CH – 6 G[8JS"GF bIF,M

Prepared By :Amin Sir

Data CommunicationData CommunicationsDFlCTL ;\RFZfsDFlCTL ;\RFZf

DFlCTL ;\RFZ V[S V[JL 5|lS|IF K[ H[DF\ V[SALHF ;FY[ DFlCTLGL VF5v,[ SZTF\ ,MSMGM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P DFlCTL ;\RFZDF\ D]bI RFZ 38SMGM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P ;\N[XM (Message)

DFlCTL DMS,GFZ (Sender)

DFlCTL D[/JGFZ (Receiver) 5|;FZ6 DFwID (Transmission Medium)

ProtocolsProtocols 5|M8MSM, V[8,[ DFlCTL ;\RFZG]\ lGIDG SZTF S[8,FS lGIDMP 5|;FZ6 DF8[ ;\RFZ SZTF\ ;FWGM JrR[ S[8,FS lGIDMG]\ 5F,G H~ZL K[P 5|M8MSM, JUZ A[ ;FWGM V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0FI[,F CMJF KTF\ T[DGL JrR[ ;O/TF5}J"S ;\RFZ XSI G AGL XS[P

ProtocolsProtocols

A[ ;FWGM JrR[GM ;\RFZ +6 ZLT[ XSI AGL XS[P

V[SDFUL"I (simplex) VW" v l£DFUL"I (half – duplex) 5}6" l£DFUL"I (full – duplex)

Simplex Simplex sV[SDFUL"IfsV[SDFUL"If

sV[S H ;DI[ 0[8FJCGGL lNXFf

pNFo ;L5LI] VG[ DMlG8Z

Half – Duplex Half – Duplex sVW" l£DFUL"IfsVW" l£DFUL"If

sV[S ;DI[ 0[8FJCGGL lNXFf

sALHF ;DI[ 0[8FJCGGL lNXFfpNFo JMSL v 8MSL

Full – Duplex Full – Duplex s;\5}6" s;\5}6" l£DFUL"Ifl£DFUL"If

sSM. 56 ;DI[ 0[8FJCGGL lNXFf

pNFo DMAF., OMG

Need of Computer NetworkNeed of Computer Network sSd%I}8Z G[8JS"GL H~lZIFTMfsSd%I}8Z G[8JS"GL H~lZIFTMf

;\;FWGMGL JC[\R6L o ;MO8J[Z TYF CF0"J[ZGM BR" W8F0JF DF8[

h05 o G[8JS" 5Z p5,aW OF.,M VG[ ;\;FWGMGM VF56[ h05YL

p5IMU SZL XSLV[ KLV[P

;\RFZ ;]JLWFVM o VMG,F.G ZC[,F ,MSM ;FY[ ;\N[XFVMGL

VF5,[ SZL XSLV[ KLV[P T[DH JLl0VM SMgOZ;L\U VG[ 8[,L

SMgOZ;L\U SZJFDF\ 56 ;\RFZ ;]JLWFVM p5IMUL K[P

Network AttributesNetwork Attributes sG[8JS"GF U]6WDM"fsG[8JS"GF U]6WDM"f

G[8JS"GF U]6WDM"G[ A[ 5|SFZDF\ JC[\RL XSFIP

HM0F6GF 5|SFZM EF{lTS 8M5M,MHL

Types of Connection Types of Connection sHM0F6GF 5|SFZMfsHM0F6GF 5|SFZMf

G[8JS" V[ l,gS DFZOT A[ S[ T[YL JW] Sd%I}8ZMGM ;D]C K[ P V[S ;FWGYL ALHF ;FWG ;]WL 0[8FG[ 5CM\RF0TL ;\RFZ jIJ:YFG[ l,gS SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P ;\RFZ YJF DF8[ A[ ;FWGM V[S H ;DI[ V[S H l,gS ;FY[ HM0FI[,F CMJF H~ZL K[P D]bItJ[ A[ 5|SFZGF HM0F6 XSI K[P !f 5M.g8 8] 5M.g8 VG[ Zf Dl<85M.g8

VF HM0F6 A[ ;FWGM JrR[GL ;5}6" ;Dl5"T l,gS VF5[ K[PVFJF ;FWGM S[A, VYJF p5U|C l,gS DFZOT[ HM0FI[,F CMI K[Pl,gSGL 5}Z[5}ZL 1FDTF VF A[ ;FWGM JrR[ 5|;FZ6

DF8[ VGFDT ZFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[PVF HM0F6 DF8[ JFIZ S[ S[A,GM p5IMU YFI K[ KTF\ DF.S|MJ[J

VG[ ;[8[,F.8 l,gS H[JF lJS<5M 56 XSI K[PVF56[ lZDM8 Sg8=M, £FZF 8LPJL GL R[G, AN,LV[ KLV[ tIFZ[

8LPJLP GF Sg8=M, ;[8 VG[ lZDM8 JrR[ VF 5|SFZG]\ HM0F6 YFI K[P

DEVICE 1

DEVICE 2

LinkPoint – to – Point Point – to – Point

VF HM0F6DF\ A[ SZTF JW] ;FWGM V[S H l,gSGM p5IMU SZ[ K[P

VF HM0F6DF\ ;J"Z £FZF V,U V,U Sd%I}8";G[ V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[PSERVER

Link

DEVICE 1

DEVICE 2

DEVICE 3

Multipoint Multipoint

l,gS JrR[GF EF{UMl,S ;\AWM VG[ ;\RFZ SZTF ;FWGMYL 8M5M,MHLG]\ ;H"G YFI K[P

G[8JS"GL EF{TLS 8M5M,MHL V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0FI[,F A[ S[ T[YL JW] ;FWGMGF ;\IMHGGL K[P

Topology Topology

G[8JS"GL 8M5M,MHLGF D]bI RFZ 5|SFZ GLR[ D]HA K[P

Topology Topology

D[X 8M5M,MHL (Mesh Topology) A; 8M5M,MHL (Bus Topology) :8FZ 8M5M,MHL (Star Topology) lZ\U 8M5M,MHL (Ring Topology)

Mesh Topology Mesh Topology VF 8M5M,MHL 5M.g8 8] 5M.g8 HM0F6GM 5|SFZ K[P

VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ A[ ;FWG JrR[ ;Dl5"T l,gS CMI K[P

;Dl5"T l,gS V[8,[ l,gS JrR[ HM0FI[,F A\G[ ;FWGM JrR[GM 8=FOLS JCG SZ[ K[P

VF 5|SFZGF HM0F6DF\ A[ ;FWGM JrR[ U]5tTF VG[ ;,FDTL HF/JL XSFI K[P

Mesh Topology Mesh Topology OFINF o BFDL 5S0L 5F0JL VG[ BFDLJF/L

l,gSG[ N]Z SZJL VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ ;Z/ K[P

Mesh Topology Mesh Topology

U[ZOFINF o JW] S[A,GL H~Z4 JW] HuIFGL H~Z4 H8L, CF0"J[Z4 NZ[S ;FWG NZ[S ALHF ;FWG ;FY[ HM0FI T[YL Installation VG[ 5]GoUM9J6L TS,LO~5 AG[ K[P

Bus Topology Bus Topology VF 8M5M,MHL Dl<85M.g8 HM0F6GM V[S 5|SFZ K[P

SFZ6S[ SZM0ZHH] ;DFG V[S S[A, £FZF NZ[S Sd%I}8ZG[ V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

OFINF o AWF H Sd%I}8Z G[ V[S H S[A, £FZF V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0FI[, CMI T[GM VD, SZJM ;Z/ AG[ K[P

GJF ;FWG 56 HM0JF B]A H ;Z/ AG[ K[ S[DS[ H[ S[A, JW[, CMI tIF\ GJF ;FWGM HM0L VF 8M5M,MHLG[ VFU/ JWFZL XSLV[ KLV[

Bus Topology Bus Topology

Bus Topology Bus Topology U[ZOFINF o HM S[A,DF\ E\UF/ YFI TM

VFB] G[8JS" A\W 50L HFI K[PHM D]bI S[A,GL ,\AF. VMKL CMI TM

GJF ;FWGM HM0L XSFTF GYLP HM GJF Sd%I}8Z HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ TM VFB]\

G[8JS" WLD\] Y. HFI K[P

Star Topology Star Topology VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ NZ[S Sd%I}8ZG[ lGI\

+S Sd%I}8Z VYJF CA ;FY[ 5M.g8 8] 5M.g8 l,gS J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

NZ[S ;FWGG[ V[SALHF ;FY[ ;LW] HM0F6 CMT] GYL 56 5Z\T] NZ[S ;FWG DwI:Y 0[8F lJlGDI S[g§ sData Exchange Centerf ;FY[ HM0FI[,] CMI K[P

Star Topology Star Topology SM. ;FWGG[ HM ALHF ;FWGG[ 0[8F DMS,JM CMI TM

T[6[ 5C[,F DwI:Y lGI\+SG[ 0[8F DMS,JM 50[ K[ tIFZ AFN T[ 0[8F lGIT ;FWGG[ DMS,L VF5[ K[P

Star Topology Star Topology OFINF o DwI:Y lGI\+S ;FY[ JW] ;FWGM

HM0LG[ VF56[ .rKF VG];FZ G[8JS" JWFZL XSLV[ KLV[P G[8JS"DF\ HM S. 5|MA,[d; YFI TM T[G[ 5S0L XSFI K[PG[8JS"DF\YL SM. ;FWGG[ SF-L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ TM 56

G[8JS"G[ S. V;Z YTL GYLPDwI:Y lGI\+S l,gSGL TS,LOMG]\ lGIDG

SZ[ K[ VG[ 1FlTJF/L l,gSG[ VJU6LG[ VFU/G]\ SFD SZ[ K[P

Star Topology Star Topology U[ZOFINF o VFDF\ A; 8M5M,MHL SZTF JW] S[A,GL H~Z 50[ K[PHM DwI:Y lGI\+S lGQO/ YFI TM T[GL ;FY[ HM0FI[, AWF GM0

lGQO/ YFI K[PDwI:Y lGI\+SGF BR"G[ ,LW[ ;DF\TZ S[A, JF/L A; 8M5M,MHL SZTF

VF 8M5M,MHL JW] BRF"/ K[P

Ring Topology Ring Topology VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ NZ[S Sd%I}8";G[ 5M.g8 8] 5M.g8 l,gS

J0[ HM0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P NZ[S ;FWGG[ T[GL VFH] AFH]GF ;FWG ;FY[ HM0F6 CMI

K[ VG[ NZ[S ;FWG JW]DF JW] A[ Sd%I}8"; ;FY[ HM0FI[, CMI K[P

Ring Topology Ring Topology OFINF o lZ\U 8M5M,MHLGL ZRGF

VG[ VD, B]A H ;Z/ K[P DF+ A[ HM0F6M AN,LG[ SM.56 ;FWGG[ pD[ZL S[ SF-L XSFI K[P

Ring Topology Ring Topology U[ZOFINF o V[S TZOL 8=FOLS T[DH lZ\

UDF\ V[SFN E\UF6 VFBF G[8JS"G[ GSFD]\ AGFJ[ K[P

D 6

D 3

D 1

D 2

D 5

D 4

Tree Topology Tree Topology VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ A; VG[ :8FZ

8M5M,MHLGL ,F1F6LSTFVMGM ;DFJ[X SZJFDF\ VFJ[, K[P

G[8JS" ,F\AF V\TZ ;]WL 5|;FlZT Y. XS[ DF8[ DwI:Y CA VG[ UF{6 CAGM p5IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

H[DF\ DwI:Y CA 0[8F DMS,JFGL :5L0DF\ JWFZM SZ[ K[ VG[ UF{6 CAGM p5IMU OST ;FWGMGF HM0F6 DF8[ YFI K[P

Tree Topology Tree Topology OFINF oV[S DwI:Y CA ;FY[ JW] ;FWGM HM0L XSFI K[P NZ[S ;FWGG[ 5M.g8 8] 5M.g8 HM0F6 p5,aW AG[ K[P

Tree Topology Tree Topology U[ZOFINF o HM l,gS DwI:Y CAYL K}8L 50[ TM

VFB]\ G[8JS" A\W Y. HFI K[P VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ 8=FOLSGF 5|`GM 56 ZC[ K[P

Hybrid Topology Hybrid Topology

Network A

Network B

Network C

Bus

Star Star

Hybrid Topology Hybrid Topology VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ VF56[ D[X4 :8FZ4 lZ\U

S[ A; 8M5M,MHLG]\ H~ZLIFT D]HA ;\IMHG SZL XSLV[ KLV[P

VFS'lTDF\ NXF"jIF 5|DF6[ G[8JS" A A; VG[ G[8JS" B TYF C :8FZ 8M5M,MHL K[P

VF 8M5M,MHLDF\ HM SM.56 G[8JS"DF\YL V[SFN Sd%I}8Z A\W Y. HFI TM G[8JS"G[ SM. V;Z YTL GYLP 56 T[GM VFWFZ SIF 5|SFZGL 8M5M,MHLG]\ ;\IMHG SZFJFI[, K[ T[GF 5Z VFWFZ ZFB[ K[P

Types of NetworkTypes of NetworksG[8JS"GF 5|SFZMfsG[8JS"GF 5|SFZMf

LAN (Local Area Network MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network 10 DL8Z YL 1 lS,MDL8Z ;]WL Sd

%I}8;"G[ V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0JF DF8[ Local Area Network GM p5IMU YFI K[P

V[S AC]DF/L DSFG S[ XF/FVMDF\ Sd%I}8;"G[ V[SALHF ;FY[ HM0JF DF8[ Local Area Network GM p5IMU YFI K[P

Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network VF56[ LAN G[ T[GF SNGF p5IMU J0[ S[ T[GL

8M5M,MHLGF VFWFZ[ VM/BL XSLV[ KLV[P LAN DF+ V[S H 8M5M,MHLGM p5IMU SZL

XS[ K[P

Metropolitan Area NetworkMetropolitan Area NetworkVF G[8JS" 8[,LJLhG S[A,GL H[D V[SFN G[8JS" CMI

S[ !) SLPDL DF8[ T[ LAN G]\ HM0F6 56 CM. XS[P1 SLPDL SZTF JW] V\TZ[ VFJ[,L SM. A[ S\5GLVM

T[DGL 5F;[GF ;\;FWGMGM p5IMU JC[\RJF .rKTF CMI TM T[ DF8[ LAN GL S[8,LS DIF"NFVM K[P

Metropolitan Area NetworkMetropolitan Area NetworkT[D KTF T[ ;\:YFVMGL XFBFDF\ LAN G]\

VF\TZHM0F6 SZJFYL 0[8F VG[ ;\;FWGMGM p5IMU JC[\RL XSFI K[P

V[S XC[ZDF\ DM8F lJ:TFZDF\ 0[8FG[ JC[\RL ,[JFGL 1FDTF V[ MAN GM ;F[YL DM8M OFINM K[P

Metropolitan Area NetworkMetropolitan Area Network

Wide Area NetworkWide Area Network V[S ALHF N[XDF\ S[ V,U V,U XC[ZMDF\ DFlCTLGL

VF5,[ SZJF DF8[ VF 5|SFZGF G[8JS"GM p5IMU YFI K[P

.g8ZG[8 V[S WAN K[ H[ ;DU| lJ`JDF\ O[,FI[, K[P

Types of ProtocolsTypes of Protocols TCPTCP (Transmission Control Protocol)(Transmission Control Protocol) IPIP (Internet Protocol)(Internet Protocol) TELNETTELNET (Telecommunication Network)(Telecommunication Network) FTPFTP (File Transfer Protocol) HTTP HTTP (Hypertext Transfer ProtocolHypertext Transfer Protocol)

Open System Interconnection ModelOpen System Interconnection ModelA[ Sd%I}8ZMG[ V[SALHF ;FY[ DFlCTLGL

VF5,[ SZJF DF8[ T[D6[ S[8,FS RMSS; ;\RFZ V\U[GF lGIT WMZ6MG[ VG];ZJ]\ 50[ K[P

ISO s.g8ZG[XG, :8Fg00"0 VMU["[GF.h[XGf V[ VF\TZFQ8=LI WMZ6M 5Z lJ`JjIF5L ;\DlT ;FY[ ;D"l5T V[S AC]ZFQ8=LI ;\:YF K[P

Open System Interconnection ModelOpen System Interconnection ModelISO S[ H[ G[8JS"DF\ DFlCTLGL VF5,

[G[ ,UTF AWF 5F;FG[ VFJZL ,[ K[ T[G[ OSI GF 8}\SF GFD[ VM/BFI K[P

OSI G[ ;FT :TZ (Layer) ZH] SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P VF ;FT[I :TZ G[8JS" 5ZGF A[ Sd%I}8Z JrR[GL VFBL 5|lS|IF GSSL SZ[ K[P

Open System Interconnection ModelOpen System Interconnection Model

7 Application Layer6 Presentation Layer5 Session Layer4 Transport Layer3 Network Layer2 Data Link Layer1 Physical Layer

Open System Interconnection ModelOpen System Interconnection Model7 Application Layer

6 Presentation Layer

5 Session Layer

4 Transport Layer

3 Network Layer

2 Data Link Layer

1 Physical Layer

7 Application Layer

6 Presentation Layer

5 Session Layer

4 Transport Layer

3 Network Layer

2 Data Link Layer

1 Physical Layer

Internet AddressingInternet AddressingH]NF\ H]NF\ VG[S Sd%I}8ZMG[ G[8JS"DF\

HM0JFDF\ VFjIF 5KL G[8JS" 5Z NZ[S Sd%I}8ZG[ V[S VM/B CMJL VUtIGL K[P

G[8JS" 5ZGF NZ[S Sd%I}8ZG[ VM/BJF DF8[ VF56G[ .g8ZG[8 V[0=[l;\U jIJ:YFGL H~Z 50[ K[P

Dotted – Decimal NotationDotted – Decimal NotationIPv4 H[ Internet Protocol Version 4 G]\ 8}S]\

GFD K[PIPv4 .g8ZG[8GF ;ZGFDF JF\RJFDF\ ;Z/ AGFJ[

K[PpNFP 192.168.1.20 V[ IP ;ZGFD]\ K[P

Dotted – Decimal NotationDotted – Decimal NotationFirst Byte

Second Byte

Third Byte

Fourth Byte

Class A 0 TO 127 0 TO 255

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

Class B 128 TO 191

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

Class C 192 TO 223

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

Class D 224 TO 239

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

Class E 240 TO 255

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

0 TO 255

;LWF ;LWF IP IP ;ZGFDF JF5ZJFGF ;ZGFDF JF5ZJFGF OFINFOFINF

HIFZ[ SM. p5IMUSTF" .g8ZG[8 5Z DFlCTL XMWTM CMI tIFZ[ T[6[ H[ ;F.8GL D],FSFT ,[JL CMI T[ ;F.8G]\ 0MD[.G GFD 8F.5 SZ[ K[P

pNFP www.yahoo.com

HM ;LW[;LW]\ IP ;ZGFD]\ 8F.5 SZLV[ V[8,[ S[ 64.233.187.99 8F.5 SZLV[ TM T[JF lS:;FDF\ 0[8FA[hDF\ XMWJFGL H~Z 50TL GYL VG[ H[ Sd%I}8ZGM IP 64.233.187.99 CX[ T[GL DFlCTL VF5[ K[P

IPv4 vs IPv6 IPv4 vs IPv6 IP GL H]GL

VFJ'l¿ K[P H[ CF,GF ;DIDF\ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

IP GL GJL VFJ'l¿ K[P H[ IP Next Generation TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P

IPv4 vs IPv6 IPv4 vs IPv6 IP GL H]GL

VFJ'l¿ K[P H[ CF,GF ;DIDF\ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

32 Bit GM p5IMU SZ[ K[P

IP GL GJL VFJ'l¿ K[P H[ IP Next Generation TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P

128 Bit GM p5IMU SZ[ K[P

IPv4 vs IPv6 IPv4 vs IPv6 IP GL H]GL

VFJ'l¿ K[P H[ CF,GF ;DIDF\ p5IMUDF\ ,[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

32 Bit GM p5IMU SZ[ K[P

Ex: 192.156.136.22

IP GL GJL VFJ'l¿ K[P H[ IP Next Generation TZLS[ VM/BFI K[P

128 Bit GM p5IMU SZ[ K[P

Ex: 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A

Types of ErrorsTypes of Errorss1FlTVMGF 5|SFZf1FlTVMGF 5|SFZf

V[S,vlA8 1FlT (Single-Bit Error)

A:8" 1FlT (Burst Error)

Types of ErrorsTypes of Errorss1FlTVMGF 5|SFZf1FlTVMGF 5|SFZf

V[S,vlA8 1FlT (Single-Bit Error) V[8,[ V1FZ4 AF.8 T[DH 5[S[8 H[JF 0[8F V[SDDF\ DF+ V[S lA8 AN,F.G[ 0 G[ AN,[ 1 VYJF 1 G[ AN,[ 0 Y. HFIP

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

Types of ErrorsTypes of Errorss1FlTVMGF 5|SFZf1FlTVMGF 5|SFZf

A:8" 1FlT (Burst Error) V[8,[ 0[8F V[SDGF A[ S[ T[YL JW] lA8 AN,F.G[ 0 G[ AN,[ 1 VYJF 1 G[ AN,[ 0 Y. HFIP

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

RedundancyRedundancysVlTZ[SfVlTZ[Sf

1FlT 5S0L 5F0JF DF8[ D]bI bIF, VlTZ[S K[P

1FlT 5S0L 5F0JF DF8[ 0[8F ;FY[ S[8,FS JWFZFGF lA8 DMS,JF H~ZL CMI K[P

DMS,GFZ £FZF VF JWFZFGM lA8 pD[ZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ VG[ D[/JGFZ £FZF SF-L GFBJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

Error Detection MethodsError Detection Methodss1FlT XMWJFGL ZLTMff

Jl8"S, lZ0I}g0g;L R[S (Vertical Redundancy Check – VRC)

,Mlgh0I}l0G, lZ0I}g0g;L R[S (Longitudinal Redundancy Check)

R[S;D (Checksum)

;F.Sl,S lZ0I}g0g;L R[S (Cyclic Redundancy Check – CRC)

Download This Presentation On My site : aminsir.hpage.com