In Latin, there are three types of verbal nouns.Infinitives (to verb)Supines (to verb)Gerunds (verbing)

A gerund is a verbal noun that is typically translated as verbing.Although it ends in -ing, it is not a participle because it does not modify another noun.

Watch out for the running man!Man, I really love running!

Forming gerunds is as easy as knowing how to form the gerundive.Remember, a gerundive was the future passive participle that ended in ndus, nda, ndum.

ActivePassivePresentamans, ntis___________________Past (Perfect)___________________amatus, a, umFutureamaturus, ura, urumamandus, a, um

To form the Gerundive, simply take the Present Stem from a verb and add ndus, a, um onto it.cf. Amanda, Miranda and agenda(A good way to remember the ending is from the word gerundive)Note that since the Gerundive is an adjective, it exists in all 3 genders, but the gerund (a noun) only exists in one gender: the neuterTo form the gerund from the gerundive, just use the 2nd decl. neuter singular endings!

The Gerund of am, amre, amv, amtum

Nom.amreto loveGen.amndof lovingDat.amndto/for lovingAcc.amndumlovingAbl.amndby loving

Things to note about the formation of Gerunds:

1.There is no nominativegerund. The form isfulfilled by the presentactive infinitive.2. These are the only formsof gerunds. They do nothave different masculine or feminine forms.3. There are no plurals.

Nom.amreto loveGen.amndof lovingDat.amndto/for lovingAcc.amndumlovingAbl.amndby loving

A gerund is used in the same fashion as a normal noun.Therefore, it can serve any syntactical function (direct object, abl. of means, objective gen., etc.)They are always active and can take direct objects.

Habeo amorem scrbend.I have a love of writing.

Discimus legendo libros.We learn by reading books.

caus and grti take the gerund in the genitive to express purpose.

gerund is always placed before (i.e., preceding) caus and grti.

caus and grti are both translated as for the sake of

Rmam vn multa vidend caus.I came to Rome for the sake of seeing many things.

ad can be used with a gerund in the accusative to express purpose.

In this construction, the gerund is usually placed after ad.ad is translated as for the purpose of

Arma cpit ad pugnandum.He took up arms for the purpose of fighting.

We have already seen gerundives and have learned that they should be translated as ought to be verbed or must be verbed .With a form of sum, the gerundive is used in the Passive Periphrastic:

Id nobis faciendum est.It must be done by us.It ought to be done by us.

What often happens is when the gerund takes noun in accusative, the Roman put the noun in case in which the gerund would be and use a gerundiveA: Studium legendi libros B: studium librorum legendorum

A: Libros legendo operam dat B: Libris legendis operam dat.

However, the difference between this usage and the use of a gerund is that the gerundive modifies a noun and the gerund stands alone.

Rmam vn matrem vidend caus.I came to Rome for the sake of seeing (my) mother.

Rmam vn matris videndae caus.I came to Rome for the sake of seeing (my) mother.

Arma cpit ad pugnandum hostes.He took up arms for the purpose of fighting the enemy.

Arma cpit ad pugnandos hostes.He took up arms for the purpose of fighting the enemy.

Therefore, the basic difference between gerunds and gerundives is that . . . .

GERUNDIVES MODIFY A NOUN BUT GERUNDS STAND ALONE

We now know several ways to express PURPOSE in Latin:Purpose Clause: with ut/ne + Subjunctive Rmam venio ut matrem videam.Supine: Acc. of Supine with a verb of motion Rmam venio matrem visum.Gerund/Gerundive: with caus, grti, and ad Rmam vn matrem vidend caus. Rmam vn matris videndae caus

We have seen a couple ways that Romans could ask direct questions:- interrogative pronouns (quis, quid) - other interrogative words (cur, ubi, etc)- adding ne to the first word in a questionThese have no expectation of a specific answer!We can also ask leading questions in Latin by using the particles Nonne and Num.

The enclitic ne marks a question of unexpected/indefinite answerIf the speaker expects an answer of yes, nonne will be used. If an answer of no is expected, num.

Nonne illum virum vidisti?

Num illum virum vidisti?

Vidistine illum virum.You saw that man, didnt you?

You didnt see that man, did you?

Did you see that man?

WordsMeaningsquis, quidwho, what?qu, quae, quodwhat _______, which?crWhy?qurWhy?ubiwhen/ where?undeWhence?quWhither?quamHow?quothow many?uter, utra, utrumwhich one (of two)?

- Remember: Dependent Subjunctives use the Sequence of Tenses.

Sequence of Tenses:Same TimeORAfter Main VerbBefore Main Verb (Past Time)With PrimaryTenses (Pres., Fut.)Present Subj.Perfect Subj.With SecondaryTenses(Pf., Impf., Plupf.)Imperfect Subj.Pluperfect Subj.

If youre afraid of something, it can function as a direct object.ex: I fear the dog. - Timeo canem.However, if youre afraid that something will happen, that action is a fear clause. ex: I fear that none of you will study. This is hypothetical right? So what will we use?A SUBJUNCTIVE!

Verb of Fearing + ut/n + Subjunctive Verb

Use the ut when youre afraid something will NOT happen (and thus you want it to happen!)Use n when youre afraid something will happen (and thus you dont want it to happen!)

So, its essentially opposite what you would normally expect of ut/n in the other subjunctive clauses weve seen

In fearing clauses, translate: ut thatnot ne that or lest Remember: opposite of what youd expect!For the subjunctive verbs: use auxiliaries: will / may or would / might

Timeo ut ille veniat.Timeo ne ille veniat.

A noun in either the genitive or ablative can be used to describe the characteristics of another noun.NB: there must be an adjective with the gen./abl. phraseWhile both can express character/quality/size, generally the ablative was used to denote physical characteristics.

Translate: of (in either case) or with (abl. only)

Femina magnae sapientiae.Miles firma manu.Vir summa virtute et humanitate.

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