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The Flight Environment

Chapter 4

Section A

Safety of Flight

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Collision Avoidance

Procedures to avoid collisions

Stats - Majority of mid-air collisions

Within 5 miles of an airport

Daylight hours

VFR conditions

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What is VFR? IFR?

VFR (Visual Flight Rules) FARs governingflight when certain weather conditions exist Minimum cloud clearance

Minimum visibility

VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions

IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) FARsgoverning flight when weather conditions arebelow VFR minimums

IMC

Instrument Meteorological Conditions

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More about VFR, IFR

VFR or IFR can refer to

Regulations Weather

Flight plan

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See and Avoid

Visual scanning

Field of vision about 200 Sharp focus only about 10

Effective scanning - use a pattern

Use short, regularly spaced eye movements

Dont exceed 10 at a time

Focus for at least one second

Cover all the sky horizontally and vertically

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Collision course

How do you know if you are on a collision

course?

There will be no apparent relative motion

Stays at the same spot in the windscreen

No lateral or vertical movement, but gets bigger

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Helping your eyes

Clean windscreen, use sunglasses

Fatigue

When transitioning from inside to outside, focus onan exterior part of the aircraft

Empty field myopia

Featureless sky, no objects, no contrasting colors

Eye tends to focus at 10 to 30 feet look atsomething far away, then back to scan

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Know the conditions that help/hurt

Sky conditions

Bright sunlight best, no haze or reduced visibility

Background

Cluttered background makes it more difficult to pick

out other aircraft See Page 4-4

Hazy conditions

Other aircraft and terrain appear to be further away

than they actually are

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Blind spots

View blocked by parts of fuselage and wings

Depends on design of airplane

e.g. high/low wing

Clear the area before turning

High wing below low wing on approach or TO Make shallow S-turns in climbs and descents

Try not to climb or descend at steep angles

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Operations near airports

Extra caution

Controlled airports

Large amounts of traffic

Control tower does not relieve you of see-and-avoid

Uncontrolled airports

Sequencing done by pilots

Aircraft without radios may be operating there

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Lights on your aircraft

Anticollision lights required to be on whenever

the engine is running Day or night

Exception

If they interfere with safety

Strobes off when might be detrimental to vision ofothers

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Operation Lights On

FAA voluntary program

Use landing lights during departures andapproaches

Day and night

Within 10 miles of an airport Or conditions of reduced visibility

Check POH for limits on use of landing lights

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Practicing Maneuvers

Make clearing turns before performing

maneuvers Carefully scan area for other aircraft

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Right-of-way Rules

AC in distress has right-of-way over all others

Approaching head on

Both go right

Overtaking

Faster aircraft goes right and well clear

Same category aircraft converging

Aircraft to right has right-of-way

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Right-of-way Rules

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Right-of-way Rules

Different category aircraft converging

In general, least maneuverable has right of way

Balloon

Glider

Aircraft towing or refueling another aircraft

Airship

Airplane or rotorcraft

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Right-of-Way Rules

Approaching an airport to land

right-of-way belongs to aircraft at the lower altitude

Not intended to be used to cut in front ofanother aircraft

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Minimum Safe Altitudes

Must allow an emergency landing, following

an engine failure, without undue hazard topersons or property on the surface

Minimum

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Minimum Safe Altitudes

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ASRS

Reporting compromises to safety

FAA cannot use ASRS information inenforcement actions

http://asrs.arc.nasa.gov/report_sets_nf.htm

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Flight over hazardous terrain

Mountains and open water

Need specialized training decreased aircraft performance

turbulence

weather

forced landing sites

Need survival gear

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Taxiing in Wind

Position controls to minimize effects of wind ailerons

high wing

tailwheel

elevators

tailwheel

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Positive exchange of controls

You have the flight controls

I have the flight controls You have the flight controls

Visual confirmation

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The Flight Environment

Chapter 4

Section B

Airports

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Controlled/Uncontrolled Airports

Controlled

operating control tower ATC instructions

must have two-way radio and be in contact withtower

Uncontrolled

not required to have two-way radio

you figure it out

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Runway Layout

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Runway Designations

Magnetic direction

nearest 10 degrees omit last zero

Opposite end

Parallel runways

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Traffic Patterns

Entry

Downwind Base leg

Departure

Crosswind

Pattern altitude

Left turns (standard) or right (non-standard)

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Which runway do you use at an

uncontrolled airport?

Radio operator

advise of wind, active runway, traffic

Over fly airport 500 to 1000 feet above

pattern altitude take a look

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Wind Direction Indicators

Wind sock

shows direction, relative velocity, gusty conditions

Wind tee may be manually positioned

Tetrahedron may be manually positioned

Calm wind runway - wind 5 knots or less

preferred runway

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Segmented Circle

locate

winddirectionindicator

indicatetrafficpattern

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Noise Abatement Procedures

Good neighbor

Preferred runway Restrict operations during certain times

Sources

tower

Airport/Facility Directory

info at FBO

Page 4-23

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Airport Visual Aids

Runway Markings

Visual

Non-precision

Precision

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Airport Visual Aids

Runway Markings

Displaced

threshold

Blast pad/stopwayarea X closed

NOTAMs

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Airport Visual Aids

Taxiway Markings

ILS Hold

Line

TaxiwayHoldlines

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Airport Visual Aids

Ramp Area

Handsignals

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Airport Visual Aids

Airport Signs ICAO

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Airport Visual Aids

Airport Signs ICAO

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LAHSO

Land and hold short operations

Accept only if sure you can comply

Refuse if not sure

Page 4-30

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Airport Lighting

Airport Beacon

Operationduring daylighthours indicatesweather below

basic VFRminimums

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Airport Lighting

Visual Approach Slope Indicators

Two-barVASI

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Airport Lighting

Visual Approach Slope Indicators

Tri-color VASI be sure you have the rightlight

above glide path amber

on glide path green

below glide path dark amber to red

Pulsating approach slope indicator (PLASI) above pulsating white light

on steady white

below pulsating red light

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Airport Lighting

Visual Approach Slope Indicators

Precision

ApproachPath

Indicator

(PAPI)

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Airport Lighting

Approach Light Systems (ALS)

Precision instrument runways

as much as 3000 feet before runway on extendedcenterline

steady and flashing lights

rabbit sequenced strobe

Non-precision instrument runways simpler

VFR runway

might have VASI

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Airport Lighting

Runway Edge Lights

High intensity (HIRLs)

Medium intensity (MIRLs)

Low intensity (LIRLs)

Pilot controlled

Yellow runway remaining lights Runway end identifier lights (REILs)

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Airport Lighting

In-Runway Lighting

Some precision approach runways

Centerline white, last 3000 feet yellow

Touchdown zone lighting 100 feet to 3000 feet

Taxiway turnoff lighting alternating green and

yellow, curved off the runway

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Airport Lighting

Taxiway Lighting

Edge of runway blue

Taxiway centerline green

On taxiways

On taxiing paths of runways and ramps

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Airport Lighting

Pilot-controlled Lighting

On specified frequency, within 5 seconds

Key mike seven times all lights on at maximum intensity

Key mike five times

all lights on at medium intensity

Key mike three times

all lights on at lowest intensity

15 minutes

Approach, runway, VASI, REIL

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Airport Lighting

Obstruction Lighting

Obstacles on and off airpot

towers, buildings

Red, white, flashing red, flashing white,strobe

Remember guy wires

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Airport Lighting