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Ch. 21.1The Progressive EraProgressivesProgressives- Reformers

What were they trying to reform?CitiesGovernmentBusinessPolitical MachinePowerful organizations linked to political parties

Political Boss: a machine representative who controlled jobs and services in a particular cityMade money by:Accepting bribes from tenement landlordsCampaign contributions from contractorsIllegal payments from companies doing business with the city

William M. TweedControlled New York Citys police, courts, and newspapers

William M. Tweed

Fighting the Spoils SystemSpoils System: Political supporters were rewarded with jobs and favors

The Pendleton Act (1883)Established the Civil Service CommissionFederal workers had to demonstrate their skills and competency before being given jobsControlling BusinessRailroads had formed an oligopolyOligopoly: A few large companies controlled prices for the entire industry

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Requires railroads to charge and publish reasonable and just ratesMuckrakersReporters who raked (exposed) the muck (dirt)

These reporters would write stories that alerted people about problemsPolitical bosses (Lincoln Steffens)Meatpacking industry (Upton Sinclair)

The 17th Amendment1913

Senators are now directly elected by the people of their state rather than by state legislaturesCh 21.2Women and ProgressivesWomens RolePeople move from farms to citiesLess children are needed to help the family surviveWhy?

Families become smallerChildren spent more time at schoolTechnology made housework easier

Women begin to pursue higher education1910: 40% of college students are womenProfessional WomenMost professional women worked as:TeachersNursesMedicineWomens SuffrageSuffrage: Right to vote

Not everyone wanted women to voteUpset societys natural balanceLead to divorceNeglect of children

Alice Paul

19th Amendment1920Women are granted the right to vote

Some states had already allowed women to vote prior to this:Wyoming (1890) Colorado (1893) Utah, Idaho (1896) Washington (1910) California (1911) Arizona, Kansas, Oregon (1912) Montana, Nevada (1914) New York (1917) Michigan, Oklahoma, South Dakota (1918)The Temperance CrusadeUrged individuals to stop drinkingBegan in 1874

Prohibition: Ban the making or selling of alcohol

The 18th Amendment1919The Prohibition LawIllegal to make, transport, or sell alcohol in the U.S.

193321st Amendment: Repealed the 18th Amendment and ended the ban on alcohol