Ch. 52 Review Names the biomes labeled a-f in the climograph.
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Transcript of Ch. 52 Review Names the biomes labeled a-f in the climograph.
Ch. 52 ReviewNames the biomes labeled a-f in the climograph.
1. What is something that you can do that you have been able to do since birth?
2. What is one behavior that you learned by watching someone else?
3. List some ways that animals communicate.
Ch. 51 Warm-Up
1. What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior?
2. Explain the difference between kinesis and taxis.3. What are the 4 common modes of animal
communication?
Ch. 51 Warm-Up
Ch. 51 Warm-Up
1. What do you think is the advantage for a species to be:Monogamous?Polygamous?
2. Describe an example of when you have participated in reciprocal altruism.
Chapter 51Animal Behavior
You Must Know:
• How behaviors are the result of natural selection• How innate and learned behaviors increase survival and
reproductive fitness• How organisms use communication to increase fitness• The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection
What is behavior?
Behavior: what an animal does and how it does itResponse to stimuli in its environmentBoth genetic & environmental factorsEssential for survival and reproductionSubject to natural selection over time
Why do we study behavior?Ethology: study of animal behaviorEvolutionary perspective…
Part of phenotypeActed upon by natural selection
Lead to greater fitness? Lead to greater survival? Lead to greater reproductive success?
Scientists Niko Tinberger –Seagull chicks feeding Karl von Frisch –Dancing BeesKonrad Lorenz -Imprinting
Understanding behavior
Proximate cause: environmental causes that trigger a behavior Immediate stimulus & mechanism “how” a behavior occurs or is modified
Ultimate cause: causes that focus on evolutionary significance How does a behavior contribute to survival & reproduction “why” a behavior in context of natural selection
Male Songbird-What triggers singing?-How does he sing?
Male Songbird-How does the day length influence breeding?-Why do cranes breed in the spring?
BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.
Evolutionary PerspectiveWhat is the adaptive advantages of behavior?
innate behaviorsautomatic, fixed, “built-in”, no “learning curve”despite different environments, all individuals
exhibit the behaviorex. early survival, reproduction, kinesis, taxis
learned behaviorsmodified by experiencevariable, changeable flexible with a complex & changing environment
Innate behaviors: FAPs
1.Fixed action patterns (FAPs): sequence of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and usually carried to completion
• Triggered by sign stimulussign stimulus• Ensures that activities essential to
survival are performed correctly without practice
• Eg. goose & egg
Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern- Stickleback fish
Proximate Cause–The red belly of the intruding male acts as a stimulus that releases aggression in male sticklebacks.Ultimate Cause–By chasing away other male sticklebacks a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his territory will be fertilized by another male.
Kinesis: simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus
Taxis: change in direction, automatic movement, oriented movement +/- from stimulus (eg. phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis)
2. Innate Behaviors: Directed Movements
Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stayin a moist environment.
Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the directionfrom which most food comes.
3. Innate Behavior: MigrationRegular, long-distance change in locationEnvironmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s
magnetic field, landmarks
Learned behaviors: behaviors that are modified based on specific experiences
Types of Learning1. Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information
Simple form of learning“cry-wolf” effectdecrease in response to repeated
occurrences of stimulusenables animals to disregard
unimportant stimuliex: falling leaves not triggering
fear response in baby birds
Types of Learning2. Imprinting: learning + innate components
Limited to sensitive period in life, generally irreversible
ie. Lorenz’ imprinting in greylag geese
BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother.
PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling.
ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.
Sensitive PhaseSensitive phase for optimal imprinting
some behavior must be learned during a receptive time period
Some species of Cuckoo are brood parasites –They lay their eggs in other birds nests. Here a Reed Warbler is raising a Cuckoo chick. These chicks typically hatch first and then eject the other chick from the nest. Song development is innate and occurs during adulthood
• Captive breeding programs for endangered species must provide proper imprinting models
Pilot wearing crane suit acts as a surrogate parent to teach young whooping cranes a migration route
3. Spatial LearningCognitive Map: internal representation of
spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings
Birds use spatial maps to relocate nut caches
NestNo nest
Nest
Some organisms move in response to a recognized object or environmental cue, a landmark.
4. Associative Learning: ability to associate one stimulus with another (eg. monarchs = foul taste)
A. Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome (eg. Pavlov’s dogs: salivate with ringing bell)
Classic ConditioningPavlov’s Dogs -connect reflex behavior (salivating
at sight of food) to associated stimulus (ringing bell)
B. Operant conditioning: another type of associative learningTrial-and-error learningAssociate its own behavior with reward or
punishment
Skinner’s Box –mouse leans to associate behavior (pressing level) with reward (food pellets).
5. Cognition: process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, judgment
Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition
6. Social learning: learning by observing others
Vervet monkeys learning correct use
of alarm calls.
Examples of learned animal behavior
Nut-cracking crow (2:16)TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows (11:34)Chimpanzee problem solving (1:02)Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation
(2:14)
Foraging: food-obtaining behavior
Recognize, search for, capturing, and consuming food
Minimize costs / Maximize benefits
Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior
Social BehaviorsInteractions between individuals
1. develop as evolutionary adaptations2. communication / language3. agonistic behaviors4. dominance hierarchy5. cooperation6. altruistic behavior
1. Evolutionary Adaptations
Behaviors can be directed by genes
Certain behaviors in prairie voles are under relatively strong genetic control
ADH (vasopressin) triggers pair-bond formation and aggression by male voles
Differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors in 2 species of voles
Monogamous prairie voles vs. promiscuous montane voles
High oxytocin levels in prairie voles
Low oxytocin levels in montane voles
2. CommunicationA. Honeybee dance language
(Karl von Frisch –Dancing Bees)
Used to inform other bees about distance and direction of travel to food sources
“waggle dance”
2. CommunicationB. Bird Song
species identification & mating ritualmixed learned & innatecritical learning period
C. Insect Songmating ritual & songinnate, genetically controlled
3. Agonistic behavior: threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources (mates)
-Symbolic, usually no harm done, male competition for mating rightsex: territoriality, competitor aggression
A. Mating Behavior & Mate Choice
Sexual selection: seeking and attracting mates, choosing and competing for mates
Promiscuous MonogamousPolygamous
(polygynous)Polyandry
Partners Many One 1 M + many F 1F + many M
Structure Showy Similar Showy male Showy female
Care None Much Male = little Male = none
B. Sexual selectionIntrasexual selection-
competition among males (ex bighorn sheep)
Intersexual selection- males display certain traits to attract females (ex peacocks)
Not caused by natural selectionDiffer in mating success
Males compete, woman chooseMales sperm endless, woman
eggs limitedFemale choose traits that show
healthy male- Honest indicators
4. Dominance Hierarchy social ranking within a group
pecking order
5. Cooperationworking together in
coordination
6. Altruistic social behaviorAltruism = selfless behaviorReduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others
in populationi.e. bee societies; naked mole rats
Inclusive fitness: total effect of producing own offspring (pass on genes) + helping close relatives
Kin selection: type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives
What does this mean? Explain.Geneticist J.B.S. Haldane: “I won’t lay down my life
for one brother, but I would lay down my life for two brothers or eight cousins.”
Signal: stimulus that causes a change in behavior; basis of animal communicationVisual signals – eg. Warning flash of white of a
mockingbird's wingTactile (touch) – eg. Male fruit fly taps female flyAuditory signals – screech of blue jay or song of warbler
Courtship behavior of fruit flies
Social Interaction Requires Communication:Pheromones
chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individualsalarm pheromonessex pheromones
Female Mosquito use CO2 Concentrations to locate prey
Female lions lure males with sex pheromones, posture, and movement
Ants use pheromones to mark their trails.
Marking territory with urine
Circadian Rhythm: internal biological clock
More on Clock Genes: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/inheritance/clockgenes/
The circadian clock in the hamster brain signals a change in coat color according to season by releasing the hormone melatonin.
Plants can have two internal clocks: one sensitive to light and the other sensitive to temperature
The Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) region is located in the hypothalamus of the brain. The SCN sends signals throughout the body in response to dark and light.
Review QuestionNatural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive behaviors. For each of the following types of behaviors, describe an example in nature, and justify how this behavior is adaptive.
(a) Innate behavior(b) Learned behavior(c) Cooperative behavior(d) Chemical signals
Concept Check Questions1. Everything an animal does & how it does it._________2. Change in rate of movement in response to a
stimulus _______________________3. These are behaviors that are modified by experience
and as a result are variable or changeable ___________4. The releaser that triggers a FAP. ______________________5. Both a learned and an innate behavior when social
attachments are formed. ______________________________