Ch 4 Transaction Analysis I

8/13/2019 Ch 4 Transaction Analysis I

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TRANSACTIONANALYSIS-I


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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

DR.ERIC BERNE-THE ORIGINATOR OF TATHE ROOTS OF TRANSACTION ANALYSISINTRODUCTION OF TRANSACTIONANALYSISMEANING OF TADEFINITION OF TAEGO STATESCONTAMINATION OF EGO STATESTRADITIONAL THEORYMODERN THEORYMODEL OF TRANSACTION ANALYSIS


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THE ORIGINATOROFTRANSACTION

ANALYSIS:DR. ERIC BERNE

We are born princes and the civilizing process makes us frogs


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Father: Why the hell did you do that?Teenager: It s got nothing to do with you.Mother: What on earth possessed you?Teenager: I don t have to listen to you, as he/she turns to walk away.Father: Where the hell do you think you re going?I'm sure most people have heard conversations like this, perhaps even beenparticipants. Those dead-end interchanges which leave both parties feelingexhausted and a bit depressed.And such interchanges usually end badly. For both parties.How do they happen and why do they leave us so frustrated and unfulfilled?

Psychiatrist Eric Berne studied in depth what he called transactional units totry to explain such communication with the objective of helping peoplecommunicate more effectively.His findings have been used in communication training programmes to improvethe communication skills of people in business, in the caring professions and inparenting.

HOW COMMUNICATION CAN GO SO WRONG


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WHO WAS ERIC BERNE?Eric Berne was born in Montreal, Canada, on 10 May 1910, as Eric

Lennard Bernstein.He graduated with his MD from McGill University in 1935 and moved toYale to study psychoanalysis with Dr Paul Federn.He became a US citizen in 1939, a year after completing hispsychoanalytic training.He served in the US Army Medical Corps until the end of the Second

World War.He moved to San Francisco to study under Erik Erikson, later becoming agroup therapist attached to several hospitals in the San Francisco area.While working in San Francisco he became fascinated by intuition whichled over time to his formulation of the key concepts of TransactionalAnalysis (TA).

Berne married three times and had four children.In the late 60s he and his third wife moved to Carmel, California, wherehe died suddenly of a heart attack in July 1970.Berne wrote eight books besides many essays and scholarly articles. Hisbest known books are: Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy (1961),which laid the foundations of TA; Games People Play(1964); and What Do

You Say After You Say Hello(published in 1975, after his death)

DR.ERIC BERNE- THE ORIGINATOR OF TA


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THE ROOTS OF TRANSACTION ANALYSISThroughout history, and from allstandpoints: philosophy, medical

science, religion; people have believedthat each man and woman has amultiple nature.In the early 20th century, SigmundFreud first established that the humanpsyche is multi-faceted, and that eachof us has warring factions in oursubconscious. Since then, new theoriescontinue to be put forward.In1951, Dr Wilder Penfield began aseries of scientific experiments.Penfield proved, using conscioushuman subjects, by touching a part ofthe brain with a weak electrical probe,that the brain could be caused to 'playback' certain past experiences, and thefeelings associated with them.

CONCLUSION OF PENFIELDEXPERIMENT:The human brain acts like a taperecorder, and as we may 'forget'experiences, the brain still has themrecorded.Along with events the brain also recordsthe associated feelings, and both feelingsand events stay locked together.It is possible for a person to exist in twostates simultaneously (because patientsreplaying hidden events and feelingscould talk about them objectively at thesame time).Hidden experiences when replayed arevivid, and affect how we feel at the time ofreplaying.There is a certain connection betweenmind and body, i.e. the link between thebiological and the psychological, eg apsychological fear of spiders and abiological feeling of nausea.


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INTRODUCTION TO TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSISTransactional Analysis (TA) is a personality and psychotherapy forpersonal growth. It has wide applications in clinical, therapeutic,organizational and personal development, encompassing communications,management, personality, relationships and behaviour.Transactional Analysis is an approach to psychoanalysis and therapydeveloped in the early 1950s, but was adopted by commercial organisationsin the '60s as they tried to improve the ways that people in generalinteracted.

It is based on two notions: first that we have three parts or 'ego-states'toour personality namely parent, adult and child. The other assumption is thatthese converse with one another in transactions.It defines some basic Ego States and Life Positions that individuals can

adopt, and uses those to describe how Transactions then occur betweentwo people. The famous 'parent adult child' theoryis still being developedtoday.

The idea is that if you know your own state, and can determine the otherperson's state, you can use your behaviour to influence the interactionsbetween the two of you.


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MEANING OF TRANSACTION ANALYSISBefore Berne first published his theorieson Transactional Analysis, he spent yearsformulating the framework of this

approach. The key to this methodologywas a transaction - the fundamental unitof social intercourse.The unit of social intercourse is called atransaction. A transaction consists of atransactional stimulus (TS) and atransactional response (TR).TS is the behavior (verbal or nonverbal)produced by one person inacknowledgement of the presence ofothers when two or more people encountereach other.(Initiates)TR is the response to TS by anotherperson..Transaction Analysis is defined asTransactional Analysis is the method forstudying interactions between individuals.

TRANSACTION

STIMULUS RESPONSE


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According to the International Transactional AnalysisAssociation (ITAA), an association founded in 1964 topromote TA, TA can be defined as

1. an easily understandable yet sophisticatedpsychological theory about people s thinking, feelingsand behaviour and,

2.) a contemporary and effective system ofpsychotherapy, education, organizational and socio-cultural analysis and social psychiatry.

TRANSACTION ANALYSIS DEFINITION


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EGO STATE-STRUCTURAL MODEL OF TRANSACTIONANALYSISIn his encounters with his clients, Dr. Berne understood that

There exist three distinct states in all people.People change from one state to another in the course of theirtransactions. This change can be easily noticed by the manners,appearances, words, gestures, and tones.

He devised the concept of ego states to help explain how we are madeup, and how we relate to others.These are drawn as three stacked circles and they are one of the buildingblocks of Transactional Analysis. They categorize the ways we think, feel

and behave and are called Parent, Adult, and Child.We each have internal models of parents, children and also adults and weplay these roles with one another in our relationships. We even do it withourselves, in our internal conversations.


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A.PARENT EGO STATEThis is a set of feelings, thinking and behaviour that we have copied fromour parents and significant others.

As we grow up we take in ideas, beliefs, feelings and behaviours from ourparents and caretakers..For example, we may notice that we are saying things just as our father,mother, grandmother may have done, even though, consciously, we don'twant to. We do this as we have lived with this person so long that weautomatically reproduce certain things that were said to us, or treat othersas we might have been treated.THERE ARE TWO FORMS OF PARENT WE CAN PLAY.The Nurturing Parent is caring and concerned and often may appear as amother-figure (though men can play it too). They seek to keep the Childsafe and offer unconditional love, calming them when they are troubled.

The Controlling (or Critical) Parent, on the other hand, tries to make theChild do as the parent wants them to do, perhaps transferring values orbeliefs or helping the Child to understand and live in society. They mayalso have negative intent, using the Child as a whipping-boy or worse.

Parent is our Taught concept of life


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B. ADULT EGO STATEThe Adult ego state is about direct responses to the here and now. Wedeal with things that are going on today in ways that are not unhealthilyinfluenced by our past.

Taking the best from the past and using it appropriately in the present isan integration of the positive aspects of both our Parent and Child egostates. So this can be called the Integrating Adult. Integrating means thatwe are constantly updating ourselves through our every day experiencesand using this to inform us.The Adult in us is the 'grown up' rational person who talks reasonably and

assertively, neither trying to control nor reacting. The Adult is comfortablewith themselves and is, for many of us, our 'ideal self'.In this structural model, the Integrating Adult ego state circle is placed inthe middle to show how it needs to orchestrate between the Parent and theChild ego states.Example: parent Ego You are no good, look at what you did wrong again,you are useless. Child Ego "I am no good, look how useless I am, I neverget anything right".An effective Integrating Adult ego state can intervene between the Parentand Child ego states.

Adult is our Thought concept of life


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C.CHILD EGO STATEThe Child ego state is a set of behaviours, thoughts and feelings whichare replayed from our own childhood. The Child ego state is the responsethe little person produced to what he saw, heard, felt and understood.THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF CHILD WE CAN PLAY.NATURAL CHILD: The Natural Child is largely un-self-aware and ischaracterized by the non-speech noises they make(yahoo, etc.). They likeplaying and are open and vulnerable.LITTLE PROFESSOR: The cutely-named Little Professor is the curious andexploring Child who is always trying out new stuff (often much to theirControlling Parent's annoyance). Together with the Natural Child theymake up the Free Child.ADAPTIVE CHILD-The Adaptive Child reacts to the world around them,either changing themselves to fit in or rebelling against the forces theyfeel.

Child is our Felt concept of life


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HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY THESE EGO STATE IN OTHERS AND INOURSELFPARENT EGO STATEPHYSICAL - angry or impatient body-language and expressions, finger-pointing, patronising gestures etc.VERBAL - always, never, for once and for all, judgmental words, criticalwords, patronising language, posturing language.

CHILD EGO STATEPHYSICAL- emotionally sad expressions, despair, temper tantrums, whiningvoice, rolling eyes, shrugging shoulders, teasing, delight, laughter, speakingbehind hand, raising hand to speak, squirming and giggling.VERBAL - baby talk, I wish, I dunno, I want, I'm gonna, I don't care, oh no, notagain, things never go right for me, worst day of my life, bigger, biggest,best, many superlatives, words to impress.

ADULT EGO STATEPHYSICAL - attentive, interested, straight-forward, tilted head, non-threatening and non-threatened.VERBAL - why, what, how, who, where and when, how much, in what way,comparative expressions, reasoned statements, true, false, probably,

possibly, I think, I realise, I see, I believe, in my opinion


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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:The process of analyzingpersonality in terms ofego states is calledstructural analysis. It isimportant to rememberthat ego states do nothave an existence oftheir own, they are

concepts to enableunderstanding.Therefore it is importantto say "I want some funrather than "My Childwants some fun". We

may be in our Child egostate when we say this,but saying "I" reminds usto take responsibility forour actions.

Nurturing Parent: Go ahead, play and havefun!Critical Parent: Now, don't you DARE get

yourself all messy!Adult: This sand looks really interesting. Ican make a castle.Free Child: WOW! Look how tall my castleis!!!!!Adapted Child: I better not get my clothes

all dirty.Rebellious Child: I don't CARE if I do getdirty! (While dumping a bucket of sand onher head)


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CONTAMINATION OF EGO STATES

All people are structurally alike in that everyone has a

Parent, an Adult, and a Child. we differ in two ways.

1.We differ in the content of Parent, Adult, and Child, whichit is unique to each person.2. we differ in the functioning of the Parent, Adult, andChild.

There are two kinds of functional problems:

1.CONTAMINATION2.EXCLUSION

These three ego states should stay separated which is ideal.


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Contamination exist when the boundary of one ego stateoverlap other ego states. Either the parent or the child orboth can contaminate the adult ego state.

when Parent and Adult overlap, we have a Parentcontaminated Adult. This results in PREJUDICE. for instance,beliefs such as "white skins is better than black skins,""right-handedness is better than left-handedness," and"cops are badare transactions on the bases of prejudgment,before reality data (Adult) is applied to them. Prejudice

develops in early childhood when the opportunity of inquiryis shut on certain subjects by the security-giving parents.The little person dares not open it for fear of parentalrebuke.

When Adult and Child overlap, we have a Child

contaminated Adult. This condition causes DELUSION. Adelusion is grounded in fear. A person who would describethe world as hideous is describing how the world seemed tohim as a small child.A little person who was in constant fearof brutality at the hands of angry, unpredictable parents can,as a grownup, under stress, be flooded by the same fear to

the extent that he can fabricate "logical" supporting data.


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For example, He may believe that the neighbor down the street is coming tokill him, and have no basis for that fear. It can only be eliminated byuncovering the truth that the original threat to the Child no longer existexternally. Only as the Adult is decontaminated is it able to compute realitydata.

EXCLUSION:Eric Berne said, "Exclusion is manifested by a stereotyped, predictableattitude which is steadfastly maintained as long as possible in the face ofany threatening situation. The constant Parent, the constant Adult, and the

constant Child all result primarily from defensive exclusion of the twocomplimentary aspects in each case.

In exclusion, the communication from one of the P, A, or C is cut off. Forexample, when Child is cut off, the person cannot play at all and is veryrigid and serious, causing neurotic behavior. When the Parent is cut off, the

person does not have any conscience at all. If his Adult is also contaminatedwith Child, the person will be psychopathic.


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A.PARENT-CONTAMINATED ADULT WITH ABLOCKED-OUT CHILD:Parent-Contaminated adult with a Blocked-OutChild is the person who is dominated by duty,

always working late, all business, and impatientwith family members who want to plan a vacationtrip or a picnic in the park.This type of person has very little happinessrecorded in his Child. He probably never will beable to let his happy Child out, because he has

very little happy Child.

B.CHILD-CONTAMINATED ADULT WITH ABLOCKED-OUT PARENT:This condition develops in the person whose realparents, are those who fulfilled the parental role,

were so brutal and terrifying or, in the otherextreme, so doltishly indulgent that the only wayto preserve life was to "shut them off" or blockthem out. This is typical of the psychopath. Thislittle person concludes correctly that his parentsare in fact Not OK. They are so Not OK that heexcludes them entirely.


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According to this system, psychosis (Any severe

mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost

or highly distorted)results when the Adult is

completely blocked from Parent and Child. This is

called decommissioned Adult. If the blocking out of

Adult is periodic, the result is Manic-Depressive

personality.

The Decommissioned

Adult( Psychosis)


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TRADITIONAL THEORY OF TA

In the 1950's Eric Berne began to develop his theories of TransactionalAnalysis.

He said that verbal communication, particularly face to face, is at thecentre of human social relationships and psychoanalysis.

His starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, oneof them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus.There action from the other person he called the Transaction Response.The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person whoresponds is called the Respondent.Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the transactionwherein: 'I do something to you, and you do something back'.


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Berne also said that each person is made up of three alter ego states:1.PARENT-Our parent is formed by external events and influences upon us aswe grow through early childhood. This is our ingrained voice of authority,absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young.

2.ADULT-Our 'Adult' is our ability to think and determine action for ourselves,based on received data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten monthsold, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control. Ifwe are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult

3. CHILD-Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the'Child'. This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within

each of us.


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When we communicate we are doing so from one of our own alter egostates, our Parent, Adult or Child.

Our feelings at the time determine which one we use, and at any time

something can trigger a shift from one state to another. When werespond, we are also doing this from one of the three states, and it is inthe analysis of these stimuli and responses that the essence ofTransactional Analysis lies.

At the core of Berne's theory is the rule that effective transactions (iesuccessful communications) must be complementary. They must go backfrom the receiving ego state to the sending ego state. For example, if thestimulus is Parent to Child, the response must be Child to Parent, or thetransaction is 'crossed', and there will be a problem between sender andreceiver.

If a crossed transaction occurs, there is an ineffective communication.Worse still either or both parties will be upset.

In order for the relationship to continue smoothly the agent or therespondent must rescue the situation with a complementary transaction.


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MODERN THEORY OF TA

Transactional Analysis is a theory which operates as each of the following:A Theory Of PersonalityA Model Of CommunicationA Study Of Repetitive Patterns Of Behaviour

Transactional Analysis developed significantly beyond these Berne's earlytheories, by Berne himself until his death in 1970, and since then by hisfollowers and many current writers and experts.

Transactional Analysis has been explored and enhanced in many differentways by these people, including:-Ian Stewart And Vann Joines (their book 'TA Today' is widely regarded as adefinitive modern interpretation); John Dusay, Aaron and Jacqui Schiff,Robert and Mary Goulding, Pat Crossman, Taibi Kahler, Abe Wagner, KenMellorand Eric Sigmund, Richard Erskine and Marityn Zalcman, MurielJames, PamLevin, Anita Mountain and Julie Hay (specialists in organizationalapplications),Susannah Temple, Claude Steiner, Franklin Ernst, S Woollamsand M Brown,Fanita English, P Clarkson, M M Holloway, Stephen Karpmanand others.


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The original three ParentAdult Child components weresub-divided to form a newseven element model,principally during the 1980'sby Wagner, Joines andMountain.

This established Controllingand Nurturing aspects of theParent mode, each withpositive and negative aspects,and the Adapted and Freeaspects of the Child mode,again each with positive andnegative aspects, which

essentially gives us the modelto which most TApractitioners refer today:

PARENTParent is now commonly representedas a circle with four quadrants:NURTURING PARENT-Nurturing (positive)

-Spoiling (negative).CONTROLLING PARENT-Structuring (positive)-Critical (negative)

ADULTAdult remains as a single entity,representing an 'accounting' functionor mode, which can draw on theresources of both Parent and Child.

CHILDChild is now commonly represented ascircle with four quadrants:ADAPTED CHILD-Co-operative (positive)-Compliant/Resistant (negative)FREE CHILD-Spontaneous (positive)-Immature ne ative


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Previously Transactional Analysis suggested that effectivecommunications were complementary (response echoing the path of thestimulus), and better still complementary adult to adult.

The modern interpretation suggests that effective communications andrelationships are based on complementary transactions to and from positive

quadrants, and also, still, adult to adult.

Stimulii and responses can come from any (or some) of these seven egostates, to any or some of the respondent's seven ego states.


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A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL OF TRANSACTION ANALYSIS

This model shows how we function or behave with others.

The model used here is divided up into nine and we have used S.Temple's(1999) term "mode" as it differentiates it from the structural ego statemodel.

We colour the different modes in red and green for those who find colourhelpful as a tool.

Effective communication comes from the green modes, (just as withtraffic lights we get the go ahead when the green light comes on).

Ineffective communication come from the red modes (as with the redtraffic light).

When we come from the red modes we invite a negative response, andvice versa from the green modes.


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INEFFECTIVE MODESNEGATIVE CONTROLLING PARENT- communicates a "You're not OK"message, and is punitive.

NEGATIVE NURTURING PARENT- communicates a "You're not OK"message.When in this mode the person will often do things for others which theyare capable of doing for themselves. When in this mode the person isengulfing and overprotective .

NEGATIVE ADAPTED CHILD - expresses an "I'm not OK" message.When in this mode the person over-adapts to others and tends toexperience such emotions as depression, unrealistic fear and anxiety.

NEGATIVE FREE CHILD- expresses a "You're not OK"When in this mode the person runs wild with no restrictions orboundaries.


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EFFECTIVE MODESPOSITIVE NURTURING PARENT- communicates the message "You're OK". Whenin this mode the person is caring and affirming.POSITIVE CONTROLLING PARENT - communicates the message "You're OK".This is the boundary setting mode, offering constructive criticism, whilst beingcaring but firm.POSITIVE ADAPTED CHILD - communicates an "I'm OK" message. From thismode we learn the rules to help us live with others.POSITIVE FREE CHILD - communicates an "I'm OK" message. This is thecreative, fun loving, curious and energetic mode.ACCOUNTING MODE- communicates "We're OK" messages. The Adult is ableto assess reality in the here and now.When the Accounting mode is in the executive position it is possible to choosewhich of the other effective modes to go into, dependent on the situation. Thisis then called Accounting Mode.When using the descriptive behavioural model the term Accounting Mode

helps to differentiate it from the structural model where it is referred to asAdult.When stable in this Accounting Mode we are taking account of the presentcontext and situation and deciding the most appropriate mode to come from.We are then able to respond appropriately rather than flipping into archaic orhistoric ways of being, thinking and behaving which are likely to beinappropriate and unhelpful


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Ch 4 Transaction Analysis I

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