Ch. 30 partCh. 32 partCh. 33 all

2

New class, evolved from guild merchants in cities

“bourgeoisie” Capitalists Begin to eclipse power and status of

agrarian landed classes

3

Large factories require start-up capital Corporations formed to share risk,

maximize profits Britain and France lay foundations for

modern corporation, 1850-1860s Private business owned by hundreds,

thousands or even millions of stockholders Investors get dividends if profitable, lose only

investments in case of bankruptcy

4

Large corporations form blocs to drive out competition, keep prices high John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil

drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S. German IG Farben controls 90% of chemical

production Governments often slow to control

monopolies

5

Technological innovation Improved agricultural tools

Cheap manufactured goods Especially textiles

Travel and transportation

6

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1700 1800 1900

Europe

Americas

7

Industrialization results in marked decline of both fertility and mortality

Costs of living increase in industrial societies

Urbanization proceeds dramatically 1800: only 20% of Britons live in towns with

population over 10,000 1900: 75% of Britons live in urban

environments

8

Ancient and medieval methods: Egypt: crocodile dung depository Asia: oral contraceptives (mercury, arsenic) Elsewhere: beeswax, oil paper diaphragms

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) predicts overpopulation crisis, advocates “moral restraint”

Condoms invented in England Made from animal intestines in 17th century,

latex in 19th century

9

London: 1 million in 1800, 2.4 million in 1850

Wealthy classes move out to suburbs Industrial slum areas develop in city centers Open gutters as sewage systems

Danger of Cholera First sewage systems, piped water only in

1848

10

19th-early 20th centuries, rapid population growth drives Europeans to Americas 50 million cross Atlantic Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid

potato famines of 1840s, Jews to abandon Tsarist persecution

United States favored destination

11

Economic factors result in decline of slavery

Capitalist wealth brings new status to non-aristocratic families

New urban classes of professionals Blue-collar factory workers Urban environment also creates new

types of diversions Sporting events

12

Agricultural, cottage industry work involved women: natural transition

But development of men as prime breadwinners, women in private sphere, working cheap labor

Double burden: women expected to maintain home as well as work in industry

Related to child labor: lack of day care facilities

13

Easily exploited Low wages: 1/6 to 1/3 of adult male wages High discipline

Advantages of size Coal tunnels Gathering loose cotton under machinery

Cotton industry, 1838: children 29% of workforce

Factory Act of 1833: 9 years minimum working age

14

Socialism first used in context of Utopian Socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Opposed competition of market system Attempted to create small model

communities Inspirational for larger social units

15

Two major classes: Capitalists, who control means of production Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor

Exploitative nature of capitalist system Religion: “opiate of the masses” Argued for an overthrow of capitalists in

favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”

16

Socialism had major impact on 19th century reformers Reduced property requirements for male

suffrage Addressed issues of medical insurance,

unemploymnet compensation, retirement benefits

Trade unions form for collective bargaining Strikes to address workers’ concerns

17

Slower starts on industrial process Russia constructs huge railway network

across Siberia under finance minister Count Sergei Witte

Japanese government takes initiative by hiring thousands of foreign experts Reforms iron inudstry Opens universities, specializing in science and

technology

18

Global division of labor Rural societies that produce raw materials Urban societies that produce manufactured

goods Uneven economic development Developing export dependencies of Latin

America, sub-Saharan Africa, south and south-east Asia Low wages, small domestic markets

19

Russia a massive, multi-cultural empire Only approximately half speak Russian,

observe Russian Orthodox Christianity Romanov Tsars rule autocratic empire Powerful class of nobles exempt from

taxation, military duty Exploitative serfdom

20

21

Russian expansion into Caucasus in larger attempt to establish control over weakening Ottoman empire

Threatens to upset balance of power, Europeans become involved

Russia driven back from Crimea in humiliating defeat

Demonstration of Russian weakness in the face of western technology, strategy

22

Serfdom source of rural instability and peasant revolt

Tsar Alexander II emancipates serfs in 1861, without alleviating poverty, land hunger Forced to pay for lands they had farmed for

generations Limited attempts to reform administration,

small-scale representative government Network of elected district assemblies called

zemstvos

23

Count Sergei Witte, minister of finance 1892-1903

Massive railroad construction Trans-Siberian railroad

But massive industrial discontent Peasants uprooted from rural lifestyle to work

for low wages, long hours

24

Intelligentsia class spreads radical ideas for social change Socialists, anarchists Terror tactics, assassinations Attempt to connect with the mistrustful

peasantry in 1870s, denounced and sent into Siberian exile

Tsarist authorities turn to censorship, secret police

Nationalist sentiment seething in Baltics, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, central Asia

25

1881 radical People’s Will movement assassinates Tsar Alexander II Prompted widespread pogrom attacks on Jews Increased repression

Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) enters into war with Japan (1904-1905)

Humiliating defeat exposes government weaknesses

Social discontent boils over in Revolution of 1905

Strikes force government to make concessions

26

The Building of Global Empires

27

28

Term dates from mid-19th century

In popular discourse by 1880s

Military imperialism Later, economic and

cultural varieties US imperialism

29

Military Political Economic

European capitalism Religious Demographic

criminal populations Dissident populations

30

Discovery of natural resources Exploitation of cheap labor Expansion of markets

limited

31

Rudyard Kipling (1864-1936) Raised in India, native Hindi speaker Boarding school in England, then return to

India (1882) French: mission civilisatrice

32

Strategic footholds Waterways Supply stations Imperial rivalries

33

Crises of industrialism Pressure from nascent Socialism Imperial policies distract proletariat from

domestic politics Cecil Rhodes: imperialism alternative to civil war

34

Transportation Steamships Railroads

Infrastructure Suez Canal (1859-1869) Panama Canal (1904-1914) See history and

pictures next two slides

35

1875 de Lesseps made his first public declaration of interest in an interoceanic canal. On the first day of the new year of 1880, on board a steam launch standing of the mouth of the Rio Grande, de Lesseps young daughter Fernanda dug the first shovel of sand into a champagebox and the Panama Canal was symbolically begun. By the end of January 1881, the first group of French engineers of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique arrived at Colon and the great task of construction commenced. In the years to follow men and machinery poured into Panama to confront the geographical obstacles of the Isthmus: the backbone of the continental divide at the Culebra Cut and the mighty Chagres river.At this time the French stood at the pinnacle of 19th century engineering. Their finest engineers and machinery were sent to work. For 8 years a valiant and determined effort was made on the isthmus. The climate, with its torrential rains, incessant heat and fatal disease, took its toll. Financial mismanagement, stock failure and bad publicity eventually forced the failure of the company. The official end came on February 4th 1889 and the companies assets went into the hands of the liquidator. By may all work was halted on the isthmus. De Lesseps died in France in 1894.

On October 20, 1894, the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panamá was formerly incorporated and work was continued. Machinery was kept in a state of preservation, more surveys and mapping were done and excavation proceeded at Culebra and other points on the locks canal plan. On the morning of may 4,1904 at the Canal company headquarters in Panamá City Lieutenant Brooke formally received the French company’s assets for the United States and American control began. It is undoubtable that the Americans benefited from the French experience, whereby many of the original problems were avoided and surmounted. Under the direction of the Isthmian Canal Commission, work progressed at a furious pace and after ten years of construction on a monumental scale , the canal was completed. It is fitting that the first vessel to pass through the Canal was the old French Craneboat La Valley still in service for the Americans.

By August 15, 1914 the Canal was officially opened by the passing of the SS Ancon.

36

37

muzzle-loading muskets Mid-century: breech-loading rifles

Reduce reloading time 1880s: Maxim gun, 11 rounds per second

38

Battle of Omdurman (near Khartom on Nile), 1898 Five hours of fighting

British: six gunboats, twenty machine guns, 368 killed

Sudanese: 11,000 killed

39

Correspondence 1830 Britain-India: 2 years After Suez Canal, 2 weeks

Telegraph 1870s, development of submarine cables Britain-India: 5 hours

40

East India Company Monopoly on India trade Original permission from Mughal

emperors Mughal empire declines after death of

Aurangzeb, 1707

41

42

Protection of economic interests through political conquest

British and Indian troops (sepoys)

43

44

Enfield rifles Cartridges in wax paper greased with animal

fat Problem for Hindus: beef Problem for Muslims: pork

Sepoys capture garrison 60 soldiers, 180 civilian males massacred (after

surrender) Two weeks later, 375 women and children

murdered British retake fort, hang rebels

45

Pre-empts East India Company Established civil service staffed by

English Low-level Indian civil servants

46

Organization of agriculture Crops: tea, coffee, opium

Stamp of British culture on Indian environment

Veneer on poor Muslim-Hindu relations

47

British, French, Russians complete for central Asia France drops out after Napoleon Russia active after 1860s in Tashkent,

Bokhara, Samarkand, and approached India The “Great Game”: Russian vs. British

intrigue in Afghanistan Preparation for imperialist war Russian Revolution of 1917 forestalled war

48

Spanish: Philippines Dutch: Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) British establish presence from 1820s

Conflict with kings of Burma (Myanmar) 1820s, established colonial authority by 1880s

Thomas Stamford Raffles founds Singapore for trade in Strait of Melaka Base of British colonization in Malaysia, 1870s-

1880s French: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, 1859-

1893 Encouraged conversion to Christianity

49

50

French, Portugese, Belgians, and English competing for “the dark continent”

Britain establishes strong presence in Egypt, Rhodesia Suez Canal Rhodesian gold. diamonds

51

Ancient Africa Implications for justification of imperialist

rule European exploration of rivers (Nile,

Niger, Congo, Zambesi) Information on interior of Africa King Leopold II of Belgium starts Congo Free

State, commercial ventures Takes control of colony in 1908, renamed

Belgian Congo

52

Dutch East India establishes Cape Town (1652) Farmers (Boers) follow to settle territory, later called

Afrikaners Competition and conflict with indigenous Khoikhoi and

Xhosa peoples British takeover in 1806, slavery a major issue

of conflict Afrikaners migrate eastward: the Great Trek,

overpower Ndebele and Zulu resistance with superior firepower

Establish independent Republics British tolerate this until gold is discovered White-white conflict, black soldiers and laborers Afrikaners concede in 1902, 1910 integrated

into Union of South Africa

53

54

Fourteen European states, United States No African states present Rules of colonization: any European state can

take “unoccupied” territory after informing other European powers

European firepower dominates Africa Exceptions: Ethiopia fights off Italy (1896);

Liberia a dependency of the US

55

Concessionary companies Private companies get large tracts of land to

exploit natural resources Companies get freedom to tax, recruit labor:

horrible abuses Profit margin minimal

Direct Rule: France “civilizing mission” Chronic shortage of European personnel; language

and cultural barriers French West Africa: 3600 Europeans rule 9 million

56

Frederick D. Lugard (Britain, 1858-1945) The Dual Magnate in British Tropical Africa

(1922) Use of indigenous institutions Difficulty in establishing tribal categories,

imposed arbitrary boundaries

57

58

English use Australia as a penal colony from 1788

Voluntary migrants follow; gold discovered 1851

Smallpox, measles devastate natives Territory called “terra nullus”: land of no

one New Zealand: natives forced to sign

Treaty of Waitangi (1840), placing New Zealand under British “protection”

59

60

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

1800 1900

Native

European

61

Commercial outposts Whalers seeking port Merchants seeking sandalwood, sea slugs for

sale in China Missionaries seeking souls

British, French, German, American powers carve up Pacific islands Tonga remains independent, but relies on

Britain

62

President James Monroe warns Europeans not to engage in imperialism in western hemisphere (1823) The Monroe Doctrine: all Americas a U.S.

Protectorate 1867 purchased Alaska from Russia 1875 established protectorate over

Hawai’i Locals overthrow queen in 1893, persuade US

to acquire islands in 1898

63

US declares war in Spain after battleship Maine sunk in Havana harbor, 1898 Takes possession of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam,

Philippines US intervenes in other Caribbean, Central

American lands, occupies Dominican Repubilc, Nicaragua, Honduras, Haiti

Filipinos revolt against Spanish rule, later against US rule

64

President Theodore Roosevelt (in office 1901-1909) supports insurrection against Colombia (1903)

Rebels win, establish state of Panama U.S. gains territory to build canal,

Panama Canal Zone Roosevelt Corollary of Monroe Doctrine

U.S. right to intervene in domestic affairs of other nations if U.S. investments threatened

65

Resentment over Unequal Treaties of 1860s 1870s colonized northern region: Hokkaido,

Kurile islands, southern Okinawa and Ryukyu islands as well

1876 Japanese purchase warships from Britian, dominate Korea

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) over Korea results in Japanese victory

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) also ends in Japanese victory

66

Colonized states encouraged to exploit natural resources rather than build manufacturing centers

Encouraged dependency on imperial power for manufactured goods made from native raw product Indian cotton

Introduction of new crops Tea in Ceylon

67

68

Europeans move to temperate lands Work as free cultivators, industrial laborers 32 million to the US 1800-1914

Africans, Asians, and Pacific islanders move to tropical/subtropical lands Indentured laborers, manual laborers 2.5 million between 1820 and 1914

69

Thousands of insurrections against colonial rule Tanganyika Maji Maji Rebellion against Germans

(1905-1906) Rebels sprinkle selves with magic water (maji

maji) as protection against modern weapons; 75000 killed

“Scientific” Racism developed Count Joseph Arthurd de Gobineau (1816-1882) Combines with theories of Charles Darwin (1809-

1882) to form pernicious doctrine of Social Darwinism

70

Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1883), Bengali called “father of modern India”

Reformers call for self-government, adoption of selected British practices (e.g. ban on sati) Influence of Enlightenment thought, often

obtained in European universities Indian National Congress formed 1885

1906 joins with All-India Muslim League