Ch. 5 SKELETAL SYSTEM. Chapter Objectives Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system...
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Transcript of Ch. 5 SKELETAL SYSTEM. Chapter Objectives Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system...
Ch. 5 SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Chapter Objectives
Use the terminology associated with the skeletal system and …
Learn about the following:
• Bone structure and types
• Bone tissue & function
• Bone development and growth
Understand the aging and pathology of the skeletal system
CSI CASE STUDY
There is a volunteer neighborhood cleanup day going on in your community. A young boy who is helping out by dragging a heavy bag of litter all of a sudden lets out a loud cry of pain. You are thinking that maybe the boy pulled a muscle. To your surprise, you notice that his hand is dangling as if he broke his forearm. You rush the child to his parents, and he is hurried off to the hospital. Later that day, you see the boy’s father, and he tells you how the boy is doing.
He expresses that his son should really be more careful about his activities. His son has broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. He then explains that it takes a long time for the boy’s bones to heal. The father mentions that two years ago the boy lost his hearing in one ear after getting too close to an exploding fire cracker. The father ends the story saying, “Otherwise, he is your typical kid. He hardly has a sick day off from school, and he is growing like a weed.”
Overview
Humans have an _____________ (internal)
The skeletal system is composed of over 200 ____________________, ___________________, and ________________.
Functions in support, movement, protection, storage & hemopoeisis.
FUNCTIONS
_____________: framework for all soft tissues
_______________: protects underlying organs
_______________________: stores calcium (Ca) for bone growth & maintenance
________________: allow muscles to attach & pull on them while the muscles contract to create movement
_______________________: new blood cells are made within red bone marrow
The Human Skeletal System
• 2 divisions
1) _______ skeleton
spine, _______, hyoid
bone, ________
2) _______________ skeleton
upper and lower _______________ or _____________ (i.e. arm & leg bones)
and bones that ________ them to the axial skeleton (clavicle, scapula, pelvis)
Bone Types
categorized by their ______Flat, Irregular, Short, or Long
___________ bones
_______ Bones
scapula
____________ bones
Each bone has characteristic surface features that result from its attachment to ligaments and tendons.
Surface Features of Bone
____________ large bulge where muscles attach
__________ large ridge where muscles attach
____________ opening where bone, blood vessels or nerves pass
_______________ large, ridged bump where ligaments and tendons attach Vertebral foramen
The
_____________ SKELETON
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12904
_______________ – _ total bones(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
_________________(turkish saddle):
houses the pituitary glandwithin sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone (1)
(1)
mandible (1) ______________________ (passages for nerves and vessels
nasal bones (2)
maxilla (2)
________ Bones: __ total bones
zygomatic arch (2)
_____________________(2)
___________________ (1)
(2)
______________ (2)
_________________: hole for spinal cord
ONLINE MATCHING QUIZZES Bones of the Skull
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_03_1.swf::The%20Skull,%20Anterior%20View
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04a_1.swf::The%20Skull%20(a)
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04a_2.swf::The%20Skull%20(b)
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04b_1.swf::The
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63069/08_04b_2.swf::The%20Skull%20(b)
Ear bones: _ total(in temporal bone)
_________________: • spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones (4 pairs); air conditioners??make skull lighter?? crumple zones??resonance chamber??
(frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid sinuses)
______________: _________on baby’s skull allow compression of skull during birth fuse & form __________ (joints) before baby is 1- 2yrs old
______________ Column – __ total bones
5 separate in a child
3-5 separate in a child
(1)
(1)
concave curve
concave curve
convex curve
convex curve
allows head to rotate
cartilage that acts as a cushion
spinal cord
_________________
__________________: hole spinal cord sits
Vertebral Column Function
can _________ and move forward, backward, and sideways
______________ and protects spinal cord
serves as _____________t for ribs and muscles of back (thoracic vertebrae)
adult curves provide _________ & ____________ to support weight of body so we can stand and walk on 2 ft
Curvature of Spine
Adult’s spine: cervical + lumbar (concave) thoracic + sacrum (convex)
Newborn’s spine: continuous convex curve Head up = concave cervical Stand up = concave lumbar
Vertebral Column Animation:
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP12104
Spine-fusion Surgery Video:
http://www.spine-health.com/video/spine-fusion-surgery-video
Microdisectomy Lumbar Microdecompression Spine Surgery Video:
http://www.spine-health.com/video/microdiscectomy-lumbar-microdecompression-spine-surgery-video
_________ - __ total bones (12 pairs)
attach directly to sternum
(14)
(6)
(4)
attach to sternumby coastal cartilage of 7th rib • doesn’t ossify
until 40yrs of age• attachment for stomach musclesdon’t attach to sternum
The
_____________________
SKELETON
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP13404
(2)(2)
_______________: arm socket;not very protected
where clavicle and scapula meet
_____________________: shoulder region
________________________: where sternum and clavicle meet; fractures are common
(2)
pinky side
(2)
(2)
thumb side; allows hand
to rotate
distal
middle
proximal
(28)
(10)
(16)
Arm and Hand Bones:
_______________________: end of ulna; funny bone
head of radius
HUMERUS
ULNA
RADIUS
_______________________: hip region
________bones (2)
______________: hip socket; well protectedpelvic inlet
(pubic bone)
Head of femur
(2)
(2)
(2; larger shin bone)
(2; smaller shin bone)
(14; ankle bones)
(10)
(28)
_____________: heel bone (2); largest tarsal bone
Inner ankleboneOuter anklebone
MALE versus FEMALE SKELETONS
Female Male
Skeleton
Inlet /
Outlet
Pubic Angle
FEMALE
MALE
http://www.blackmores.com.au/Pregnancy/BirthingVideo.aspx http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duPxBXN4qMg
Human Bone
Charts
Anterior view
Human Bone
Charts
Posterior view
Concept Check #1 1. What are the components of the skeletal system?
2. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Which body parts can be found in each of these divisions?
Concept Check #2 4. What are the purposes of bone-surface features?
5. Describe four regions of the vertebral column and the column’s importance.
6. How do the bones of the rib cage.
Concept Check #3 7. Name the parts and bones of the upper extremities.
8. Name the parts and bones of the lower extremities.
9. Describe the differences between male and female skeletons.
INTERNAL
& EXTERNAL
FEATURES
of BONES
Anatomy of Bone
Primarily comprised of __________ and __________ bone.
____________cavity in the center of some bones; contains bone marrow.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
(end)
(shaft)
(end)
___________; calcified or cartilage
contains ______ for red bone marrow
contains fatty, yellow bonemarrow (food reserve for bone cells)
strong _________ covering diaphysis
acts as a________between bones;sometimes called hyaline cartilage
________________ produces red blood cells
Compact bone ________ outer shell of bone
ONLINE MATCHING QUIZ External Anatomy of Bone
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/free/0072919329/63068/07_02a.swf::Anatomy%20of%20Bones%20(a)
ONLINE MATCHING QUIZ Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::640::480::/sites/dl/
free/0072919329/63068/07_02b.swf::Anatomy%20of%20Bones%20(b)
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Haversian System or ___________: structural unit of compact bone
__________ Canal: where B.V.pass
Osteon (Haversian System):
honeycomb network of spongy bone
Within 1 Osteon or Haversian System
small canals that ____________________
cavities that ________ osteocytes (bone cells)
calcified rings that ______________ Haversian canal
_________________ (ARTICULATIONS)
-attach bones (helping with support, protection, movement)
3 Types of Joints
1. _______________ joints: no movement; held together by connective tissue
Ex. __________________
btwn parietals
btwn temporal & sphenoid
btwn occipital & parietals
btwn frontal & parietals
2. ____________________ joints: slight movement; held together by cartilage
ex. __________________(in females only;
fused in males) and ___________________
3. _________________ joints: free movement; held together by a synovial capsule
a. _______________: widest range of motion; found in the hip & shoulder
acetabulum
Glenoid cavityHIP
SHOULDER
b. ______: movement in 2 directions; flex and extend; found in the elbows, knees, & fingers
______: bending a joint _________: straightening(smaller angle) a joint (larger angle)
c. _______: 1 bone rotates around another bone; found in C1 and C2 & the radius
C1 Atlas
C2 Axis
d. ________ joint: only 1 pair exists; thumb
________________________(away frommidline), _________ (towards midline), and______________ (circling distal end around proximal end)
e. _______________joint: least movable diarthrotic joint; found in shoulders, wrists & ankle, vertebrae
Anatomy of a _______________ Joint
connective tissue; fits over ends of 2 bones and becomes periosteum
strong cords of
connective tissue that
connect bone to bone
secretes synovial
fluidto reduce friction
LigamentsJointcapsule
ACL Reconstruction Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q96M0jRqn7k
Concept Check 4:10.What are the two main parts of a long bone and
where are they located?
11.Name the structural unit of bone and describewhat each of the following structures do w/inthe system: haversian canal, osteocytes, canaliculi,lacuna, lamella
Concept Check 5:12.Why do you think bone needs such a complexsetup?
13. Why are joints important?
14.Name 3 main types of joints and explain how theydiffer.
Concept Check 6:15.Give 1 example for each of the 3 main types ofjoints and state where they are located in the body.
16.Rate the types of diarthrotic joints from greatest toleast movement (based on how many ways they providemovement)
17.What are ligaments? B) What are synovialmembrane? C) Where can they be found?
Bone ________________ &
_________________
Bones are ____________that can remodel themselves.
develop at different rates and times as a person progresses through the developmental stages of growth.
One way bones form in the embryo:
1. ________________________ (in long bones)
Endochondral Ossification
before birth: ____________; only cartilage modelsafter birth: ______________starts to replace cartilage models with the help of…
1. Osteo______ cells that __________ bone 2. osteo_____ cells that __________(KILL) bone & cartilage
bone formation that begins within (endo) cartilage (chondral)
Bone __________________
(when there is ______ Ca in the body)
(when there is _____ Ca in the body)
Steps of Endochondral Ossification
1. _________________ osteoclasts carve out a hole in center of diaphysis of cartilage model
a. _____________into bone & provide nutrients for growth & maintenance
2. Osteo___________ enter hole & secrete bone tissue to replace cartilagea. compact bone then spongy boneb. bone elongation takes place at the ___________________
Importance of Epiphyseal Plate:
presence of _________________:bone is still growing
absence of cartilage plate (calcified line): growth has ceased;bone is mature
3. ____________________ occurs later in development of fetus
osteo_______ enter epiphysis blood vessels osteoblasts convert cartilage to bone
Importance of Endochondral Ossification
stress on bone the rate bone is deposited
reason athletes have _________and _______________ than less active people.
allows bone to ____________ to stress/injury by changing size, shape and density
Cartilage Bone
• flexible ____ matirx
• more space then cells
• ___________(living cartilage cells)
• _______________; nutrients diffuse slowly into cells slow to repair itself
• rigid ______ matrix
• more cells than space
• ___________(living bone cells)
• ________________; nutrients diffuse quickly into cells fast to repair itself
Bone Damage ________________needed for bone repair
bone __________ most common type of bone damage; bone crack or splinter from physical injury
Compound Fracturesi.e. stress fractures
Bone Healing
1. __________________phase: within hrs or a few days
a. _____________________(WBC) and new blood vessels enter injured area to ___________________ damaged tissue and clotted blood
2. _______________________phase (weeks to months):a. WBC secrete ______________ into damaged areab. ____________ secrete __________ bone tissue
3. _________________________ phase:a. osteoblasts & osteoclasts _____________bone
___________________IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!!
18. How does a babies endoskeleton differ from an adults?
19. How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts differ?
20.What does Ca have to do with boneremodeling?
Concept Check 7
21. How are osteoclasts, blood vessels, and osteoblasts involved in Endochondral Ossification?
22. What is the importance of endochondroal ossification?
23.Name at least three differences between cartilageand bone.
Concept Check 8
24.How do simple and compound fractures differ?
25.Briefly describe what happens in each of the 3 phasesof bone healing.
Concept Check 9
________________ of the
SKELETALSYSTEM
Wellness and Illness over the Life Span
• Most common bone and joint pathologies are related to _____________________________
• Other organ-system diseases cause inflammation of bones and joints.
• During a person’s lifetime, bone is constantly __________________________.
1. ______________– develops medial side of tibia; causedby overuse / high-impact of ankle joint2. ___________ – deterioration of articular cartilage; pain & loss of movement
Osteoarthritis Animation:http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/arthritis/osteo.swf
Rheumatoid Arthritis Animation:http://www.mataburro.com/scot/flash/
arthritis/rheum.swf
3. _______________ arthritis – immune systemattacks connective tissue ofa joint
4. ____ – metabolic disorder;causes body to produce oxalic acid (waste product); forms crystals cause inflammation injoints
5. _____________ - excessive loss of calcified matrix causes bone degeneration
a. weak bones lead to an increase in fractures & spine curvature
c. treatments: ___ therapy and _______ supplements (Ca and Vit. D)
b. most frequent in ______________ ________; white and black males are susceptible; very rare in black women
Osteoporosis
Aging of the Skeletal System• deterioration of articular surfaces (_____); not repairable naturally (most common)• ______________over time joint decay• osteo____ outpace osteo_____ as you age• decline in ____ hormones which are needed for bone maintenance• poor ___________ or individual _________factors
Concept Check 10:27. Name and describe 4 different skeletal
system disorders.
28. What are the different types of arthritis?
29. Describe the possible causes of osteoporosis.
CSI – Conclusion• while dragging a bag of litter a young boy breaks his forearm and is hurried off to the hospital • you find out from the father that the son has already broken both his legs twice, as well as that same arm, on the padded school playground. • apparently the boy’s bones take a long time to heal and he is deaf in one ear from standing too close to an exploding fire cracker Answer the following:1.What congenital condition is causing this boy’s bones to break at such an early age?2.What causes this condition?3.Why do 50% of the people with this condition develop hearing loss? 4.What can be done to protect this boy from this condition?