Atoms to Minerals Atoms to Minerals

Matter and Atoms

Composition and Structure of Minerals

Identifying Minerals

Mineral Groups

Focus: Section 5.1

Matter and AtomsKey IdeaOrdinary matter is composed of elements that can be broken down into particles called atoms.

Objectives1)Identify the characteristics of matter2)Compare the particles that make up atoms of elements3)Describe the three types of chemical bonds

Key Vocabularyelement mass number ion atomic number compound metalisotope molecule nonmetal

Matter and Energy

Everything in the universe is made up of essentially 2 things: __________ and __________.

matter has mass and occupies space and is the substance of which all physical objects are made

four states of matter are ________, ________, ________, and ________

energy is the ability to cause change or do work

forms of energy include ________, ________, ________, and ________

Properties of Matter

There are two basic properties of matter: chemical and physical

________________: properties that change the chemical nature of matter

examples: release of energy, reactivity with another substance, and flammability.

________________: properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter

examples: mass, color, shape, volume, viscosity, and density.

Mass and Weight

We often use the terms "mass" and "weight" interchangeably, but to a scientist they are completely different things.

_______ is the quantity of matter in an object. _______ is the force exerted on an object by gravitational attraction.

Mass is constant all over the Universe. Weight depends on location in the Universe.

If you weighed 120 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 1/6th less on the Moon because the gravitational attraction is less.

Your mass remains the same in both places.

Chemical & Physical Changes

____________ result when a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. The change cannot be “undone.”

example: a water molecule combines with oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide.

____________ result when a substance changes its physical appearance, but not its composition. The change can be “undone.”

example: water freezes to form ice, but the substance is still water.

Classification of Matter

Matter can be classified as a ________ or a _____________.

Heterogeneous MixtureMixture in which the substances aren't equally distributed.

Example: garden salad

Homogeneous MixtureMixture in which the composition is uniform throughout.

Example: air

CompoundA substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportion.

Example: table salt

ElementA substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

Example: carbon

Mixture A substance composed of two or more components, each of which retains its own properties.

Pure Substance A substance with a fixed chemical composition throughout.

States of Matter

SOLID1.definite shape and volume2.not easily compressible 3.does not flow easily

LIQUID1.indefinite shape and volume2.not easily compressible 3.flows easily

GAS1.indefinite shape and volume2.easily compressible3.flows easily

PLASMA1.indefinite shape and volume2.ionized gas at very high temperature3.good conductor of electricity

Matter exists in one of four physical states: ________, _______, _____, or ______.

Changes of physical state occur as heat energy increases.

Modern Atomic Model

Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the ________ of the atom.

In __________ the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

Electrons travel in circular orbits around the nucleus and gain or lose energy as they move from one orbit to another.

Atoms are composed of _________, _______, and ________.

Ions and Isotopes

# protons > # electrons = ______________

# electrons > # protons = ______________

An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons than protons is called an ___________.

An atom with a greater or lesser number of electrons than protons is called an _____.

Chemical Bonding

____________ are the forces that hold atoms together in molecules due to the sharing of electrons between atoms. The electrons of an atom that participate in chemical bonding are called _______________.

_______________ occurs when two atoms share electrons.

_______________ results from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

_______________ forms when electrons move freely around all the positive ions.

Elements

There are ______ known elements of which _____ occur naturally on Earth.

____________ and ____________ are among the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust.

An _____________ is a substance made up of only one kind of atom that cannot be further divided by ordinary chemical or physical means.

Reading the Periodic Table

Focus: Section 5.2

Composition and Structure of MineralsKey IdeaA mineral is a naturally occurring element or compound that is inorganic and crystalline in structure.

Objectives1)Identify the characteristics of minerals2)Explain how minerals form3)List the physical characteristics of minerals that are influenced by their crystalline structure

Key Vocabularymineral silicate tetrahedroncrystal cleavagesilicate

What Is a Mineral?

A __________ is defined as a substance that:

is ____________________; not man made or manufactured

is a __________; not a liquid or gas

has a ____________________

has _________________________________________

is ______________; not living now nor in the past

How are Minerals Formed?

Minerals are formed inorganically as a result of specific environmental conditions.

These conditions include:

_______________ - the cooling and solidification of magma

_______________ - precipitation from water caused by evaporation, chemical reactions, and temperature changes

_______________ - the rearrangement of atoms in existing minerals that are subjected to conditions of high temperature and pressure

What is a Crystal?

_______________ are solids that form by a regular repeated pattern of molecules connecting together.

Crystals have:

orderly and symmetrical _____ ________________

definite __________________

definite external __________ ________________

__________ and _________ properties

Crystal Structure

cubic

tetragonal

hexagonal

orthorhombic

monoclinic

triclinic

Crystal structures are grouped into 6 ___________________. Every mineral belongs to one of these crystal classes:

Focus: Section 5.3

Identifying MineralsKey IdeaMinerals can be identified by chemical and physical properties that include color, luster, crystal shape, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, reaction to an acid.

Objectives1)Identify rock forming minerals by inspection using physical properties such as color, luster, and physical shape.2)Identify rock forming minerals using simple tests that identify both physical and chemical properties such as streak, cleavage, hardness, and specific gravity.

Key Vocabularymineralogy streakrock forming mineral fractureluster specific gravity

Physical Properties of Minerals

__________

__________

__________

__________

____________________

____________________

____________________

____________________

Most common minerals can be identified by inspecting or testing their ___________________.

Some of the characteristics used for identifying minerals are:

Color

____________ is directly related to one of the major elements in the mineral and can be characteristic and serve as a means of identification.

Color is not a reliable indicator of type of mineral because most minerals occur in more than one color.

For example, quartz comes in several colors:

rose quartz

clear quartz

smoky quartz

Streak

The _______________ of a mineral is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when the mineral is scraped across it.

Nonmetallic minerals usually leave a white streak and metallic minerals usually leave a dark streak.

A mineral’s color and streak may not be the same.

Luster

____________ refers to how light is reflected from a mineral.

The two main types of luster are __________ and _________.

Minerals with a metallic luster reflect light and have a silveryappearance.

Some of the terms used for nonmetallic luster are:

transparent – glassy

pearly – dull silver

greasy – oily

metallic -shiny

Hardness

____________________ of a mineral is its ability to resist scratching.

Friedrich Mohs, a German mineralogist, developed a hardness scale over 100 years ago.

The __________________ ranks the order of hardness of minerals and common objects from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest).

The hardest mineral known, diamond, was assigned the number 10.

Cleavage

________ is the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.

In some minerals atomic structure is weaker in one direction than in others, so the mineral will tend to break in that direction.

Fracture

Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture.

_______________ is the uneven breakage of a mineral and may be described as:

uneven or irregular splintery or fibrousconchoidal

Density

Density is defined as an object’s ____ ________________; or its mass (how much matter it contains) divided by its volume (how much space it takes up).

________ is a measure of how heavy something is for its size. So, something that is very heavy and small has a high density.

Each box has the same volume and each ball has the same mass.

Which box has the higher density?

Why?

Density and Specific Gravity

The ___________ of a mineral is the ratio of its mass to its volume expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

__________________ is the ratio of the density of a mineral and the density of an equal volume of water. The density of water is 1 gram/cm³.

Specific gravity can also be considered as the "heaviness" of a mineral.

A mineral has a density of 3.2 grams/cm³.

What is its specific gravity?

3.2 grams/cm³1 gram/cm³

Specific Gravity = 3.2

Mineral Special Properties

Some minerals have unique characteristics that can be confirmed by:

Slide title: Mineral Special Properties #1________________ – glows under ultraviolet light

________________ - continues to glow after light turned off

Slide title: Mineral Special Properties #2________________ – splits light rays that pass through it

________________ – “fizzes” when a mild HCl acid is applied

________________ – acts as a magnet

________________ – gives off subatomic particles

No slide:

taste and smell – salty taste of halite or smell of sulfur

Focus: Section 5.4

Mineral GroupsKey IdeaThe most common minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates and carbonates.

Objectives1)Describe the properties of the most common minerals, silicates, and carbonates2)Describe tests used to identify mineral groups

Key Vocabularycarbonateoxidesulfide

Mineral Classification

Minerals are classified as ____________, ____________, and _____________________.

Silicates consist of 4 oxygen ions surrounding a silicon ion.

Nonsilicates have the same atomic structure as silicates, but with atoms or ions attached to something other than a silicon ion.

Native elements are composed of atoms of a single element.

Silicates

Minerals that are compounds formed of silicon and oxygen are called silicates or silicate minerals. More than ______ of the minerals in Earth’s crust are silicates.

The basic building block of a silicate is the _________________________________ (SiO4) consisting of 4 oxygen ions and a silicon ion together by covalent bonds. ����

Nonsilicates & Native Elements

Nonsilicate minerals are classified as _________________, _________________, _________________, _____________, _________________, and _________________ depending on their chemical composition.

Nonsilicates typically display a variety of crystalline structures.

Many nonsilicates and native elements have economic value for the construction trades and industry.

Nonsilicates