Ch 8 Chemical Industry Tc

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1. PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS AND THEIR USES 1. An alloy can be a mixture of several metals or a mixture of metals and non-metals. Foreign atom Examples of alloys ,their composition and uses

Alloy Composition Properties Examples of uses

Duralumin

Aluminium - 95 % Copper - 4 % Other metals -1 %

Light Resistant to corrosion

Used in aircraft construction

Bronze Copper - 88 % Tin -12 %

Hard resistant to corrosion

Medals , coins, statue

Pewter Tin -97 % antimony & copper - 3 %

Shiny, resistant to corrosion

i ornaments ii medals

Steel Iron 99 % Carbon 1 %

Hard Resistant to corrosion

construction such as building, bridge and car bodies

Brass Copper -75 % Zinc - 25 %

Strong Shinning Resistant to corrosion

i electrical fittings ii ornaments iii musical instruments

Superconductor Alloy

1. Characteristics of superconductor:

has very small electrical resistance.

It produces less heat when electrical current passes through.

Avoid wastage of energy

It is very light

Produces magnetic power that is stronger than the magnet 2. Superconductor alloy is used in the bullet trains.

2. PRODUCTION AND USES OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTRY

1. Ammonia is a colourless , pungent gas 2. Ammonia is highly soluble in water forming ammonium hydroxide

Uses of ammonia

Synthetic fertilizer, Nitric acid, Cleaning agent. Colouring, Preventing latex clotting Explosive materials

The Production of Ammonia in Industry

1. Ammonia is mass produced through a process called Haber process. 2. The process was introduced by a chemist named Fritz Haber 3. The chemical reaction for the production of ammonia is as follows:

4. Haber process involves mixing nitrogen and hydrogen gases at a ratio of 1:3

Hydrogen + Nitrogen Ammonia

CHAPTER 8 : CHEMICALS IN INDUSTRY

Pure metal atom

2. In general, the properties of alloys are:

Stronger and harder than pure metals

Resistant to corrosion

Have better appearance


5. The conditions to produce optimum amount of ammonia are:

Moderate temperature 4500C 500

0C

High atmospheric pressure - 200 atm

Presence of catalyst - iron 6. Industrial uses of ammonia:

In the manufacturing of ammonium salt fertilisers

In the manufacture of nitric acid 7. In industry, urea is manufactured from the reaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia 8. ammonia + carbon dioxide urea + water

3. EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL 1. Pollutions results when harmful substances are released into the natural environment as a result of irresponsible human activities 2. The main sources of pollution from industrial activities are:

a) burning of fossil fuel b) harmful industrial toxic waste c) agricultural waste d) radioactive waste

A. Burning of fossil fuels 1. Examples of fossil fuel are:

petroleum

coal

natural gas 2. Pollutants due to burning of fossil fuels are:

Sulphur dioxide

Carbon monoxide

Nitrogen dioxide 3. The effects of pollutants due burning of fossil fuels:

Acid rain

Green house effect

Decreasing quality of air and water

Decreasing the photosynthetic rate in green plants B. Harmful industrial toxic waste 1. Examples of industrial toxic waste:

Acid and alkali

Nitrate compounds

Phosphate

Heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium 2. The effects of these toxic wastes are:

a) change of pH value of water that can harm aquatic lives b) increase of mineral contents in rivers, lakes and sea that can affect the equilibrium of the aquatic ecosystem c) destruction of the respiratory system, central nervous system and immune system which can be fatal

C. Agricultural waste 1. Organic waste from agricultural-based industries are:

Palm oil

Rubber 2. The effects of organic waste:

It will decay and release toxic gases into the environment

Organic waste that are channeled into the river will destroy the aquatic life


D. Radioactive waste 1. Examples of radioactive waste:

Nuclear weapon industry

Nuclear substances from nuclear reactor 2. Exposure to radiations may cause:

Cancer, Growth defects in children, Infertility in adults and death

Methods of Controlling Industrial Waste Disposal

Use of technology

Legislation

Education Method of disposing industrial wastes

Types of industrial waste Method

Toxic waste Oxidation pool to carry out biological and chemical processes

Carbon monoxide High chimney with electrostatic comparator

Acidic gas ( sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide )

The use of air cleaning system

Radioactive Store in a container made of thick layer of lead followed by standard disposal procedure

Solid waste of oil palm Processed to make fuel or food for livestock

Preservation and Conservation of the Environment Effects of pollution

Types of pollution Effects on environment and human being

Water pollution Water becomes toxic

Death .

Air pollution Lung diseases

Acid rain

Thermal pollution Harmful to aquatic life

Increase the surrounding temperature

Radioactive pollution Genetic diseases such as cancer, growth disability and

infertility

Pollution can also cause the following phenomena

Phenomenon Effects on environment and human beings

Greenhouse effect

Sea level rises because of the melting of ice at the poles

The size of desert increases

Ozone layer Skin cancer, cataract

Acid rain Extinction of species, corrosion of man-made structures

Haze Problems with respiratory system

Among the importance of practicing proper ways of disposing industrial wastes are: a) the industrial waste will not harm our health b) to protect the flora and fauna c) to ensure the continuity of the next generation


PAPER 1

1 Which of the following process is to increase the hardness of metal?

A. Alloying B. Electrolysis C. Polymerisation D. Crystallization

2. What is an alloy?

A. A metallic compound B. A mixture of two elements C. A mixture of metal and another metal D. A mixture of two or more non-metals

3. Substance X is a mixture of two metals. What is substance X?

A. An alloy B. An element C. A compound D. An electrolyte

4. Why is brass an alloy ?

A. It is soft B. It is malleable C. Resistant to corrosion D. Contains metal and non-metal

5. Which of the following is the property of alloy compared to metal?

A. Harder B. Malleable C. More heavy D. Less resistant to corrosion

6. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

What is the function of carbon atoms ? A. To reduce the boiling point B. To make metal more corrosive C. Prevent electric flow in metal atoms D. Prevent layers of metal atoms from sliding

Carbon atom

Iron atom


7. Which alloy is suitable for constructing a tall building?

A. Steel B. Brass C. Bronze D. Duralumin

8. Which of the following is the content of stainless steel?

A. Copper and iron B. Carbon and zinc C. Chromium, nickel and iron D. Chromium, iron and carbon

9. The following information shows the properties of alloy K.

Which of the following product can be made from K? A. Coins B. Bridges C. Jewelleries D. Musical instruments

10. What is the special property of an alloy which is suitable for making aircraft

body? A. Hard and heavy B. Light and strong C. Shiny and strong D. Low in density and shiny

11. Which of the following alloys is suitable for making aircraft body?

A. Steel B. Pewter C. Bronze D. Duralumin

12. Steel is harder and stronger than iron. Which of the following properties causes the atoms of steel not properly

arranged?

A. Same size B. Different size C. Same density D. Different density

Strong, shiny Resistant to corrosion Contain 75% copper and 25% zinc


13. Bronze is harder and stronger than copper. What is the function of foreign atoms in bronze?

A. Increase the melting point of copper B. Increase the force of attraction between copper atoms C. Stop the copper atoms from vibrating at their fixed position D. Stop the rows of copper atoms from sliding over one another

14. Which of the following substances have no resistance to the flow of

electricity?

A. Alloys B. Metals C. Non-metal D. Superconductors

15. What is superconductor alloy?

A. A substance which is good conductor of heat B. A substance which has an efficient current flow C. A substances with zero resistance at a high temperature D. A substance with an electrical resistance that is directly proportional to temperature

16. Anis mother realized that her gold ring can easily bent.

How can she harden it? A. Add more gold to it B. Melt and remould it C. Knock it to its original shape D. Melt it and add other elements to it

17 . Which of the following elements are the components of brass?

A. Tin and lead B. Lead and copper C. Copper and zinc D. Copper and carbon

18. What is the purpose of adding carbon to iron in the manufacture of steel ?

A. Lower the melting point B. Make the metal even softer C. Prevent the flow of electric current among the atoms D. Prevent the iron atoms from sliding among one another

19. What are the main metals that make up pewter?

A. Tin and iron B. Tin and lead C. Copper and zinc D. Tin and antimony and copper


20. What is the function of the added foreign atoms in an alloy?

A. To give off radiation when the alloy is hot B. To reacts chemically with the pure metal atoms C. To help to increase the vibration among the metal atoms D. To prevent the layer of pure metal atoms from sliding among themselves

21. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in alloy X.

What is alloy X? A. Steel C. Bronze B. Brass D. Duralumin

22. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in substance Z.

What is the function of the added atoms? A. The added atoms are harder B. The added atoms increase the force among the metallic atoms C. The added atoms stop the rows of metallic atoms from sliding D. There is a strong force among the added atoms and the metallic atoms

23. The following table shows alloys and their uses

Which of the following pairs is true?

Alloy Uses

A. Duralumin Aircraft bodies

B. Brass Bridge and building

C. Pewter Medal and swords

D. Steel Mugs and ornaments

24. What is the name of the process to produce ammonia in an industry?

A. Haber process B. Contact process C. Reversible process D. Refining process

Added atom

Carbon atom

Iron atom


25. The equation below shows process to produce ammonia. Nitrogen + hydrogen ammonia

What is the ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen? A. 3 : 1 B. 1 : 3 C. 2 : 1 D. 3 : 2

26. Which of the following is the source of nitrogen used in manufacturing

ammonia?

A. Air B. Water C. Acid amino D. Natural gas

27. Which of the following catalyst is used in the production of ammonia ?

A. Iron filling B. Nickel sheet C. Platinum filling D. Vanadium filling

28. What is the use of ammonia in industry?

A. Production of alloy B Production of nitric acid C. Coagulation of rubber latex D. As a catalyst in production of sulfuric acid

29. The information below shows the industrial products made from substance P.

What is substance P? A. Urea B. Alcohol C. Nitrogen D. Ammonia

Detergent Fertilizer

Nitric acid


30. Which of the combination can optimize the production of ammonia in the industry?

A. Pressure B. Temperature C. Pressure and temperature D. Pressure , temperature and catalyst

31. The following equation shows the production of substance X.

What could substance X? A. Urea B. Ammonium salt C. Ammonium nitric D. Ammonium nitrate

32. Which of the following needs to be added to ammonium solution to produce

ammonium nitrate salt?

A. Nitric acid B. Sodium nitrate C. Hydrochloric acid D. Potassium hydroxide

33. Which of the following is used to react with ammonia to produce urea?

A. Oxygen B. Nitrogen C. Hydrogen D. Carbon dioxide

34. Which of the following is true about urea?

A. It is not soluble in water B. It is used to make plastic C. It is important nitrogenous fertilizer D. It is convertible to ammonia and oxygen

35. Which of the following are the uses of ammonia?

A. Making fertilizer, candle B. Making nitric acid, detergent C. Making plastic , sulfuric acid D. Making nitric acid , sulfuric acid

Ammonia + Nitric acid X


36. Choose the correct match between industrial wastes and the method of controlling them.

Industrial wastes Methods of controlling

A Radioactive wastes Recycle

B Toxic wastes Flow out to the river

C Oil palm Open burning

D Soot and dust Electrostatic precipitator

37. Which of the following gases is released by the burning of fossil fuels that

contributes to the formation of acid rain? A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide C. Sulphur dioxide D. Carbon monoxide 38. Why is radioactive wastes have to be disposed properly ?

A. Attract microorganisms B. Still release nuclear energy C. Decay and release harmful radiation D. React with other elements to produce poisons

39. Which of the following methods is the most suitable to dispose radioactive

wastes?

A. Exposing to sunlight B. Burying underground C. Burning in a closed chamber D. Treating with microorganism

40. Which of the following is the major source of carbon monoxide

pollutant in air?

A. Burning fossil fuel B. Disposal of agricultural wastes C. Disposal of radioactive wastes D. Decomposition of chemical wastes

41. Which of the following air pollutants reduces the ability of blood in oxygen

transport ?

A. Carbon dioxide B. Sulphur dioxide C. Nitrogen dioxide D. Carbon monoxide

42. Which of the following substances will cause the greenhouse effect ?

A. Ozone B. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrogen dioxide D. Carbon monoxide


43. Which of the following situation is cause by greenhouse effect ?

A. Atmospheric temperature decrease B. Atmospheric temperature increases C. Plant gradually cover the whole earth surface D. Only green light can pass through the atmosphere of the earth

44. Overuse of pesticides and fertilizer in an agricultural area will pollute the

water source nearby. What is the effect of this pollution on the water source and aquatic life?

A. The water become cloudy B. The water temperature increases C. The quantity of oxygen decreases D. The water becomes poisonous to aquatic life

45. Which of the following methods is used to control pollution of the environment?

A. The use of leaded petrol B. Disposal untreated chemical waste C. The burning of industrial wastes in the open area D. The fixing of electrostatic precipitators at the factories

46. What is the effect of improper radioactive waste disposal to humans?

A. Causes mutation B. Causes lung cancer C. Causes heart disease D. Causes brain retardation

47. Which of the following methods is the most effective way to reduce the

disposal of pollutant to the environment ?

A. Law enforcement B. Educate the people C. Advertise how to dispose industrial waste D. Treat industrial waste using latest technology

48. Which of the following promotes the growth of algae?

A. Mining industry B. Weapon industry C. Chemical industry D. Agricultural industry


49. The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

Which of the following pairs represents atoms X and Y?

Atom X Atom Y

A Copper Tin

B Iron Carbon

C Aluminium Copper

D Zinc Iron

50. How can a sheet of soft pure iron can be made stronger and harder?

A. By adding acid B. By knocking it hard C. By adding more pure iron D. By melting it and adding some carbon

Atom X

Atom Y


PAPER 2

SECTION A 1. Diagram 1 shows the experiment to study the properties of alloy.

DIAGRAM 1

a) Based on the observation of the experiment, state the hypothesis.

(1M)

b) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Manipulated variable : .. ii) Responding variable :

.. (2M

c) Steel spoon is an alloy. State the operational definition of alloy.

(1M)

Iron spoon becomes dull after three day // different types of spoon

appears differently

Types of spoon // iron spoon and steel spoon

The appearance of spoon // brightness of the spoons

Alloy is a substance that does not change its appearance when immersed in sodium chloride solution // Alloy is a substance which can maintain the brightness and shiny

when immersed in sodium chloride solution

Iron spoon Steel spoon

Bright and shiny

Become dull Bright and shiny

After 3 days

Sodium chloride solution


2. Diagram 2 shows three samples of water from different sources

DIAGRAM 2

a) What is the observation from the experiment? . .

(1 Mark) b) What is the inference from the observation?

. ..

(1 Mark)

c) State the variables

i) Manipulated variable : ii) Responding variable :.

iii) Constant variable :. (3 Marks)

Can X Can Y Can Z

Source of water // Type of water

pH value

Tap water pH 7

River water near factory

pH 5

Sea water pH 6

Tap water has pH 7 ,river water near factory with pH 5 and

sea water pH 6

River water near the factory is more acidic than tap

water and sea water.

Volume of water


3. Diagram 3 shows an experiment to compare the hardness of iron and steel. 1 kg load is dropped on to the ball bearing on each block from the same height. The dent on each block then measured.

DIAGRAM 3 Table 3 below shows the dent area on the block when the loads are dropped.

Types of block The dent area on the block

Iron 10mm

Steel 5 mm

TABLE 3

a) From Table 3, write an observation when 1 kg load are dropped on the block.

.. (1M)

b) State the variables in this experiment.

i) Controlled variable :

(1M)

ii) Manipulated variable :

(1M)

c) Based on observation, state one inference that can be made.

.. (1M)

d) Give one reason, why metals are made into alloys?

(1M)

1kg 1kg

Iron block Steel block

Load

Ball bearing

The area of the dent formed on iron block is bigger than on steel block

Mass of load// size of load

Types of block// iron block and steel block

The stronger metal will have smaller dent //

The steel block is harder than the iron block

To increase the hardness//to make it more resistant to corrosion


SECTION B

1. Table 4 shows number of pure atoms and foreign atoms in the copper and bronze.

Metal Number of pure

atom Number of

foreign atom Arrangement of atom

Copper

20

0

Bronze

20 2

TABLE 4

a. Draw the arrangement of atoms in bronze on Table 4. (1M)

b. What is the purpose of adding foreign atoms in bronze?

..

(1M)

c. Give one other property of bronze.

. (1M)

d. State the composition of atoms in bronze.

..

(1M)

e. Tick (/) the instruments that made from bronze. (1M)

Champion

To prevent bronze atoms from sliding // The bronze becomes stronger

Looks more attractive // harder

Copper and tin


2. Diagram 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in steel.

DIAGRAM 5 a. Name the metal X and metal Y

i) Metal X : ... ii) Metal Y : .

(2M)

b. i) State one property of steel.

. ii) Give one use of steel. ..

(2M) c. Superconductor alloy is used in flow of electricity. Give one properties of superconductor alloy.

(1M)

3. Diagram 6 shows Haber process to produce ammonia in industry.

DIAGRAM 6 a) Label substance R in Diagram 6. (1M)

R : Hydrogen

NITROGEN

AMMONIUM

Temperature 450oC

Catalyst S

Atom of metal X

Atom of metal Y

carbon

iron

Hard / strong // resistant to corrosion construction//building//bridge//car bodies

To make construction / building / bridge / car bodies

Flow electricity without resistant // zero resistance

// very small resistance


b) i) Name the catalyst S.

ii) What is the function of catalyst?

(2M)

c) State the source of nitrogen in this process.

(1M)

d) This process release heat energy . Name the type of reaction involved. (1M)

e) State one use of ammonia.

(1M)

SECTION C

1. Your father wants to build a wooden house. He needs some nails to fix it. His friend told that steel nails are better because they do not rust easily. Your father is curious to find out the difference of corrosion between the iron nails and steel nails.

You help your father to do an experiment . You are given a steel nail, an iron nail and sodium chloride solution.

(a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement (1M)

(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in 1 (a) on the following criteria. i) Aim of the experiment (1M) ii) Identification of variables (2M) iii) List of apparatus and materials (1M) iv) Procedure or method (4M) v) Tabulation of data (1M)

To speed up reaction//to increase the rate of reaction

Iron / iron filling

In air / atmosphere

Exothermic reaction

To make fertilizer // explosive//paint // manufacture of nitric acid


ANSWER

2. a) i) State two differences of alloy and pure metal. ii) Give one example of alloy and metal. ( 4M )

a) You are given two types of metal as shown in diagram 7.

DIAGRAM 7

Choose the most suitable metal for built of construction such as bridge and building. Explain your choice based on the following aspects:

Aim of the choice

Explanation on the advantages of each type of metal

List the type of metal according to its priority

The reason for your choice (6M)

STEEL

a) Hypothesis : The steel nail is more resistant to corrosion than iron nail. b) i)) Aim of experiment : To study the resistant of steel nail and iron nail to corrosion. ii) Variables : Manipulated : Types of nail//iron nail, steel nail Responding : Resistant to corrosion Fixed : Volume / concentration of sodium chloride iii) List of apparatus and materials : sodium chloride solution,

steel nail, iron nail, test tube iv) Method 1. An iron nail and a steel nail are put into two test tubes.

1. 5 ml sodium chloride solution is added into each test tube. 2. The test tube are left for three days. 3. After three days , observation is recorded.

v)Tabulation of data:

Type of nail Corrosion of nail

Steel

Iron

BRONZE IRON


ANSWER

3. a) Give three effects of toxic waste and one example of toxic waste from the rubber industry. ( 4M )

b) Diagram 8 shows three type of substances.

DIAGRAM 8

You are required to develop a concept of an alloy. Your answer should be based on the following aspects:

Identify two common characteristics of an alloy

Develop an initial concept of an alloy

Give one example of an alloy and one which is not an alloy. Give reason for each example.

Build the real concept of alloy. ( 6M )

a) i) Differences between pure metal and alloy

Pure metal Alloy

Hard Harder

Not resistant to corrosion Resistant to corrosion

ii) Example of pure metal : iron / copper / silver / (any metals) Example of alloy : steel / brass / bronze / pewter / duralumin b) Aim of choice : To determine the most suitable metal for built of construction such as bridge and building.

Advantages of each metal :

Bronze : harder and strong but very expensive Iron : soft metal, easy malleable, become rust easily. Steel : more harder, strong, non malleable and resistant

to rusting List of type of metal according to its priority:

1. Steel 2. Iron 3. Bronze

The reason for your choice Steel because steel is stronger than pure iron.

Duralumin

Bronze Steel SUBSTANCES


ANSWER a) The effects of toxic waste:

Change of ph value of water that can harm aquatic lives

Increase of mineral contents in rivers, lakes and sea that can affect the equilibrium of the aquatic ecosystem.

Destruction of the respiratory system, central nervous system and immune system which can be fatal

Example :

Acid ethanoic / Ammonium solution b) Two common characteristics of alloy:

Hard / strong / light / shiny Resistant to corrosion Consists more than one type of atom.

Initial concept of an alloy:

The substance which is hard / strong / light /shiny surface and resistant to corrosion is known as alloy.

One example of an alloy

pewter// brass// because it is consists more than one atom One example not an alloy

gold//silver//iron//tin//copper because it is consists one type of atom only

Real Concept of alloy:

Alloy is a substance consists of more than one type of atom and resistant to corrosive .

Ch 8 Chemical Industry Tc

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