel type gates are provided depending

on the si+e of opening. >lectrically or manually operated hoistarrangement is to be made to operate the gates.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

12/119

8I@."

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

13/119

CANAL FALL (DROP)

The canal fall or drop is required to be provided, whenever, thenatural slope of the country is steeper than the bed slope of thecanal and the difference in levels is adjusted by constructing a fallor drop. Drops become necessary in the case of distributaries,which are generally aligned along the ridge for commanding the

area on either side. There are two main types of falls.

() T*+, I: V,-./0 -+:

In this type of fall, the nappe impinges clear into the water cushionbelow. The dissipation of energy is effected by the turbulantdiffusion as the high velocity jet enters the deep pool of waterdownstream.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

14/119

() T*+, II: G0/" 0:

This type utili+es the principal of standing wave for dissipation ofenergy. This type of fall can be divided into following three classes.

'a( Straight glacis with baffle platform and baffle wall.

'b( Straight glacis without baffle platform and baffle wall.

'c(

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

15/119

Sl.Ao.

Discharge '1( in cumecs Drop'H?( inmetres

Type

)nflumed 8lumed

3lear over7fall Drowned 3learover7fall

Drowned

" High Discharge M High8alls 1 N "-

H? N " 4affle type 'suitable up toretrogression of 5-/ also(

4affle type 4affletype

Straight @lacisor 4affle type

5 High Discharge M ?ow

8alls 1 N "-H? N " 4affle type

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

16/119

The Design 3ircular Ao. &-*"! dated 5.5."%! of 3>., A.S.?.3.stipulated the type of drop to be adopted for different discharges andheights of drops.

G0/" .*+, -+:

Design Brocedure

'"( 3lear width of throat '4t( The fluming of 3anal should not eceed

the limits given below subject to the condition that over all widthof throat is not more than 4ed width of channel on thedownstream side.

Height of drop Bercentage of fluming

"( )p to ". m /5( Cver ". m to &. m !-/

&( 0bove &. m -/

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

17/119

5( 3rest ?evel The 3rest level is fied by wor=ing out :D; using formulae1 7 2 3. 4t. D &*5

6here 1 2 discharge in cumec

3 2 co7efficient of discharge depending on the drowning ratio. )p to !/fluming

3 2 ".# can be adopted and above that, it is to be read from ? in :m;

0fter calculating value of D from the formula, crest level is fied with theequation

3rest level 2 )*S T>? $ D

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

18/119

&( ?ength of 3rest 5*& D.

#( Height of 3rest Should not be greater than .# D, above theupstream canal bed level.

-( D*S @lacis In the case of baffle type glacis drops, glacis slope is tobe 5*& " joined tangentially to the crest on the )*S side and baffle

platform on the downstream side with radius equal to :D;. In thecase of straight glacis provide glacis slope of 5" with radius ofcurvature as D at the junction with the crest at the upstream endand pavement at the downstream end.

( )*S @lacis @lacis slope is to be E " joined tangentially to the crestwith a radius equal to D*5.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

19/119

!( Brotection

'i( ?ength of )*S protection & times 8.S.D. or as per the standard fiedby the project authority. The protection is in 33 < "- grade with

profile walls at the end.'ii( ?ength of D*S protection # 'd 9 h( where d 2 d*s 8.S.D. and h

2 difference in 8.S.?s or as per the standard fied by the projectauthority. The protection is in 33 < "- grade with profile walls at

the end.( @lacis fall without baffle

'i( The hydraulic jump is calculated to be the most efficient means of

dissipating the energy. To ensure formation of the hydraulicjump, it is necessary that the depth of tail water flowing at sub$critical velocity in the canal downstream should bear the followingrelation to hypercritical depth of flow at the toe of glacis

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

20/119

d 2 7d5 + 5v5 d5 + d22

g #

6here v2= velocity of water at the formation of jumpd22 hyper critical depth at formation of jump

dx= sub $ critical depth in canal on downstream side

The values of d5 and d are calculated from the following formulas

dxfor unflumed falls = .%- q0.52 x Hx0.21

8or flumed falls d1= Hx- HL +dx 'unflumed(

6here 2 Hx

H?

Q0.152

Hx = calculated drop in mHL = actual drop in m

Q = fluming ratio 'D*S bed width * throat width(.

d2= ."& q0.89 x Hx - 0.35

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

21/119

ii( 3istern The cistern level is obtained by subtracting the value of".5- d or ".5- d", as the case may be, from the downstream fullsupply level of the canal or ".5- >f5 from the downstream total

energy level, which ever gives the lower level. >f5 is the energy offlow in the canal after formation of the hydraulic jump.

The length of the cistern is equal to - >f5. The cistern is joined tothe downstream bed at a slope of " in -.

%( @lacis fall with baffle

The dimensions of the baffle platform and baffle wall are determinedfrom the relationship given below

'i( G.? of 4affle platform D*S 8.S.?. $ d".

'ii( Height of 4affle wall 'Hb( 2 dc $ d5

6here,d2 = Hyper 7 critical depth at the point of formation ofstanding wave.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

22/119

d2 2 ."& 'q(0.89x H-0.35

dc 2 3ritical depth

dc 2 q

2

13

g

q 2 discharge per meter width.

G.?. of 4affle wall 2 G.?. of 4affle Blatform 9 Hb.

'iii( Thic=ness of 4affle wall 2 5*& Hb

'iv( ?ength of 4affle Blatform ?b 2 -.5- 'Hb(

The baffle platform should join the toe of glacis with a radius equal to Dand the baffle wall with a radius G 2 5*& Hb

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

23/119

v( 3istern

'a( Depth of cistern D*S 8SD*" subject to a min of "- cm fordistributaries and minors and & cm for main canals and branches.

'b( G.?. of the cistern 2 D*S bed level $ depth of cistern

'c( ?ength of cistern 2 - times down stream 8.S.D.

'd( G.?. of the deflector wall 2 D*S 34? 9 D*S 8.S.D* "

"( 8riction bloc=s and glacis bloc=s

'i( @lacis fall with baffle

'a( If the height of drop is less than 5. meters, friction bloc=s and

glacis bloc=s are not required. If the height of drop is more than 5.m, two rows of friction bloc=s staggered in plan are to be provided.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

24/119

Si+e of friction bloc=s

Height 'h( 2 .55 d,

?ength '?( 2 h

Top width '6( 2 5h * &

Distance between two rows 2 h.

The downstream edge of downstream row of friction bloc=s shall beprovided at a distance of one third length of cistern from the end of the

cistern floor.

b( @lacis bloc=s Single row of glacis bloc=s of same si+e as frictionbloc=s is to be provided at the toe of the glacis.

'ii( @lacis fall without baffle

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

25/119

8our rows of friction bloc=s staggered in plan are to be provided in thecase of flumed falls. The upstream edge of first row of bloc=s may be ata distance of - times the height of bloc=s from the toe of glacis.

Si+e of friction bloc=sHeight 'h( 2 D*S 8SD

Height '?( 2 &h

Height '6( 2 5h&

Distance between rows 2 5h

&

""( Deflector wallIn glacis falls, a deflector wall of height equal to one tenth of thedownstream 8SD is provided at the downstream end of the cistern.The minimum height should be "- cm.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

26/119

"5( 3urtain wall

i( Depth of )*S curtain wall 2 )*S 8SD subject to minimum of .- m

&

ii( Depth of D*S curtain wall 2 D*S 8SD subject to minimum of .- m5

These should be chec=ed with scour depth formulae with suitable factor ofsafety. Downstream cut off can be increased suitably to reduce the thic=ness offloor.

"& 'i( >it gradient and uplift pressure

H 2 difference between crest level and D*S 34?

d depth of D*S curtain wall

b 2 length of impervious floor

d depth of D*S curtain wall

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

27/119

0fter wor=ing out values of H*d and b*d, find the value of eit gradient@> from the graph in plate " of 363 manual on falls. The @> dependsupon the soils, but it should be less than .&.

)plift Bressure

'a( )*S curtain wall

" 2 d 2 depth of D*S curtain wall

R b length of impervious floor8ind out corresponding value of > 2 from graph i.e., from plate "! of363 manual on falls.

/ of residual head >" 2 " 7 >

b( 0t the d*s cut off wall

" 2 d 2 depth of D*S curtain wall

R b length of impervious floor

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

28/119

8ind out the corresponding value of > from graph i.e, from plate "!363 manual on falls.

ii( Thic=ness of floor The uplift pressures at toe of glacis, at the end of

baffle and at the end of cistern are wor=ed out by interpolation forfiing the thic=ness of floor.

Thic=ness of floor at toe glacis

/ age of pressure U toe of glacis

2 > at D*s 9 ' >" V > D*s( W ?*bb 2 total length of impervious floor.

? 2 ?ength of floor up to toe of glacis from D*S end.

Thic=ness of floor at the toe of glacis

2 /age of pressure U toe of glacis H" 'X V "(

6here X is specific gravity of 33 i.e., 5.#

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

29/119

Similar method is to be adopted for calculating thic=ness of floor at theend of the baffle, at the end of cistern etc.

8I@."!

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

30/119

!"G.18

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

31/119

Jertical drop

Design procedure

"( a( Throat width 4t 2 4.6. of canal 'If canal bed width on upstream and

downstream are different, lower of the two(.b( 3rest ?evel

3rest level is obtained by wor=ing out value of D 'depth of crest belowupstream T>?( from the following formula.

1 2 3 4t D1#

x D32

?t

6here 4t 2 Throat width in m

3 2 3oefficient of discharge usually ta=en as ".&-

?t 2 ?ength of crest in m D 2 Depth of crest below upstream T>? in m

)*S T.>.? 2 )*S 8S? 9 Jelocity head

G.?. of crest 2 )*S T>? $ D

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

32/119

5( 3istern

0 cistern is provided at the toe of the drop by suitably depressing thefloor below the downstream bed of the canal.

a( Depth of cistern 2 'H? D( 5*&in m. #

D 2 depth of crest below )*s T>?.

G.?. of cistern 2 D*s 34? $ depth of cistern.

b( ?ength of cistern 2 - 'H? D(E in m.'&( ?ength of throat or crest '?t(

?t 2 .-- YD in m subject to a min. of .- m.

'#( Thic=ness of crest wall at base

T 2 .- D" in m, where D" 2 G? of crest $ G? of cistern

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

33/119

-( )*S and D*S Brotections

i( ?ength of )*s protection2 " E times the )*S 8SD or as per standardfied by the Broject authority.

ii( ?ength of D*s protection 2 & times the D*S 8SD or as per standardfied by the Broject authority.

( >it @radient M )plift pressures

a( >it gradientH 2 G.?. of crest $ D*S 34?.

d 2 depth of D*S curtain wall off 2 8SD* 5 or as per the requirementto bring the eit gradient within the limit.

b 2 ?ength of impervious 8loor 2 8oundation offsets 9 width of dropwall 9 length of cistern 9 width of curtain wall.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

34/119

= bd$ = 1 + 1 + 2

2

GE = ex%&' rd%e*' = 1 x H

d

) U+. +-,""-,":

() , /e /re&' d= , 4L 4''6 7*d'%* /*/re'e.

1 = d

b E %& red r6 'e 1;< W 6*7 * &

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

35/119

' 'he e*d >r

1 = d

b. E %& red r6 'e 11.1 () W

6*7 * (e*/&ed)

?h%/@*e&& !r ' 'he d& !/e drA %& %*'erA'ed /*&%der%* 'heAre&&7re& ' 'he /e /re&' *d ''he e*d >r.

b&7'e Are&&7re = (B re&&7re) x H 6 'er /76*. 100

= ;5B b&7'e Are&&7re r &%&'her 'h* AerC%7& &%&

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

36/119

?h%/@*e&& r = $ here D = 2.0 D 1

/) F-/.8 '/9":

!r d%&/hre ex/eed%* 3 /76e/$ ' r& r%/'%* b/@& &'ered %* A* 6F beArC%ded %* /%&'er*. ?he d*&'re6 ede d*&'re6 r &h7d be ' d%&'*/e

*e 'h%rd 'he e*'h 'he /%&'er* r6 'hed*&'re6 e*d /%&'er* >r.

%e r%/'%* b/@&:

Le*'h (L) = 1 x *&'re6 !...8

He%h' (h) = 1 x *&'re6 !...

8

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

37/119

?A %d'h () = 1 x he%h' &7bIe/' '6%*%676 8 /6$ I%*ed ' >r * 'he

d*&'re6 &%de %'h &Ae 1:1

er &A/e be'ee* r& = he%h' 'he b/@&.

V,-./0 .*+, /-, 0 -+: (CE NSLCC-/0- N; D$;15&! 345 < S= 3>%>1%&)

Jr%7& /6A*e*'& 'he Cer'%/ 'FAe drA %'h/re r d%Kere*' r*e& d%&/hre& %.e.$ 1.5/76e/ ' 1 /76e/$ 1 /76e/ ' 0.5 /76e/$ 0.5/76e/ ' 0.1 /76e/$ 0.1 /76e/ *d be *d rCr%7& he%h'& drA& %.e.$ 0.# 6$ 0.8 6$ 1.0 6$1.2 6 *d 1.5 6 %'h /er Cer re %Ce* %*'be " *d "". ?he &6e 6F be dA'ed r 'hedrA& * 'he d%&'r%b7'r%e& hC%* d%&/hre 1.5/76e/ *d be.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

38/119

!r drA& %* &%'F r /FeF &%& 'he%* 6d%/'%*& 6F be dA'ed(e&%* %r/7r M. 35180; d'ed2.2.19;8 .E.$ M..L. *&).

() !r drA& 1.5 6 *d bCe$ r d%&/hre&$ %*& *d re'7r*& 6F be

ArC%ded.(b) !r drA& e&& 'h* 1.5 6 he%h' *d

d%&/hre bCe 1 /76e/$ %*& *dre'7r*& 6F be ArC%ded.

!%* re 'he re/66e*d'%*& 'heExAer' 66%''ee& * de&%* drA& *d%&'r%b7'rF &F&'e6.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

39/119

() !r drA& %'h he%h' e&& 'h* r eq7 '0.#0 6 *d d%&/hre e&& 'h* 50 /7&e/$7*>76ed /re 'FAe drA& 6F be

ArC%ded.

(b) !r drA& %'h he%h' 6re 'h* 0.#0 6 *dd%&/hre be'ee* 50 *d 100 /7&e/$7*>76ed Cer'%/ drA& %'h %*& *dre'7r*& 6F be ArC%ded.

(/) !r drA& %'h d%&/hre& 6re 'h* 100/7&e/$ &'r%h' >76ed drA& 6F be ArC%ded.Where >76%* r'% & Aer /de ArC%&%*/7d *' be dA'ed r drA& he%h' e&&'h* 0.#0 6$ 7*>76ed Cer'%/ r 7*>76ed/re 'FAe drA 6F be ArC%ded.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

40/119

TA'LE N; I

DETAILS OF COMPONENTS OF

VERTICAL TYPE DROPS $ITH

D"/

?0-@

,

(/

B)

H

,@

?.

-

+

D

,+

.?

/

".

,-

8

,

D!

S

';

L

(

)

L,

8@.?

/-,

".

(L.;

)

T?

-0.

.

?

('

.;)

D,+.? /-,".

, U!S T;E;L (D)

H,

@?.

/-,

".

0

,

U!S

';L

(D1

)

'

.

.

B

.

?

-

+

0

(L

$

)

L,

8

@.?

0+

-

8

(L

0)

$

.?

0+

-

8

(

$

0)

T?

/9

8,""

0+

-

8

(.0

)

1.5 '

1.0

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.5

0.15

0.1;

0.19

0.22

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.3

4e

d

%

d'

h*

,

0.80

0.80

0.90

1.10

3.

3.8

.2

.;

4e

d

0.#0

0.#5

0.#5

0.;0

0.#

0.8

0.12

0.1

0.#

0.#

0.#0

0.;0

2.;3.1

0.#0

0.#0

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

41/119

THAN 1;5 CUMEC AND HEIGHT OFDROP LESS THAN 1;5 B

D"/?

0-@,

(/B

)

H,@?.

-+

D,+.?

/".,-8

,

D!S ';L

()

L,8

@.?

/-,"

.

(L.;)

T?-

0.

.

?

('.;)

D,+.?

/-,".

,

U!S

T;E;L

(D)

H,@

?.

/-,".

0

, U!S

';L

(D1)

'

..

B

.

?

-

+

0

(L

$)

L,

8@

.?

0+

-

8

(L0

)

$

.?

0+-

8

($0

)

T?/9

8,""

0+-

8 (.0)

1.5 '

1.0

0.8 1.0 1.2

1.5

0.15 0.1;

0.19 0.22

0.8

0.3

0.8

0.3

4ed%d'h

*

, r

h%/h

eCer

%& e&&

& Aer

r67

e

&

Aer

r67

e

0.80

0.80

0.90

1.10

3.

3.8

.2

.;

4ed

%d'

h *

0.#0

0.#5

0.#5

0.;0

1.0 '

0.5

0.# 0.8 1.0

1.2 1.5

0.12 0.1

0.1# 0.18

0.21

0.# 0.#

0.8 0.8

0.8

0.#00.;0

0.80

0.90

1.10

2.;

3.13.5

3.8

.

3

0.#00.#0

0.#0

0.#5

0.;0

0.5 '

0.1

0.# 0.8 1.0

1.2 1.5

0.10 0.12

0.1 0.15

0.1;

0.# 0.#

0.# 0.8

0.8

0.#0

0.;0

0.80

0.90

1.00

2.

2.8

3.2

3.5

.0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#5

0.;00.#0 2.0 0.#0

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

42/119

!"G.19

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

43/119

TA'LE N; II

T0, "?8@ "/?0-@," 08 ,+.?

/-,". , U!S T;E;L; - ,-./0 .*+,-+" .? -,/.08@0- +,88@ 08-,, 0;

%&/hre N = 1.835 4' ( L')1# 32%*

/76e/ r = O(N 4') x (L'1#

1.835)P35%* 6e'er&

D"/?0-@, +,-

M,.,- -8 /-,".

0 ;,;= !'.

D,+.? /-,". (D) , U!S

T;E;L; 8 B,.,-" - ,8@.?

/-,". L.

76e/ 0.# 6 0.8 60.10 0.1## 0.1;20.15 0.212 0.218

0.20 0.252 0.259

0.25 0.288 0.29#

0.30 0.321 0.3310.35 0.352 0.3#20.0 0.383 0.393

0.5 0.09 0.220.50 0.3# 0.9

0.55 0.#2 0.;5

0.#0 0.3; 0.5010.#5 0.511 0.52#

0.;0 0.53 0.590.;5 0.55# 0.5;3

0.80 0.5;8 0.595

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

44/119

r = O(N 4') x (L'1# 1.835)P35%* 6e'er

here 4'= W%d'h /re&' = * 4ed %d'h

%* 6e'er&L' = Le*'h /re&' * x%& /* %*

6e'er&

N./? .*+, -+:(?rAe%d Qe/'*7r)

& Aer "rr%'%* 6*7 bF W.R E%&.

e&%* Ar/ed7re:

1) !r h d%&/hre$ *d 7' !... ,&7F %'

%& 0.; !...2) /7'%*& *. *'/he&:

M. *'/he& = 4ed %d'h

1.5 x !

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

45/119

J%de E6Aer%/ r7e M. Ae M. 229 "rr%'%* Ar/'%/e S E*%*eer%*< bF

E'/heCerrF)!%*d d%&/hre Aer *'/h %.e.$ = N

M. *'/he&.

%' eCe drA = , 4L

3) !r ree *'/he&:

&e ":

!r ree *'/h$ 'he eq7'%* 7&ed r *d%*

7' *'/h d%6e*&%*& %&N = 2.9# d32(L + 0. d *)

Where : N = d%&/hre %* /76e/

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

46/119

= ?he /eT/%e*' d%&/hre *'/h =0.;0

d = deA'h 'er %* 6e're& Cer &% 'he*'

L = %d'h 'he hr%*' &% 'he *'/h%* 6

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

47/119

Where E = 'he &7b6er&%* deA'h '% 'erCer 'he &% 'he *'/h.

N$ $ d$ L$ * re 'he &6e & %* 'he /&e ".

!%*d L *d * bF 7&%* 'he bCe eq7'%*& (ree r &7b6ered) r 7 &7AAF d%&/hre *dh &7AAF d%&/hre /*d%'%*&.

7b&'%'7'e 'he C7e& L *d * ' e' 'A%d'h *'/h %* 'he eq7'%* = L + *d.

)Le*'h drA be'ee* b7'6e*'&:

Le*'h drA be'ee* 'he b7'6e*'&

&h7d *' be e&& 'h* ;8'h 'he /* bed%d'h * 7A &'re6. HeCer %* Ar/'%/e$ 'hee*'h drA %& ArC%ded eq7 '7A&'re6 bed %d'h.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

48/119

(5) W%d'h *'/h A%er ' !L &h7d *' bee&& 'h* h 7A&'re6 !... d%>

1%&)Jr%7& /6A*e*'& 'he *'/h 'FAe drA%'h /re r d%Kere*' r*e& d%&/hre& %.e.$ 1.5 /76e/ ' 1 /76e/$ 1

/76e/ ' 0.5 /76e/$ 0.5 /76e/ ' 0.1/76e/$ 0.1 /76e/ *d be *d r Cr%7&he%h'& drA& %.e.$ 0.# 6$ 0.8 6$ 1.0 6$ 1.26 *d 1.5 6 %'h /er Cer re %Ce* %*

'be " *d "". ?he &6e 6F be dA'ed rdrA& * d%&'r%b7'r%e&X hC%* d%&/hre 1.5 /76e/ *d e&&.

!r drA& %* &%'F r /FeF &%& 'he %*

%) d d b

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

53/119

%). !r drA& 1.5 6 *d bCe$ r d%&/hre&$ %*& *d re'7r*& 6F beArC%ded.

(%%). !r drA& e&& 'h* 1.5 6 he%h' *dd%&/hre bCe 1 /76e/$ %*& *dre'7r*& 6F be ArC%ded.

TA'LE N; I (A)DETAILS OF COMPONENTS OF NOTCHTYPE DROPS $ITH CORE $ALL (FREEFALL) FOR DISCHARGES LESS THAN

1;5 CUMEC AND HEIGHT OF DROP LESSTHAN 1;5 B

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

54/119

D!S

D"/?0

-@, 8

CB

H,@?.

-+

? 8 B

N;

8./

?,"

D,.0" ,0/? 8./?

X /"?8

T?/98

,""

,8

+,-

T+

-+

0

L.

'..B

.?

-+

0

L,8@.?

-+

/-, 0

L,8@.

?

0+-8

(L0)

T?/98

,""

0+-8

(.0)

L L + *d

1 2 3 5 # ; 8 9 10 11 12

1.5 ' 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.51 1

1

Qeer

?be ""

()

Qeer

?be ""

()

-

-

0.09

0.#

0.#

0.#

0.#

0.#

0.#

1.3

1.

1.#

3.#

3.8

.0

0.;0

0.;5

0.;5

1.0 '

0.5

0.8 1.0 1.2

1.5

1 1

1 1

-

-

-

0.08

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

1.2

1.2

1.

1.#

3.2

3.

3.#

3.8

0.#5

0.;0

0.;0

0.;5

0.5 ' 0.10.# 0.8 1.0

1.2 1.5

1 1

1 1

1

-

-

-

-

0.0#

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.2

1.

2.

2.#

2.8

2.9

3.1

0.#0

0.#0

0.#5

0.;0

0.;5

0.1 *d

be

0.# 0.8 1.0

1.2 1.5

1 1

1 1

1

-

-

-

-

0.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.;

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.3

1.#

1.;

1.8

1.9

2.1

0.#0

0.#0

0.#0

0.#5

0.;0

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

55/119

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

56/119

TA'LE N; II (A)

T0, "?8@ .? N./?," 0. "

08 0. .+ 0-" "/?0-@," -N./? .*+, -+ .? -,, 0;

%&/hre 'hr7h e/h *'/h N (/76e/) %&%Ce* bF

N = 2.0#; d32(L+ 0. *d)Where d = eA'h > Cer &% (6e're&)

L = %d'h *'/h ' &% %* 6e're&

* = 2 '*Y here Y %& 'he *e 6de bFe/h 'he &%de& 'he *'/h %'h 'heCer'%/.

?A %d'h *'/h ' !..L = L + *d.

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

57/119

! 3!2$.? N./? 0.

" ,, B

$.? 8./? 0.

F;S;L B

2.2 0.5# 1.8

2.1 0.521 1.;#02.0 0.9# 1.#;#

1.9 0.;1 1.592

1.8 0.# 1.508

1.; 0.22 1.25

1.# 0.39; 1.31

1.5 0.3;2 1.25;

1. 0.3; 1.1;3

1.3 0.322 1.090

1.2 0.298 1.00#

1.1 0.2;3 0.922

1.0 0.28 0.838

0.9 0.223 0.;5

0.8 0.198 0.#;1

0.; 0.1; 0.58;

0.# 0.19 0.503

0.5 0.12 0.19

0. 0.099 0.333

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

58/119

N./? .*+, -+ .? /-, 0:

"* /re 'FAe$ 'he drA %& /6b%*ed

%'h &'r%h' $ h%/h %& ex'e*ded %*''he b*@& %'h ArAer @eF%*. ?here re *%*& S re'7r*& * 'he , *d &%de&.47' Ar* *d &%de Ar'e/'%* %'h

%*%* (be''er % d7be 'he *r6 'h%/@*e&&ArC%ded) %& ArC%ded.

%) !r67e dA'ed r r@%* 7' 'here/'*7r *'/h

N = 1.;08 Z L 0.1 *d[ d 32

Where * = *. *'/he&

L 'h 'h d % '

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

59/119

L = e*'h 'he drA %* 6e're&

d = deA'h 'er %* 6e'er& Cer 'he /re&' drA

%%) !r67e dA'ed r 'rAe%d *'/h %&&6e & d%&/7&&ed %* 'he AreC%7& /&e.

%%%) Le*'h Ar*$ 'h%/@*e&& Ar* *d

'er /7&h%* &6e & d%&/7&&ed %* 'heAreC%7& /&e ('rAe%d *'/h).

?he drA& /* be /6b%*ed %'h br%de&hereCer A&&%be. "* &7/h /&e& 'he/er*/e be'ee* &% drA ' de/@6F be ArC%ded & be:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

60/119

M = h1 (h& + 0.3 6) r6 /%C% e*%*eer%*h*d b@ C76e "" bF LEL"W\

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

61/119

OFF TAKE SLUICE:

]K '@e& re ArC%ded * 'he /*CeF*/e &F&'e6' %rr%'e 'he F/7' /%ed 7*der br*/h rd%&'r%b7'rF. & Aer Wrd 4*@ *r6&$ 'he 'erd%&'r%b7'%* &F&'e6 %& brdF /&&%ed &:

%) 7AAF &F&'e6 r /*CeF*/e &F&'e6.

%%) %&'r%b7'rF F&'e6.

1) S++* "*".,B - /8,*08/, "*".,B:

R%* /*$ br*/h /*& *d 6Ir& /rrF%* d%&/hre bCe 5.## /76e/ (200 /7&e/&) re

/*&%dered & &7AAF &F&'e6. ?heF % r7*/*'%*77&F. ?he d%&'r%b7'r%e& '@%* K r6'he&e hCe 'ed &'r7/'7re& % 'he /rrF%*/A/%'F %& 5.## /76e/ (200 /7&e/) *d bCe.

2) D

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

62/119

2) D".-.0-* "*".,B: ?he d%&'r%b7'r%e& hCe /A/%'F e&& 'h* 5.##

/76e/ (200 /7&e/&). ?he&e % r7* e%'her 7 r

/&ed. ?he 'er % be d%&'r%b7'edArAr'%*F 'hr7h 6d7e& (R r ]!R).M 'ed &'r7/'7re& % be 'here * 'hed%&'r%b7'rF &F&'e6.

"* 'he r&' re/h d%&'r%b7'rF$ &'*d%*Ce >76e h%/h %& 7&ed & 6e&7r%*deC%/e$ %& ArC%ded.

G0., < .09,":

?he&e 6F be e%'her: %) Qe/'*7r &q7re Ce*'& /Cered %'h Q..

&b r %%) %Ae&

R

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

63/119

R,/.08@0- ,8.": (1) % eCe: ?he &% ].? %& @eA' e%'her

' r bCe 'he 4L Are*' /*deAe*d%* * 'he r'% d%&/hre& %*d%&'r%b7'rF *d Are*' /*.

B ].?. d%&/hre '

Are*'

/* d%&/hre

He%h' &% &7%/e bCe 'he 4L

Are*' /* he* ! %* 'he Are*' /*%&:

bCe 2.1

6

2.1 ' 1.22

6

4e 1.22

6

15B *d bCe 0.0;5 - -

10B ' 15B 0.15 0.0;5

5B ' 10B 0.30 0.15 0.0;5 6

2B ' 5B 0.30 0.30 0.15 6

2B *d e&& 0.30 0.30 0.30 6

(2) D-8@ ?,0:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

64/119

(2) D-8@ ?,0:

(3) ?he dr%C%* hed ' ].?. %& rr%Ced ' *r6F/*&%der%* h &7AAF d%&/hre %* 'he Are*'

/* he* 'he 7 &7AAF d%&/hre >& %*' 'hed%&'r%b7'rF /h**e.() r%C%* hed = 7AAF eCe %* Are*' /* r

h &7AAF d%&/hre !L %* d%&'r%b7'rF

()?he !L K '@e /h**e %& e*erF xed ' 15/6 be 'he h &7AAF eCe Are*' /* r'he /h**e& '@%* K r6 6%* /* *dbr*/h /* *d ;.5 /6 r /h**e& '@%* K

r6 'he d%&'r%b7'r%e&. HeCer Ce*' F %&de&%*ed %'h 6%*%676 dr%C%* hed ;.5 /6 (3^)r A%Ae&. ?he eCe d%Kere*/e be'ee* 'he &% eCe*d .4.L. Are*' /* %& *e'%'ed bF ArC%*&7%'be *%'7d%* &Ae.

(3) V,8. 0*:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

65/119

(3) V,8. 0*:

() ?he Ce*' F r &q7re r re/'*7r/%r/7r Ce*'& %& //7'ed bF 'he r67e.

() N = d. . 2 H() = 2.;# H() Where N= %&/hre K '@e &7%/e %*

/76e/() d= 0.#2 r &q7re r re/'*7r Ae*%*&() = re %* &q6() H= r%C%* hed %* 6.

()?he Ce*' F r /%r/7r Ae*%*& %'h() = 0.;5 %& //7'ed bF 'he r67:() N = 3.322 . H

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

66/119

?he e*'h brre %& r@ed 7' %'hre&Ae/' ' 'he A&%'%* hed .

?he > /*d%'%* %* 'he brre %&deAe*de*' * /*d%'%* %* 'he ].?./h**e %66ed%'eF be 'he Ce*' F.

?EL& ' e*'r*/e *d ex%' brre re

//7'ed *d /he/@ed r &&76edeCe.

4) R;C;C; "0 8,- ?,0 0: "' %& de&%*ed ' %'h&'*d r 'he 6x

&'re&& ' 'he b''6 hed (re&'%*Cer 'he &b) %* dd%'%* ' %'& &ee%h'. ?he &b %& /*&'r7/'ed %* JQ R

20 rde %'h H\ br&.

(5) R C C "0 8,- ,0-.? 089:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

67/119

(5) R;C;C; "0 8,- ,0-.? 089:

"' %& de&%*ed r e%h' er'h Cer %' %*dd%'%* ' %'& &e e%h'. L%Ce d %&& ' be '@e* %*' /*&%der'%* r 'he&b 7*der %*&Ae/'%* A'h.

(6) T-08".8":?he , *d 'r*&%'%*& re ArC%ded%'h 1 %* 3 *d 1 %* 5 &AF re&Ae/'%CeF& Aer Ar/'%/e.

(7) S.8@ '0"8:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

68/119

(7) S.8@ '0"8: ?he 'FAe &'%%* b&%* ' be ArC%ded deAe*d& 7A*

'he Ce/%'F ' 'he e*'rF brre. " 'he e*'rF Ce/%'F

%& bCe #.1 6&e/. (20 '&e/) 'he brre >r %&deAre&&ed b'h r re/'*7r *d &q7re Ce*'& b&ed* 'he hFdr7%/ I76A //7'%*&. "* /&e *r6Ce/%'%e& h%/h re 'he rder 6 &e/ 'he >r %&' 'he &6e eCe *d 'he >r %& /he/@ed r r/h

/'%* r 'he 7A%' Are&&7re.

?he de&%* hFdr7%/ I76A b&%* r e*erFd%&&%A'%* rr*e6e*'& /* be ed r6 6

6&< bF ,..4.Q. r & Aer ".. 99; 19#8. !r&h'%* >&$ * %6A/' 'FAe b&%* - J" %'h Q...b_e %& ' be ArC%ded. ?he b_e %& ' bede&%*ed r 'he 6x%676 'er 'hr7&' %'h 50B%6A/' /'r he* 7 d%&/hre %& e' 7' %* 'he /*.

O . 9 .? ?

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

69/119

O < .09," .? ?B, ++,": (1)?he 6%*%676 d%6e'er r K '@e&

r6 6%* br*/h /* *dd%&'r%b7'r%e& %& & &:

R%* A%Ae

R%* 4r*/h

/*%&'r%b7'rF

0.906

%) 1.15 '2.83 /76e/

d%&/hre&

0.236 %%)2.83 /76e/

*d e&&

0.156

(2) L0*8@ O T P+,":

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

70/119

(2) L0*8@ O;T; P+,": ?he /*d%'%* F%* K '@e A%Ae&

&7/h & `Me'%Ce ArIe/'%* /*d%'%*^$*d `?re*/h /*d%'%*^ e'/.$ reeC*' ''he %*d%C%d7 /&e& re ed & Aer". ;83 1985 r F%* *d I%*'%*. !r

'he &ee/'%* ArAer &%e A%Ae r 'heCe*'&$ ". 58 %& ' be ed. C8.-8@ 0--08@,B,8." ?he %* /*'r%* rr*e6e*'&

re ed. ?FAe /*'r ' be dA'ed:

%) !r A%Ae &7%/e& #^ (150 66) d% *d be

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

71/119

%) !r A%Ae &7%/e& #^ (150 66) d% *d be*d Ce*'&

eq7%Ce*' re %'h !.. Are*' /**' ex/eed%* M /*'r

' (1.22 6). *d ].? d%&/hre 1.5 /& *de&&

(%%) !r A%Ae &7%/e& d%6e'er& bCe #^ *d7A' *d %*/7d%* 12^(300 66) %'h !.. Are*' /* *' 'e6 &h7''er ex/eed%* '(1.22 6).

%%%)!r &7%/e& here 'he ! %* 'he Are*'/* /re %& 6re 'h* ' (1.22 6) *d r&7%/e& rer Ce*'F&. er%* &h7''er

SEMI MODULAR OUTLETS

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

72/119

SEMI MODULAR OUTLETS

?he ExAer' 66%''ee (re 66%''ee) &7e&'ed 'ArC%de e6% 6d7r 7'e'& (7*'ed ) r 'he 7'e'&

%'h d%&/hre 0.5 /76e/ *d e&&$ '@%* K r6/h**e& hC%* d%&/hre e&& 'h* 25 /7&e/ (b7' 0.;/76e/)

D,8.8 ",B B0- .,." (J,,B,")

?he 7'e'& h&e d%&/hre %& %*deAe*de*' 'he'er eCe 'he 7'e' /h**e b7' deAe*d& * 'he'er eCe 'he d%&'r%b7'rF & * & 6%*%676

r@%* hed req7%red r 'he%r r@%* %& C%be. ?hed%&/hre 'hr7h &7/h * 7'e' % 'herere$ %*/re&e%'h 'he r%&e %* 'he d%&'r%b7'rF 'er &7r/e eCe *dC%/e Cer&. ?he /66* ex6Ae& 'h%& 'FAe 6d7e& re

1 ]Ae* !76e Rd7e (] !R)

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

73/119

1. ]Ae* !76e Rd7e (].!.R)

2. dI7&'be ]r%/e e6% 6d7e (.]..R)dI7&'be rAr'%* Rd7e (..R)

3. %Ae e6% - 6d7e -ree A%Ae 7'e' (..R)

1) O+,8 JB, B,:

"' %& e%r 'FAe 7'e' %'h /*&'r%/'ed 'hr'*d * exA*ded >76e * &%de. 7e '/*&'r%/'%*$ &7Aer /r%'%/ Ce/%'F %& e*&7red%* 'he 'hr' *d 'herebF %* r6'%*

I76A %* 'he exA*d%* >76e. ?he r6'%* HFdr7%/ I76A 6@e& 'he 7'e' d%&/hre%*deAe*de*' 'er eCe %* 'he 7'e'/h**e$ 'h7& 6@%* %' &e6% - 6d7e.

(2) A . O S M (A O S M)

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

74/119

(2) A".0, O-/, S,B > M, (A;O;S;M):

* dI7&'be r%/e &e6% - 6d7e /*&%&'& *

]r%/e ArC%ded %'h rd7F exA*d%* >76e *'he d& &%de 'he r%/e. ?he > 'hr7h 'her%/e %& &7Aer /r%'%/$ re&7'%* %* 'he r6'%* hFdr7%/ I76A %* 'he exA*ded >76e Ar'%*. ?he

r6'%* I76A 6@e& 'he d%&/hre %*deAe*de*' 'er eCe %* 'he 7' e' /h**e.

3) A".0, P-+-.80 M, (A;P;M):

?h%& 'FAe %& 'he 6&' /66*F 7&ed 7'e' %* 'h%&/&&. "* 'h%&$ 'he " r b/@ %& xed ' 'he /he/@A'e& bF b'&$ h%/h /* be re6Ced *d deA'h 7'e' dI7&'ed 'er 6&*rF r7*d %& d%&6*'ed

(4) P+, S,B > M, (P;S;M):

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

75/119

(4) P+, S,B M, (P;S;M): %Ae 7'e' d%&/hr%* reeF %*' '6&Ahere %&

'he &%6Ae&' *d 'he de&' 'FAe >ex%be

7'e'. ?he d%&/hre 'hr7h &7/h * 7'e' %deAe*d *F 7A* 'he 'er eCe 'hed%&'r%b7'rF *d % be %*deAe*de*' 'ereCe %* 'he 7'e' /h**e & * & 'he A%Ae %&d%&/hr%* reeF. ?h%& /* be ArC%ded here&7T/%e*' eCe d%Kere*/e be'ee* d%&'r%b7'rF*d 7'e' /h**e %& C%be.[

?he &7%'b%%'F 'he 'FAe 'he &e6% 6d7e7'e' %& de'er6%*ed b&ed * 'he r'% Are*'/* d%&/hre (N) ' 'he d%&/hre 'he 7'e' (q) *d 'he 'hr' %d'h (4') & de'%edbe.

%) r (Nq ) r = 20 *d 4 ' c # /6

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

76/119

%) r (Nq ) r = 20 *d 4 ' c # /6]Ae* !76e Rd7e( ]!R)

%%) r (Nq ) r = 20 *d 4 ' # /6dI7&'be rAr'%* 6d7e ( R )

%%%) r (Nq ) 20

" 'he bCe req7%re6e*'& d *' &7%' 'he&%'e /*d%'%*$ ArC%de A%Ae &e6% 6d7e(here A&&%be) %'h d%Ahr6 req7%red d%6e'er %*&er'ed ' 'he r&' I%*'.

?he 6%*%676 d%6e're A%Ae 7&ed % be150 66.

T?, 0, /8.8" 0-, -.?,-

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

77/119

T?, 0, /8.8" 0-, -.?,-,+08, 0" ,

rr%Ce ' 'he r'% Are*' /h**e 7'e' /h**e.

" %' %& r = 20$ &ee/' ]!R. /7'e 'he4' ( 'hr' %d'h )$ 7&%* e%r r67.

" 4' %& # /6 %' %& @.]'her%&e &ee/' ..R.

Wr@ 7' 'he 4' 7&%* 'he &7%/e r67

&e''%* 'he /re&' 7'e' ' e&& 'h* 0.80 r6 !L re*' h**e *ddI7&'%* 'he he%h' 7'e' Ae*%*.

" 4' = r # %' %& @

]'her%&e r A%Ae &e6% 6d7e (R)

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

78/119

]'her%&e r A%Ae &e6% 6d7e (R)$% %' %& A&&%be ' d &. he/@ rArAr'%*F

O+,8 JB, B,

%&/hre 'hr7h 'he 7' e' (q) %*/76e/ %& %Ce* bF 'he r67:

%&/hre 'hr7h 'he 7' e' (q) %*

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

79/119

%&/hre 'hr7h 'he 7' e' (q) %*/76e/ %& %Ce* bF 'he r67:

C '. G1;5

Where$

4'=?hr' %d'h %* X6X

G =eA'h 'er %* 'he re*' *Cer 'he /re&' %* X6 X

= , ! eA'h %* X6 X

= eT/%e*'

?he C7e %& dA'ed & 7*der :

4'

bCe # /6 S 7A' 9 /6 1.#0

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

80/119

bCe # /6 S 7A' 9 /6 1.#0

bCe 9 /6 S 7A' 12 /6 1.#

bCe 12 /6 1.##Le*'h ?hr' (re&' ) = 2 G

e''%* G =0.9 x $ here =7&7AAF deA'h %* 'he Are*' /*

R%*%676 6d7r r@%* Hed = 0.2G

re&' eCe = , !..L - 0.9

, AAr/h %*& ' 'he 'hr'*e 7rCed *d d%Cer%* *d *'her&'r%h'

exA*&%* AFed ' 1 %* 10 ' 6ee'

'he bed %d'h 7' e' /h**e

A".0, O-/, S,B M,

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

81/119

A".0, O-/, S,B M,(A;O;S;M) - A".0, P-+-.80M, (APM)

D"/?0-@, .?-@? .,. 8 /B,/;

4;&3 '. Y H"1!2

\ =He%h' Ae*%* %* 6e're&.

4' =?hr' %d'h (6%*%676 0.0# 6 )

G =eA'h 'er %* Are*' /* Cer

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

82/119

G =eA'h 'er %* Are*' /* Cer'he /re&' %* 6e're&

H&= eA'h ' 7*der &%de 'he r b/@be !L Are*' /*.

H&= G \ $ H& 0.80

F (23 ) G

e''%* /re&'$ G = 0.;50 x $ here = !7 &7AAF deA'h %* 'he Are*' /*

e''%* /re&' &h *' be be

4.L.R%*%676 6d7r hed H6 = 0.;5 H&r 6d7r%'F be'ee* 7 &7AAF *d*F r/'%* 7 &7AAF.

re&' eCe f , !L- 0 ;5

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

83/119

re&' eCe f , !L- 0.;5

Le*'h 'hr' = %d'h r b/@

+ G, &Ae /%& = /7rCe %'h rd%7&2G.

,& AAr/h %*& = *e /7rCed *d 'he

'her &'r%h'$ 'A ' !L + 0.15 6 exA*&%* = 1 %* 10 ' 6ee' bed

%d'h 7'e' /h**e

P+, ",B B,

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

84/119

P+, ",B B,

D,"@8 /-.,-0

?he d%&/hre 'hr7h A%Ae &e6% 6d7e%& %Ce* bF

N =d . (2 h/)12

Where d = 0.#2 r ree A%Ae 7' e'

h/ =hed * , bCe 'he /e*'re A%Ae

h/&h7d be 6re 'h* 1.5 '%6e& 'he d% 'he A%Ae ArA&ed.

?he bCe r67e /* be red7/ed 'N =0.#2 x (2x 9.81 ) (h/*')

=2.;# h/12

!r ree /*d%'%* &e' 'he ! L ]?

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

85/119

!r ree /*d%'%* &e' 'he !..L ]?h**e be 'he A%Ae &% eCe @eeA%*%* C%e 'he /66*d 7*der 'he A%Ae&7%/e ."' %& &%6Ae&' 'FAe *d 'he 7&er&% AAre/%'e.

T?-..8@ .?, ,8. 0* ,".8@

++, . ,.": (F-B ,"@8@,8," - ".-/.-, --@0.88,.-9 . ". . R$SS);

Whe* 'he ex%&'%* d%6e're A%Ae %&

6re 'h* req7%red 'he*$ ' red7/e 'he&%e 'he A%Ae &eeCe A%Ae %&%*'rd7/ed h&e d%6e're %& r@ed 7'bF eq7'%* Aer'%* hed ' 'he

h = % (J&2 2) + (J& JA )2 2 + x (LA A) x

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

86/119

h % (J& 2) + (J& JA) 2 + x (LA A) x(JA2 2) + (JA2 2)

Where$ % = 1$ L&& /eT/%e*' ' %*e'

LA= Le*'h A%Ae

= 1$ L&& /eT/%e*' ' ex%'

A= %6e're A%Ae = !r%/'%* && /eT/%e*' = 0.02

J& = Je/%'F %* &eeCe A%Ae

JA= Je/%'F %* 'he A%Ae

7b&'%'7'%* 'he C7e& %* 'he eq7'%* *d 7''he J&$ 'he* 'he re &eeCe A%Ae & !%*d7' 'he d% &eeCe A%Ae &= ( & 3.1)0.5.?he e*'h &eeCe A%Ae &h be 5 &

!"G 2

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

87/119

!"G.2

FLO$ MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

88/119

FLO$ MEASUREMENT STRUCTURES

GENERAL

rC%&%* g6e&7r%*&'r7/'7re&deC%/e&g &h /*r6 ' 'he%* 7%de %*e& %Ce* bF r% Q..Rh'r$ Wrd 4*@ *&7'*'.

6e&7r%* &'r7/'7re %& ' be ArC%dedd*&'re6 eCerF K-'@e 6Ir r6 'he6%* /* br*/h /*$ d%&'r%b7'rF r6 6Ir$ 6%*r r6 'he d%&'r%b7'rF *d &7b-

6%*r r6 'he 6%*r e'/. Re&7r%* &'r7/'7re %&& ' be ArC%ded ' K-'@e br*/h /*r6 'he 6%* /* *d & %* 'he 6%*/*&.

?FAe& 6e&7r%* &'r7/'7re& &h be brdF:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

89/119

FA Fg'*d%* WCe !76e&^ %* /*/re'e (W!) *dr&h !76e& S 7' ?hr' !76e& (?!) %*

ber && re%*r/ed A&'%/ 6'er% %'h 'he%rhd-&'& ' be e6bedded %* /*/re'e

&'r7/'7re&. '*d%* WCe !76e& 6F beArC%ded %* 'he 6%* S br*/h /*& 7'

?hr' !76e& r&h !76e& %* 'he6Ir&d%&'r%b7'r%e&$ h%e 7' ?hr' !76e&6F be ArC%ded %* 'he 6%*r&&7b-6%*r&. ?her&h *d 7' ?hr' !76e& %* ber &&re%*r/ed A&'%/ (!Q) 6'er% &h hCe

e*rCed 7e 6r@%*& %* /e*'%6e'er& &e & %* %'er&e/*d.

%C%&%* 4xe& &h be /*&'r7/'ed %* /*/re'e.L%@e%&e$ '7r*-7'& &h be /*&'r7/'ed %*

/*/re'e.

STANDING $AVE FLUME

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

90/119

STANDING $AVE FLUME '*d%* Ce >76e %& /r%'%/ deA'h

>76e. ?he d%&/hre 'hr7h 'h%& %&%*deAe*de*' 'er eCe *d*&'re6 *d Cr%e& %'h 'er eCe&* 7A&'re6. ?he hFdr7%/ behC%r %&

&6e & 'h' brd /re&'ed e%r.%*/e *F *e 7e red%* %& req7%red' be '@e* r 6e&7r%* 'he d%&/hre*d d7e ' e&e /*&'r7/'%*$ &'*d%*

Ce >76e& re re/66e*ded & >6e&7r%* deC%/e.

?he %* re 'he 'hree 'FAe& >76e& ArA&ed r dA'%*

1 '*d%* Ce >76e

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

91/119

1. '*d%* Ce >76e

2. '*d%* Ce >76e (&&/%'ed

%'h drA)3. Qe/'*7r 'hr' >76e (' bedA'ed * /*& hC%* d%&/hre e&&'h* 1 /76e/)

D,"@8 /-.,-0

?he de&%* %& & Aer ".#0#3 - 19;1gRe'hd 6e&7re6e*' > 'er

%* Ae* /h**e& 7&%* &'*d%* Ce>76e^

!"G.0

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

92/119

(1) D"/?0-@,

%&/hre 'hr7h &'*d%* Ce >76e (N ) %* /76e/ %& %Ce* bF

N = 2 2 . 4'. H32

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

93/119

N '

3 3

= 1.;05 . . 4'. H32

Where 4 ' = ?hr' %d'h %* 676e. ?he drA& d*&'re6 'he7'e'& 6F be de&%*ed & 'he &'*d%* Ce>76e $ hereCer *e/e&&rF.

D,"@8 /-.,-0

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

106/119

?he &'*d%* Ce >76e %& e&&e*'%F brd

/re&'ed e%r *d ": #0#2 - 19;1 gRe'hd 6e&7re6e*' > Ae* /h**e& 7&%*&'*d%* Ce >76e g *d gR*7 * /*&g bF e*'r W'er 66%&&%* re ed r'he de&%* &'*d%* Ce >76e . ?he de&%*

//7'%*& re &%6%r ' 'h' &'*d%* Ce>76e. ?he 6%* d%Kere*/e be'ee* 'he ' %& %*'he e*erF d%&&%A'%* rr*e6e*'&. "* 'he /&e *r6 &'*d%* Ce >76e$ hed && %&/*&%derbF *d de& *' req7%re *F &Ae/%e*erF d%&&%A'%* rr*e6e*'&. "* 'he /&e &'*d%* Ce >76e /6b%*ed %'h r drA$e*erF d%&&%A'%* rr*e6e*'& re ArC%ded &Aer 'he req7%re6e*'& r 'he &.

(1) %&/hre

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

107/119

%&/hre 'hr7h &'*d%* Ce >76e( N ) %* /76e/ %& %Ce* bF 'he eq7'%*%Ce* %* &7b-Ar (1) Ar #.1.1$ &%6%r' 'h' r &'*d%* Ce >76e %'h7'.

"* /&e$ A%er& re ArC%ded %* 'he >76e$'he d%&/hre %& %Ce* bF 'he r67:

N = 2 2 . (4 6b 2/6 H) H1.5

3 3Where N = d%&/hre %* /76e/

= eT/%e*' r%/'%* hC%* 'he

%* C7e&:

0.9; r N = 0.05 ' 0.30 /76e/

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

108/119

0.98 r N = 0.30 ' 1.50 /76e/

0.99 r N = 1.50 ' 15.0 /76e/1.00 r N = 15.0 /76e/ *d bCe

40 = ]Cer 'hr' %d'h %*/7d%* A%er&

6 = *. A%er&

b = 'h%/@*e&& e/h A%er

/ = /eT/%e*' /*'r/'%* hC%*C7e& 0.05 r A%er& %'h r7*d *&e

*d 0.0 r A%er& %'h A%*'ed *&e.H = hed Cer &% %*/7d%* Ce/%'F hed%Ce* bF eq7'%*

H = 1+ J2

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

109/119

15.2

Where 1= 7A&'re6 deA'h 'erCer &%$ *d J = Ce/%'F AAr/h

(2) H,@?. ?B+:

(3) T?-0. :

?he e*'h 'hr' %& eq7 ' 2.5 H. ?he'hr' %d'h %& //7'ed r6 'hed%&/hre r67 %* &7b-Ar (1) Ar

#.2.1.?he %d'h 'hr' &h *' be e&& 'h*1.5 H

(4) I8,. .-08".8:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

110/119

?he rd%7& (Q) 'he &%de & be 67'h

e*'r*/e &h7d be 3.# H 1.5. ?he /7rC'7re &h7d/*'%*7e '% %' &7b'e*d& * *e #00$r6here %' &h be /*'%*7ed '*e*'%F ' 6ee''he &%de 'he /h**e. HeCer he* 'he /7rCed

& 6ee' 'he &%de& /h**e he* %' &7b'e*d&* *e #00$ %' %& *' *e/e&&rF ' /*'%*7e 'he& 7r'her. ?he e*'h %*e' 'r*&%'%* (L1) 6Fbe 7*d 7' @*%* 41$ 42 *d 'he rd%7& be67'h e*'r*/e Q 7&%* 'he re'%*:

L1 = 2 Q - 41 4 0 41 40 22

Where 41= 7A&'re6 bed %d'h

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

111/119

/h**e

40= Cer 'hr' %d'h?he rd%7& /7rC'7re h76A (rh) %*

'he bed %& %Ce* bF 'he %*eq7'%*.

(rh) = L12+ U 2

2 U

Whe* 'he '' hed bCe 'he &'*d%*

Ce (W!) &% be/6e&/*&%derbe$ &F 1.2 6$ 'he he%h' h76A U< be/6e& %*&%*%/*' &/6Ared ' L1< & 'h' 'he rd%7&

5) D,"@8 G0/" :

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

112/119

?he /%& &h7d hCe &Ae 2:1/**e/'ed %'h 'he 'hr' 7A&'re6 bF

/7rCe rd%7& 2H *d %'h 'he /%&'er*d*&'re6 bF /7rCe rd%7& H. ?he &%de& &h7d be &'r%h' Cer /%& Ar'%*.W%'h &'eeAer /%& &Ae 2:1 *d re'er

&& hed$ ArAer exA*&%* &h7d beArC%ded. !r /*'r%* 'he %&&7%* >$Are &%de& &h7d be ex'e*ded d* ''he 'e /%& ed bF hFAerb%/

exA*&%* %* 'he /%&'er* 7&%* eq7'%*:4F 40 43 L

L 43- ( 4 3 - 4 ) F

Where$ 4F = %d'h ' *F d%&'*/e F

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

113/119

\ = d%&'*/e r6 be%* exA*&%*

hFAerb$40 = Cer 'hr' %d'h >76e ' 'he

/*'r/'ed &e/'%* (ex/7d%* A%er&)

43= bed %d'h d*&'re6 /h**e

L = e*'h /%&'er*

(6) C".,-8

?he /%&'er* %& ArC%ded ' 'he 'e 'he

/%&. ?he e*'h /%&'er* (L) Cr%e& r6 '%6e& ' # '%6e& 'he d*&'re6 !(d3) 'he /h**e deAe*d%* * 'he

*'7re &% %* 'he /h**e bed.

d3r &h%*e bed

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

114/119

L = 5 d3r d er'he* bed

# d3r &*dF bed

" 'he /h**e %& %*ed %'h $ e*'h /%&'er* 6F be '@e* & d3.

"* rder ' &'b%%e 'he >$ bed /%&'er*

&h7d be 6de &'eeAer %* 'he /e*'er bF 25B/6Ared ' 'he &%de&.

(7) C8.- /9"

? r& /*'r b/@&$ &'ered %* A*&h7d be ArC%ded d*&'re6 'he 'e 'he /%& %* 'he /%&'er*. ?he &%e 'he b/@&&h7d be & &:

He%h' (h) = 1# deA'h 'er %* 6%d

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

115/119

/%&'er*

Le*'h () = 1.5 ' 3 hW%d'h () = 23 h

er d%&'*/e be'ee* b/@& =

er d%&'*/e be'ee* r& =

?he r&' r b/@& &h7d be ' 3 ' 5'%6e& 'he he%h' 'he b/@& r6 'he 'e /%&.

) D,J,/.-

de>e/'r &h7d be ArC%ded ' 'hed*&'re6 e*d 'he /%&'er*.

%e de>e/'r:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

116/119

He%h' (h) = 112 deA'h 'er %* 6%d/%&'er*

W%d'h () = h

GA %* 'he de>e/'r = h

"*'er* A& = h

hr' & &6e he%h' &h7d be A/ed/&e ' 'he 7A&'re6 A&.

(%) G0@, ,

RECTANGULAR THROAT FLUME:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

117/119

?he d%&/hre %* Ae* /h**e 6F be6e&7red bF 6e*& >76e. *&%&'%*e&&e*'%F /*'r/'%*& %* 'he &%de& *d r b''6 'he /h**e r6%* 'hr'.

Whe* 'he d%6e*&%*& re &7/h 'h' /r%'%/> //7r& %* 'he d*&'re6$ (%* 'herrd& %' %& ree >%*) d%&/hre /* bede'er6%*ed r6 'he &%*e 7A&'re6 deA'h

6e&7re6e*'. ?h%& deC%/e %& /ed `r%'%/eA'h Re&7r%* !76e g.?h%& &'r7/'7re 6Fbe dA'ed r 6e&7r%* &6er d%&/hre&e&& 'h* 1 /76e/.

D,"@8 /-.,-0:

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

118/119

() Qe/'*7r 'hr' %'h h76A

(b) Le' X\X be 'he deA'h > *d Ce/%'Fbe gJg 6&e/ %* 'he *r6 &e/'%*. ?he*'' e*erF

hed %& eq7 ' deA'h > *d d7e '

Ce/%'F AAr/h %.eE = \ + J2 2

?@e 'he C7e 2 eq7 ' 19.2

"* Qe/'*7r &e/'%* $ /r%'%/ deA'h (\/)

%& eq7 ' ' 'h%rd& 'he ?' E*erF

hed $%.e \/ = 23 E

?he 'hr' %d'h %& r@ed 7' bFd%&/hre eq7'%* h%/h %& % e* &

7/25/2019 Ch. V Ramaiah (1)

119/119

d%&/hre eq7'%* $ h%/h %& %Ce* && :-

N = 23 23 x . . b . H1.5 = 1.;05

b H1.5

here = /-eT/%e*' r%/'%* =

0.9;b= 'hr' %d'h

H = \/ = deA'h > ' /r%'%/ &e/'%*

Le*'h 'he /re&' %& eq7 ' 2H.