CH. 9 LEARNINGReview PPTPut the PPT in Presentation mode to see the question and then click for the answer

• A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience is the process of

Learning

• B.F. Skinner has been the most influential in the development of

Operant Conditioning

• Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?• Food, money, attention, or approval

food

• B. F. Skinner suggests that people develop superstitions because they have been

Reinforced to believe them

• Always wearing a lucky shirt on a date is an example of what kind of behavior

Superstitious

• A certain amount of time must elapse between the last reinforced response and the next that will be reinforced

• What is the schedule called?

Fixed-Interval

• A technique that teaches complex behaviors by first reinforcing small steps toward the behavior goals is

Shaping

• True or false Operant condition is involuntary

False

• True or False In operant conditioning, the animal’s behavior is active

True

• Involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by this type of conditioning

Classical

• Which one of the following is an example of secondary reinforcement?

• Air, food, money, water

Money

• Any consequence that causes repetition of the behavior that brought it about is defined as a

Consequence

• Which kind of schedule are Las Vegas slot machines programmed to deliver reinforcment?

Variable-ratio

• A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus is called a

Conditioned response

• In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus does not result in a conditioned response then what has occurred?

Extinction

• The law of effect was originated by

• Edward Thorndike

• If a stimulus is observed to increase the probability of recurrence of a behavior it follows, this kind of reinforcement is being used

Positive

• In operant conditioning, the reward follows the

Behavior

• Man most associated with classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

• What occurs when a pigeon that has been trained to peck at a circle also pecks at an oval

• generalization

• What person is most associated with Observational Learning?

Albert Bandura

• A person’s mouth watering at the thought of a meal is an

Unconditioned response

• Reinforcement of a behavior each time the behavior occurs is what type of reinforcement

continuous

• An unpleasant consequence that decreases the frequency of the response that was produced it is called

Punishment

• Individuals who believe that no matter what they do their actions make no difference are exhibiting

Learned helplessness