Ch. 2 Earth Materials & Processes. Earth Materials & Processes Focus: Geologic materials and...
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![Page 1: Ch. 2 Earth Materials & Processes. Earth Materials & Processes Focus: Geologic materials and processes most important to the study of the environment.](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022103005/56649d815503460f94a65712/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 2 Earth Materials & Processes
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Earth Materials & ProcessesFocus: Geologic materials and processes most important to the study of the
environment
Objectives:
– Acquire a basic understanding of the geologic cycle and its subcycles (tectonic, rock, hydrologic, biogeochemical)
– Review of some of the important mineral and rock types and their environmental significance
– Appreciation/significance of geologic structures
– Appreciation of the landforms, deposits, and environmental problems resulting from wind and glacial processes
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Earth Materials & Processes
1. Geologic cycles & processes (espec. Tectonics)
2. Rocks & Rock Materials
– General properties
– Types/classification (general)
– Geologic structures
3. Surficial Processes: Ice & Wind
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Earth (Geologic) Processes
Combinations of Internal and Surficial Processes affect and shape the environment:– Mountain Building Processes (Internal processes)
• Volcanism • Faulting• Folding
– Erosional/Depositional Processes (Surficial: driven by solar energy):• Water/Rivers • Glaciers• Wind• Landslides
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Geologic (Earth) Cycles
• Tectonic (plate tectonics)
• Rock Cycle
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Biogeochemical Cycles– Carbon, Nitrogen,
Phosphorous, etc.
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Tectonic Cycle
• Tectonic = Large-scale internally driven dynamic earth processes
• Shape and deform the earth’s crust (landforms)
– Mountain building– Continents– Basins
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The earth is a differentiated planet with dynamic internally-driven processes
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Essentially all parts are in motion, producing:“Plate” motions in the lithosphere: Plate Tectonics
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Continuous cycling of “lithospheric” material through:• Formation of new “oceanic” crust at “spreading centers”
• Destruction of older “oceanic” crust at “subduction” zones
• “Islands” of thick, relatively stable, “continental” crust
• These “zones” define plate boundaries
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Surface/Crustal Manifestation of Plate Tectonics
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Observations/Correlations:
• Types and spatial distribution of plate boundaries
• Correlation between plate boundaries and volcanoes (+ earthquakes)
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Two Types of Crust/Lithosphere:
• Oceanic Crust (O)
• Continental Crust (C)
= 2.8 = 2.9
= 4.5
Core = 10.7
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Two Types of Crust/Lithosphere:• Oceanic (O):
• forms 70% of earth’s crust• constitutes sea-floor bedrock; ~30 km thick• made of primary volcanic “basalt”; density=2.7-3.0 • Young; No old oceanic crust
• Continental (C):• Thicker (~100 km)• Composition: Less dense sediment/granite• “floats” on denser mantle material• Older
• Mantle– Primary material (from which basalts are derived)– Underlies crust
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Plate Boundaries
Most major tectonic activity (volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.), and major topographic features occur (or were formed) at plate boundaries
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Main Types of Plate Boundaries
• Divergent (splitting apart)• Convergent (colliding)
• Third Type = Transform (e.g., lateral offset)
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Types Plate Motion, Plate Boundaries, and Examples of Associated Landforms/Features
• Divergent (separating):O-O sea-floor spreading/mid-ocean ridges
C-C Continental “rifts”: Red Sea, Rio Grande & Mississippi river valleys, E. African (Kenyan) Rift Valley
• Convergent (colliding):O-O Island arc Subduction; Japan, Aleutians
O-C Continental margin Subduction; Cascades, Andes
C-C Continental collision; Himalayas, Alps, Appalachians
Others: Obduction; Accreted terrain
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Divergent Plate Boundaries (splitting)Oceanic Rifts/Ridges
Continental Rifts:– Red Sea; E. Africa– Flood lavas (basalts)
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Convergent Plate Boundaries (Colliding)
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Continent-ContintentConvergence
• Himalayas
• Alps
• Urals
• Appalacians
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Other Types of Convergence & Convergent Features
Oman
Obduction•Coast Ranges•Klammath Mtns.•Oman•Newfoundland
Accreted Terrain:•Olympic Mtns.•Etc.
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Lateral offset of divergent boundaries
– Offsets of mid-ocean ridges – San Andreas fault
Transform BoundariesTransform Boundaries
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Other Important Types/Features
• Hot Spots:– Hawaiian Islands– Yellowstone, Snake River Plain, Columbia River
Plateau
• Flood Basalt Provinces (within continents)– Columbia River Basalts– India, S. Africa, Greenland, Brazil, Germany, etc.
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Hawaiian Hot Spot
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Also correlated with distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes (see book)
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Plate Tectonics of the Western US
Major tectonic activity (volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.), and geographical features occur at plate boundaries and/or hot spots.
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
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Rock Cycle
• Stay Tuned
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Summary
• Earth is differentiated and dynamic
• Manifestation of dynamic earth processes in lithosphere = plate tectonics
• Two types of crust: oceanic & continental
• Centers/Zones where crust is formed (spreading) or destroyed (subducted) or accreted define plate boundaries
• Two types of plate boundaries:
– Divergent (splitting/spreading)
– Convergent
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Summary con’t• Major “tectonic”/topographic features/events are
localized at plate boundaries (volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, trenches, hydrothermal vents)
• Other related features:
– Transform boundaries (faults)
– Hot Spots (oceanic & continental)
• Hydrologic Cycle: Water transport & storage system
• Biogeochemical Cycles: Counterpart for chemicals ± biologic systems/storage
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