Ch 3: Cells and Tissue - Las Positas Collegelpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/jgallagher/Physio/Chapter 3...
Transcript of Ch 3: Cells and Tissue - Las Positas Collegelpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/jgallagher/Physio/Chapter 3...
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Background Basics:
Units of measure
Hydrophobic/philic
molecules
Proteins
Compound molecules
pH
DNA and RNA
Or, Anatomy class in one lecture!
Developed by
John Gallagher, MS, DVM
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Key Concepts
Cell anatomy
Tissue types
Tissue remodeling
Organs
Study of cell
structure = ?
Study of tissue
structure = ?
Study of how cells
work = ?
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Compartments
• Major Body Cavities (thorax, etc.)
• Fluid Compartments
– Intracellular Fluid (ICF) or cytosol
– Extracellular fluid ECF
• Between Cells
• Circulatory System (plasma)
• Intracellular compartments
– Membranous organelles
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Biological Membranes
• Two definitions:
– Body’s borders, e.g.,
• Peritoneal membrane
• Skin
– Cell membrane
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Proteins and cholesterol interspersed
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Cell Anatomy
ECF
Cell membrane
Membranous organelles
Non-membranous
organelles
The Cell
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Cell differentiation
Mechanism: differential gene activation allows
creation of specialized cells
From 1 zygote to 200 different types of cells
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Special Structural Features of
Cell Membranes
• Microvilli
• Cilia
• Stereocilia
• Flagella
Function?
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Cytoplasm
Cytosol:
= semigelatinous
intracellular fluid
Medium for suspension of
1. Organelles,
2. Ions, nutrients, wastes,
enzymes etc.…….
3. Inclusions
Organelles perform
specialized tasks.
Membranous
organelles
Non-membranous
organelles
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Cytoskeleton
•Strength
•Support
•Shape
•Transport
•Cell to cell links
•Protein fibers
•Microfilaments
•Intermediate
•Microtubules
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Centrosomes and Centrioles
1 centrosome contains 2 centrioles Centrosomes organize microtubules
Centrioles: bundles of microtubules
Pull chromosomes, form core in cilia
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• Contain motor proteins
• 2:9 microtubule pattern
• Cilia move fluids
• Flagella move sperm cells
Cilia and Flagella
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• Function: Transfer of messages from DNA
• Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm
Ribosomes
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Membranous Organelles
Special compartments for special functions
– Separate harmful substances from other cell areas
– Separate function from other cell areas
Mitochondrion =
powerhouse of cell.
Energy (ATP)
production
Has own DNA, self-replicating
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RER & SER
RER: Protein synthesis,
storage, modification &
transport vesicles
SER: Synthesis and conversion
of FA, steroids, lipids
In muscle: Ca2+ storage
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Golgi Apparatus
• Modification (labeling) of proteins
• Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles
TEM
“Post office” of cell
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Protein
Secretion
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Lysosomes Digestion (~ 50 enzymes) of bacteria and old organelles Enzymes only active at pH of 100 – 1,000 x < cytoplasm pH = ?
Also used to dissolve Ca-carbonate of bone and for self
destruction of damaged cells
Disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachs
disease
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Peroxi-
somes
Major function: Degradation of long chain FAs
Generate hydrogen peroxide contain catalase
Smaller than Lysosomes - Different set of enzymes
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Nucleus
• Control Center
• Nuclear envelope with nuclear
pore complexes for diffusion
and active transport
• Chromatin (DNA and
proteins)
• DNA forms genes
• One or more nucleoli
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Cell to Cell Junctions
• Utilize CAMs (Cell
Adhering Molecules)
– Tight Junctions
– Anchoring Junctions
• Desmosomes
– Gap Junctions
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Gap Junctions
• Cylindrical proteins
form channels
• Can open and close
• Electrical synapses
• Rapid transfer of
signals in cardiac &
smooth muscle
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Tight junctions
• Complete barrier
(brick wall)
• Fusion of adjacent cell
membranes via claudin
and occludin
• Found in
– BBB
– GI tract, kidneys
Tight vs. leaky epithelium
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Movement of substances across
tight and leaky epithelia
Fig 3-18
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Anchoring Junctions
• Cell to cell or cell to CT matrix
• Anchoring junctions (CAMs: cadherins) – Desmosomes
– Adherens junctions
• Cell matrix attachments (CAMs: integrins) – Hemidesmosomes
– Spot desmosomes or focal adhesions
In cancer: Loss of desmosomes
consequence?
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Histology
• Structure and function of all four basic tissue types: remember from Anatomy or review on your own (starting p. 72 with epithelia)
• Definition of organ? Example: skin (see p 83)
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The Four Tissue Types
• Epithelia
– Protection, exchange, etc.
• Connective
– Extracellular Matrix (ground substance)
– Includes adipose, blood, lymph
• Muscle
– Smooth, cardiac, skeletal
• Neural
– Neurons and neuroglia
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Stem Cells
• Review concept of stem cells (see p 81 - 82)
– Totipotent – earliest cells in zygote
– Pluripotent – starting specialization
– Multipotent – more specialized (bone marrow)
• Research:
– Fetal stem cells
– Plasticity of adult stem cells
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Tissue
Remodeling
Tissue remodeling throughout a person’s life
• Apoptosis = Programmed cell death (suicide)
– Cell breaks up into membrane bound blebs which will be phagocytosed by other cells.
• Necrosis = traumatic cell death
– Lack of O2, trauma, toxins
– Cells rupture tissue damage & inflammation
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Running Problem: The Pap Smear Page 51 on
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Cervical cells. Uniform in size and shape
normal
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Mixed-type carcinoma
Drs. Prolla and Diehl's INTERESTING CASE OF THE MONTH
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