Ch. 3 sections 1 & 2The Indian Subcontinent

The Physical Characteristics Mountains:

The Hindu Kush (the Khyber pass), the Himalayas, the Eastern & Western Ghats

Rivers: Indus & Ganges

The Deccan PlateauPlains (where most people live)Monsoons (winds that reverse directions

every 6 months) Summer = warm & moist Winter = cool & dry

Hindu Kush

Himalayas

Coastal Plains

Deccan Plateau

Farming on the Deccan Plateau

Coastal Fishing Industry

The monsoons bring the rain…

Harappa (the Indus Civilization) 3000-1500 B.C. people began to build

settlements along the Indus River (thousands) Harappa & Mohenjo – Daro were the largest

▪ 35,000-40,000 people All the cities :

Grid system of roads & houses Oven baked mud bricks Walled neighborhoods (house had a square

courtyard surrounded by rooms) Public wells Bathrooms with drainage & sewage Garbage chutes

Society

Theocracy Citadel = Royal palace & holy temple

combinedFarmers (annual flooding of the river)Traded with the city- states of

Mesopotamia

Mohenjo – Daro

Sewage canals

ovens

well

Pictographic writing (we can not translate it!)

The Aryan Invasion The Aryans = pastoral nomads that immigrated into

the region through the Kyber pass that eventually controlled most of India Indo-European Strong warrior tradition Didn’t invent writing until 1000 B.C. (Sanskrit) Began to settle & farm when the iron plow was introduced

to the region (turned the jungle around the Ganges into farmland)

Developed the Caste system & Hinduism 1500-400 B.C. Divided the area into small

principalities that were ruled by Rajas Never unified

.

Sanskrit

Aryan Family Life

extended families (3 or more generations living under 1 roof)

patriarchal (the oldest male had legal authority over the entire family) Only men could inherit property, be priests, or be

educated Marriage

Arranged (divorce was not allowed) Men would marry after they had 12 years of schooling Women would marry very young & her family would

give the groom a dowry (bride price)▪ Suttee = the practice of wives throwing themselves into

the flames of their husband’s funeral pyre

The Caste System

Social hierarchy established by the Aryans (based on occupation & extended family network)

Was reinforced by the idea of reincarnation (soul recycling)

The Varnas (castes)

The Untouchables

Make up about 5% of the populationNot part of the caste systemConsidered inferior to all other

peopleRequired to perform all the “dirty”

jobs in society anything that would pollute the body or

the soul Collecting trash, disposing of dead

bodies, making leather

Untouchables in the modern world

Hinduism Developed over thousands of years

3 main components of a single creation force (Brahman): ▪ Brahma (the creator), Vishnu (the preserver) , Siva

(the destroyer) Vedas = a book of hymns & ceremonies Goal = the end to a series of lives (Moksha) Reincarnation = a cycle of birth, death, &

rebirth Karma = deeds that determine how you will be

reborn (what goes around comes around!) Dharma = divine law (duty) Yoga = physical training used to help bring

together Brahman & man

Temple

meditation

Offerings to a shrine

Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)

A Prince who went searching for the “the cure to human suffering”

Goal = for a person to reach Enlightenment A release from suffering

▪ Believed that the material world was not real, but an illusion

▪ Believed all suffering was caused by people’s attachment to the material world

Bodhi = wisdom or enlightenment Nirvana = ultimate reality & oneness with the

Great World Soul Believed in reincarnation, but ejected the belief

in Hindu gods Did not believe “Buddha” was a god!!!!!!!

Basic Principles of Buddhism

4 noble truths: Ordinary life is full of suffering This suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals

& to see others as extensions of ourselves The way to end desire is to follow the Middle path

The 8-fold path (the middle path): Right view – know the 4 truths Right intention – decide what you really want Right speech – speak only the truth & speak well of others Right action – do not: kill, steal, lie, be unchaste, or take

drugs Right livelihood – do work that uplifts our being Right effort – try! Right mindfulness – control your instincts Right concentration - meditate

The South Asian view of Buddha is much different than the Chinese interpretation

Mauryan Dynasty The Persians, Greeks & Macedonians all invaded from

the west (327 B.C. Alexander the Great) 324-341 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya drove the

foreigners out & established an empire (paranoid of assassination) Divided the territory into provinces with local governors

Asoka is often considered to be the greatest leader in the history of India Used Buddhist ideals Established India as a major trade crossroads (the silk road)

183 B.C the last Mauryan king was killed by one of his military commanders & India broke up into smaller kingdoms

The Kushan Kingdom1st century A.DBactria = AfghanistanNomadic warriors 320 A.D. defeated by invadersControlled trade through the Kyber pass

The silk road connected China & the Roman world (4,000 miles)

The camel caravans only transported luxury goods

The Kingdom of the GuptasPrince Chandragupta (no relation to

the first one)Took over the old Mauryan territoryTraded with China (Faxian was a

Buddhist monk who visited & praised the kingdom)

Most of their wealth came from religious trade (pilgrims)

The Huns invaded in the 5th century

Indian LiteratureVedas (once passed down orally)Historical epics (religious & moral

lessons) Mahabharata (longest poem in the world)

▪ Bhagavad Gita (most famous section)▪ In taking action, one must not worry about success or failure. One should only be aware of the moral rightness of the act itself

RamayanaKalidasa was a poet

The Cloud Messenger

ArchitectureThe Pillar

Erected along the roads during Asoka’s reign to mark sites related to events in Buddha’s life

The Stupa Was originally a house for relics of the

Buddha Built in the shape of burial mounds

The Rock Chamber Developed by Asoka to provide rooms for

monks & religious services (carved into cliffs)

Science

Astronomy Charted the movement of the “heavenly

bodies” Recognized the Earth was a sphere that

rotated on an axis & revolved around the sun

Mathematics Aryabhata created algebra Introduced the concept of zero Created the number system we use

today

Chapter 3 sections 3 & 4

China

Geography of ChinaThe Huang He (Yellow) & Chang

Jaing (Yangtze) Rivers were some of the greatest food producing areas of the ancient world The Huang He is often referred to as “China’s sorrow” because of its devastating floods (sometimes killing up to 1,000,000 people)

Only 10% of land is arable Gobi Desert Himalayas

Huang He

The Gobi

Loess Plateau

Takla Makan Desert

The Tibetan Plateau

Yangtze Gorges

The First Dynasties2,000 B.C.: Xia (SYAH) Dynasty1750-1045 B.C.: Shang Dynasty

Capital @ Anyang (built out of wood) Aristocracy held the power (the territories

were governed by warlords) Early kings were buried with corpses of faithful

servants in the royal tombs Oracle bones (first Chinese writing) were used to

communicate with the gods The belief in an afterlife mutated into “ancestor

worship” Known for their bronze casting

Chinese SocietyThe peasants worked the land for their

warlords, but they also had land for their own use

Merchants were considered the property of the local lord & were not very well thought of

Family served as the basic economic & social unit finial piety = duty of the members of

the family to subordinate their needs & desires to those of the male head of the family

Male supremacy, but women did have influence in politics

Bronze Horse

Vessel

The Zhou (JOH) Dynasty 1045-256 B.C. Revolted against the Shang

because the king swam in “ponds of wine” & “ruined the moral of the nation” the king was seen as a link between Heaven & Earth Mandate of Heaven = Kings claimed to have the

authority to rule because they had the blessings from the gods▪ The king, who was chosen to rule because of his talent &

virtue, was then responsible for ruling the people with goodness & efficiency

▪ He was expected to rule according to the “proper way” called the Dao/Tao (DOW)

▪ If he failed, he would be overthrown by a new leader & begin a new Dynastic Cycle

The dynasty rules successfully

for many years, then begins to decline

The central government begins to collapse;

Rebellions & invasions begin

The dynasty collapses

The Dynastic Cycle

Yes! This is money!

The Period of Warring States 403 B.C. – 221 B.C.

Qin (CHIN) Dynasty 221-202 B.C.

Qin Shihuangdi (CHIN SHUR HWONG DEE) was the first emperor of China

Practiced Legalism: Burned books, and oppressed local culture

to assert his own power & he would execute anyone who disobeyed him

Divided the government into 3 parts: Civil Military the censorate (government inspectors)

Began to appoint government officialsUnified China by:

Established a road system Creating a universal monetary unit

(money) Built the first Great Wall of China to

keep out the Xiongnu (SYEN NOO)The emperor died in 210 B.C. (terra cotta

tomb) & the dynasty was overthrown 4 years later

Tomb of the 1st Emperor

The Han Dynasty 202 B.C. -220 A.D

Liu Bang (LYOH BONG) = Han GaozuReplaced Legalism with

Confucianism Established the Civil Service exam as a way

to get into the government Established schools to teach Confucian ideal,

Chinese history & lawsHan Wudi extended the boarders all

the way to modern Vietnam & pushed back the Xiongnu (the nomads to the north, beyond the Great Wall)

Han Society

All men had to serve in the military & provide free labor (forced) for up to 1 month / year

many small farmers were forced to become tenants for the local aristocratic families, and the warlords began to raise their own armies

Was conquered because of peasant unrest & invasion from the north

Expanded trade along the silk road (trade route from China to the Middle East)

New technologies: water mills for grinding grain iron casting & Steel Paper sailing technology (rudder & for & aft riggings)…

expansion of trade

Fall of the Han

Weak rulers led to a decline in power of the central government

Noble families amassed all the land & forces small farmers to become tenants

Widespread peasant unrest Nomadic raids in the north 190 B.C. rebel armies sacked the capital 220 China erupted into civil war

gilded bronze palace-lamp,

Tomb Figurines

Chinese Writing

Invented in the Shang DynastyEvolved over thousands of yearsPictographic & Ideographic

One Chinese character (symbol) is a pictograph

2 or more combined are an ideograph

Chinese Philosophies

During the Zhou (JOH) DynastyConfucianismLegalismDaoism or Taoism (DOW)

Confucianism

551 B.C. Confucius = Kongfuzi (KOONG FOO DZUH) Wrote The Analects (political & ethical not

religious) Concerned with restoring & maintaining

order in the real world, not with spirituality (opposite of Buddhism)

Encouraged people to follow the Dao ( the proper way)through duty & humanity

Believed that government should not be controlled by those of noble birth (AKA aristocrats), but should be open to all men of superior talent

His teachings were the center of Chinese education & government for the next 2,000 years

5 constant relationships:

Parent & child Husband & wife Older sibling & younger sibling Older friend & younger friend Ruler & subject

Daoism (Taoism) Laozi (LOW DZUH) AKA “the Old Master” (we do

not know if he actually existed) Given credit for writing the Tao Te Ching (The

Way of the Dao) Does not concern itself with spirituality Believed the best way to follow the will of

heaven is inaction Believed in acting spontaneously, and

letting nature take its course

LegalismBelieved that people were evil by

nature, and that they must be suppressed by harsh laws & punishments

Believed that strong rulers established an orderly society & they did not need to be compassionate

Believed fear kept the people in lineOften referred to as the “school of law”