Ch. 6“Learning”

Next Quiz (#3) covers pages 126-

149

LEARNING : A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from

experience

PRINCIPLES1 . L e a r n i n g i s a c h a n g e i n m e n t a l s t a t e . C h a n g e o c c u r s

i n s i d e t h e l e a r n e r2 . S e e n o n l y t h r o u g h o b s e r v a t i o n3 . L e a r n i n g i n v o l v e s a c h a n g e o f b e h a v i o r4 . R e s u l t s f r o m e x p e r i e n c e ( r e p e t i t i o n )5 . L e a r n i n g i s r e l a t i v e l y p e r m a n e n t6 . C a n b e a p p l i e d / t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n e w s i t u a t i o n7 . W a t c h i n g , L i s t e n i n g , R e a d i n g , e t c . a l l c o n t r i b u t e t o

l e a r n i n g

LEARNING is based on an association between stimuli and responses

THE …

A – B – C’s of Learning

A__________Behaviors

C__________

Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)

______________ elicits a _______________ [S R]

EXAMPLE:

Bell rings, students leave!

I v an P av l o v ( R u s s i a n B i o l o g i s t )

D i g e s t i v e s y s t e m o f d o g s – s a l i v a t i o n a t t h e s i g h t o f f o o d i se x p e c t e d

C a n w e g e t t h e d o g t o s a l i v a t e a t t h e a n t i c i p a t i o n o f f o o d ? ? ? ?

C a n w e g e t t h e d o g t o r e s p o n d t o a n i n a p p r o p r i a t e s t i m u l u s ? ? ? ?

P a v l o v ’ s d i s c o v e r y l e a d s t o C l a s s i c a l C o n d i t i o n i n g

T h e E le m e n ts : U n C o n d i t i o n e d S t i m u l u s ( U C S )

U n C o n d i t i o n e d R e s p o n s e ( U C R ) N e u t r a l S t i m u l u s ( N S )

C o n d i t i o n e d S t i m u l u s ( C S ) C o n d i t i o n e d R e s p o n s e ( C R )

UCS UCR

NS + UCS UCR

CS CR

THE FORMULA

An ___________________ stimulus elicits an unconditioned response

A ______________ stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response

A _______________ stimulus elicits a conditioned response

IN OTHER WORDS

Pavlov makes his way into “The Office”

http://vimeo.com/5371237

orhttp://www.NBC.com/The_Office/video/#mea=133738

Season 3 Episode 16

Experiment time!

A hop, skip, and a jump!

Go over Classical Conditioning worksheet – numbers 1-10

_____ → _____

UCS UCR

_____ + _____ → _____

NS UCS UCR

_____ → _____

CS CR

Startle

TYPES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

1. S______________

2. D____________

3. T____________

4. B____________

http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch06/tempstim.mhtmlDemonstrating Types of Classical Conditioning

•Contingency Theory

•_______________

•Spontaneous Recovery

•Generalization

•_______________

•Higher Order Conditioning

OTHER KEY VOCABULARY (131-133)

How does this cartoon exhibit HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING?

Reading: What Ever Happened to Baby Albert?

AnxietyThe physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger,

whether real or _______________.

_______________Attack  Period of extreme anxiety and physical symptoms such as heart

palpitations, shakiness, dizziness, and racing thoughts.  Initial attacks are often reported to feel like a heart attack due to the heart palpitations.  A

medical exam should be conducted to rule out any such condition. 

http://allpsych.com/disorders/anxiety/index.htmlAnxiety Disorders

http://www.phobialist.com/

Phobia  An intense fear of a specific object or situation.  Most of us consider

ourselves to have phobias, but to be diagnosable, the fear must significantly __________ ______ ______ _____ __________.

1. M-m-m-math Anxiety? It’s All in the Teaching (2002)

2. When Fear Takes Control of the Mind (2006)

3. Could Fear Wreak Havoc on Your Life? (2001)

Counterconditioning Methods – Peter & the Rabbit

_______________

Systematic __________________________

How do we help baby Albert?(Therapies)

A treatment technique where the client is exposed to gradually increasing anxiety provoking stimuli while relaxing; the goal is for the client to eventually confront a phobia or fear without the previously associated anxiety. (Movie Clip: What about Bob?)

A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcxKIJTb3Hg (2:08)

________________ Therapy A type of behavioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the future to avoid the aversive stimuli.

Ex. Chemicals + Alcohol = Sick

(Therapies continued)

Therapy in the 21st Century

http://vrlab.epfl.ch/~bhbn/psy/index-VR-Psychology.html#sandbox

Articles:

•Virtual Cures

•Virtually Fearless (1999)

•Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

VRE and Soldiers Overcome Burnshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNIqyyypojg

Video: Things That Go Bump!

From Discovery Health Channel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6-p9Ul5En4

_____ → _____

UCS UCR

_____ + _____ → _____

NS UCS UCR

_____ → _____

CS CR

Salivation

SalivationMeat

Powder

Bell

& other forms of learning

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning – A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior because it is reinforced

Edward L. _______________

Figure 1. (1911) Illustration of a "Puzzle Box"Used in His Research on Instrumental Learning in Cats.

1905 Formalized the Law of __________

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8&feature=related

B.F. ___________(1904 – 1990) PROJECT _______________

OPERANT (__________) BOX or CHAMBER

http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA&feature=r

elated (time 3:57)

TYPES OF REINFORCERS• _____________REINFORCER

S (ex. food, water, & adequate warmth)

• ______________ or CONDITIONED REINFORCERS (ex. money)

• _____________REINFORCERS (ex. Stephan and Cody were two mentally disabled boys who seldom smiled at other people. Dr. Hopkins used a procedure in which he would take them for walks, and if they smiled at passers by, he would give them some pieces of M & M's candy. This procedure caused Stephan and Cody to smile much more often than they had before.

• _____________REINFORCERS (ex. Insect bite itches, Scratch it.)

Abr

aham

Mas

low

’s

Hie

rarc

hy o

f Nee

ds

How do our M & M friends demonstrate the idea of Operant Conditioning? What kinds of behavior are elicited first? What about ____________ (138) & ______________(138-139)? What about _____________ (142) & __________________________________?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPHcw2vz9H0&feature=related (time 4:28)

Use of Reinforcement and Punishment in Shaping a Child‘s Behavior

LET’S LOOK AT…

Positive Reinforcement vs. Negative Reinforcement vs. Punishment

• Reward and Reinforcer can be used interchangeably

• What is rewarding to you may not be rewarding to another.

• Punishment doesn’t suggest what to do.

• Works only if guaranteed & consistent

• Severely punished may withdraw (Seligman)

• Can create hostility

• May be imitated (Monkey see…)

• Draws attention to it

PUNISHMENTSREWARDS vs.

PAGES 138 - 139

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

• CONTINUOUS vs. _________________

• INTERVAL (____________) SCHEDULES– Fixed– Variable

• RATIO (_______________) SCHEDULES– Fixed– Variable

1. ___________________________-- the first correct response after a set amount of time has passed is reinforced (i.e., a consequence is delivered). The time period required is always the same.

2. _________________________-- the first correct response after a set amount of time has passed is reinforced. After the reinforcement, a new time period (shorter or longer) is set with the average equaling a specific number over a sum total of trials.

3. _______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a specified number of correct responses. This schedule is best for learning a new behavior.

Notice that behavior is relatively stable between reinforcements, with a slight delay after a reinforcement is given. Also notice the number of behaviors observed during the 30 minute time period is larger than that seen under either of the interval schedules.

4. ______________________-- a reinforcer is given after a set number of correct responses. After reinforcement the number of correct responses necessary for reinforcement changes. This schedule is best for maintaining behavior.

•_____________________Monkey see, monkey do!

•_____________________Get away with or are rewarded for violence

They always “get the girl/guy/money/car - etc.

•_____________________Works the audience up

Watch the fans at a sporting event Watch your friends watch the WWF

•_____________________We become used to - desensitization

1. Violent behavior is not representative of most people

2. Violent behaviors are not real - special effects and technology

3. Most people use other than violent means to resolve conflict

___________________

Arbitration

___________________

Other•Positive modeling

•Encourage other activities

•Monitor - watch first, watch with, explain

•Limit time

•Watch educational programs

•Act - call legislators

•Abiding by rating system