Ch. 19 sec 1 DemocracyI. Democracy as a Goal

A. Four Common Practices1. Free elections: Having more than 1 political party; all adults

can vote

2. Citizen Participation: High levels of education, economic security, & freedom of speech, press, and assembly

I. Democracy as a GoalA. Four Common Practices

3. Majority rule & minority rights: Citizens equal before law, protection of individual rights, representatives elected by citizens to carry out their will

4. Constitutional Govt.: no one is above the law, clearly formed laws in which govt. is based on, education about how govt. works

II. Dictators and DemocracyA. Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program

1. After gaining independence from Portugal Brazil ruled by a monarch and then a dictator named Getulio Vargas (1930’s-1950’s)

2. Kubitschek was elected president in 1956 and he tried to rebuild Brazil with foreign investment & construction of the interior of Brazil

A. Kubitschek’s Ambitious Program3. He tried to install a land reform which meant giving

land to the peasants

4. The wealthy did not want this and let the military seize power in a military coup

B. Military Dictators• For two decades military dictators ruled and established

economic growth through foreign investment and development projects in the Amazons

• The boom had a downside-govt. froze wages and cut back on social programs

B. Military Dictators• This caused a decline in the standard of living-level of

material comfort

• Citizens protested and the govt. responded with jail, torture and murder

C. The Road to Democracy1. A recession or slowdown in the economy gripped Brazil in

the 80’s

2. The generals opened up the political system and allowed direct elections

3. Elected presidents struggled as a result of the financial crisis

C. The Road to Democracy4. Fernando Henrique Cardoso had the most success in tackling

the economic & political problems

5. He also attempted to close the gap between the rich and the poor

D. The 2002 Presidential Election1. Cardoso’s handpicked successor, Jose Serra, lost his bid to the

Workers Party Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva

2. Lula da Silva has proved a moderate president who continues on the path of democracy

III. One Party RuleA. Beginnings of One Party Domination

1. From 1920-34 Mexico elected generals as presidents who actually created a ruling party called the National Revolutionary Party

2. Using various names this party dominated for the rest of the 20th century

A. Beginnings of One Party Domination3. 1934-40 President Lazaro Cardenas tried to improve peasant

and worker lives with land reform and labor rights

4. He nationalized the oil industry and removed foreign oil companies

B. The Party becomes PRI1. In 1946 the main political party changed its name to

Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI

2. It was an imperfect democracy because of corruption and tainted elections

B. The Party becomes PRI3. Even as Mexico’s economy developed the people suffered

economic hardships

4. October 2, 1968 students and workers were protesting at an ancient Aztec site and were massacred by hidden soldiers

5. Oil prices bottomed out in the early 80’s causing another economic crisis

Ch. 19.2 The Challenge of Democracy in AfricaI. Colonial Rule Limits Democracy

A. European Policies Cause Problems1. Colonial boundaries often divided rival groups together

promoting violence

2. This resulted in a lack of national identity because of differing ethnic and cultural viewpoints

A. European Policies Cause Problems3. The new African nations only produced cash crops meaning

they only had plantations or mines but no factories

4. This left African nations with unbalanced economies & a small middle class

5. Also lacked skilled, literate work force that could build a new nation

B. Short-Lived Democracies1. Weak governments were left in place by countries like France

and Britain

2. Rival ethnic groups fought for power and the ones with the strongest military won

3. As a result military dictatorships replaced democracies

II. Civil War in NigeriaA. Land of Many Peoples

1. Nigeria created a Federal system which means a government that shares power between state and central authority

2. Nigeria created 3 states for the Hausa-Fulani, The Yoruba, and Igbo because of their differing political views

B. War with Biafra1. In 1963 non-Yoruba minorities resented Yoruba control and tried

to break free and form their own state

2. In 1966 Igbo Army officers seized power in the capital of Lagos & abolished the regional governments

3. They declared martial law which means temporary military rule

B. War with Biafra4. Hausa-Fulani distrusted the Igbo and launched an attack and

killed many Igbo in the process

5. The Igbo declared a new nation of Biafra but the Nigerian govt. went to war and reunited the country; 1 million Igbo died in the process

III. Nigeria’s Nation-BuildingA. Federal Government Restored

1. Instead of punishing the Igbo the Nigerian govt. used federal money to rebuild the region

2. Govt. tried to build a more modern economy, a strong central govt. with regional units

A. Federal Government Restored3. This was short lived, in 1983 the Hausa-Fulani led a military

revolt charging the civilian govt. with corruption and installed a military regime

B. A Return to Civilian Rule1. In 1993 the military rule relented & held elections which

resulted in a victory for popular leader Moshood Abiola

2. The military was unhappy with the results and declared the vote invalid and placed dictator General Sani Abacha in charge

B. A Return to Civilian Rule3. Dissidents or govt. opponents were jailed under his rule

4. In 1999 the military rule finally gave up power and Nigerians elected their first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo

C. President Obasanjo1. Obasanjo was a former general who was jailed for 3 years by

Abacha

2. He battled corruption and asked for Nigeria’s 30 billion debt be canceled so that they could move forward as a nation

IV. South Africa Under ApartheidA. Apartheid Segregates Society

1. In 1948 the National Party (Dutch South African) instituted the policy of apartheid which is a complete separation of the races

2. Social contact between blacks and whites was banned

A. Apartheid Segregates Society3. In 1959 the govt. set up reserves called homelands which

forced the blacks to live in only these areas unless they worked as a servant for whites

4. Blacks were 75% of the population living on only 13% of the land

B. Blacks Protest1. Whites in South Africa gained control in 1910 and in 1912 the

African National Congress organized strikes & boycotts to protest racial policies

2. One famous leader is Nelson Mandela who was imprisoned for many years

3. 1976 600 students were killed in Soweto after a riot over school policies

B. Blacks Protest3. 1977 Stephen Biko, a popular protest leader was beaten to

death by police

4. 1986 the govt. declared a nationwide state of emergency

Ch. 19 sec 3 The Collapse of the Soviet UnionI. Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy

A. A Younger Leader1. The Politburo was the ruling committee of the Communist

Party which promoted censorship and restrictions on freedom of speech

A. A Younger Leader3. After Brezhnez’s death and the deaths of the next two

leaders in successive years the Communist Party chose Mikhail Gorbachev to lead the country

4. Gorbachev was praised for his youth, energy & political skills but the Politburo had no idea that he would unleash another Russian Revolution

B. Glasnost Promotes Openness1. Gorbachev realized that economic and social reforms were

needed if Russia was to prosper

2. Glasnost (1985) reform brought remarkable changes: churches opened, dissidents were released & allowed publication of banned books

3. This was all done to end the stagnate economy and society that was developing

II. Reforming the Economy & PoliticsA. Economic Restructuring

1. 1st step that needed fixing was improve the inefficient system of central planning

2. Controlling wages & production created a lack of motivation thus creating a disinterested worker

A. Economic Restructuring3. In 1985 Gorbachev introduced the idea of perestroika which

means economic restructuring

4. His goal was to add a little capitalism without throwing out communism and so he allowed small private businesses to open

B. Democratization Opens the Political System1. To improve the economy and loosen the grip of the

Communist Party, Gorbachev created a policy called Democratization

2. This policy opened up the election process allowing voters the option to vote for lesser known candidates

C. Foreign Policy1. Gorbachev stopped the Soviets competition with the U.S. in

arms race (U.S. spent 2 trillion) because he realized their economy could not keep up

2. In Dec. 1987 Regan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty banning nuclear missiles with ranges of 300-3,400 miles

III. The Soviet Union Faces TurmoilA. Lithuania Defies Gorbachev

1. Reforms loosened central control allowing for Soviet Republics that were non-Russian to vie for independence

2. Lithuania, Estonia, & Latvia split from the Soviets causing the Soviets to enact a economic blockade and then an attack by its military on Lithuanian citizens

B. Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev1. Boris Yeltsin, a former mayor of Moscow, became the 1st

directly elected president replacing his rival Gorbachev

2. Yeltsin criticized the crackdown in Lithuania and the slow progress of reforms

3. Yeltsin was challenged by the old guard Communist officials who didn’t want to give up being the dominant Eastern European force

C. The August Coup1. Aug. 18,1991 hardliners of the Communist Party detained

Gorbachev and demanded his resignation

2. They sent tanks & armored vehicles into Moscow surrounding the Russian Parliament and Yeltsin himself

C. The August Coup1. Yeltsin Climbed out a window and gave words of hope to all

the citizens protesting the hardliner communists use of military force

2. Aug. 24th the soldiers listening to the people and the hardliner communist decide to refuse the order to attack

D. End of the Soviet Union1. As a result of the failed coup the Communist Party collapsed

which also led to the breakup of the Soviet Union

2. All 15 republics declared independence forcing Yeltsin to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)-a loose federation of former Soviet territories

D. End of the Soviet Union3. Dec. 25th Gorbachev announced his resignation as president

of the Soviet Union thus ended the Soviet Union

Ch. 19 sec. 4 Changes in Central & Eastern Europe

I. Poland and Hungary ReformA. Poland and Hungary

1. Poland and Hungary became the 1st two countries in Eastern Europe to break away from the Soviet Union

A. Poland and Hungary2. In Poland the Gdansk shipyard workers formed a union

called Solidarity that demanded recognition

3. The govt. gave into the demands and union leader Lech Walsea became a hero

B. Solidarity Defeats Communists1. The next year though the Communist Party banned the

Solidarity union and declared martial law

2. The economy worsened and in Aug. of 1988 workers left jobs and demanded change

B. Solidarity Defeats Communists3. April 1988 military leader Jaruzelski legalized the Solidarity &

held free elections for the first time since the communist had taken control

4. Polish voters voted against communist & elected Walsea as president

C. Poland Votes Out Walsea1. Walsea tried to revive Poland’s bankrupt economy toward a

free market economy but was unsuccessful

2. By the mid 1990’s the economy did progress but not fast enough so Walsea was voted out of office and former Communist Alexander Kwasniewski was voted in

D. Poland Under Kwasniewski1. Poland becomes a member of NATO and continues to

establish a strong market economy

2. Kwasniewski pushed for democracy and free markets

E. Hungarian Communists Disband1. Inspired by Poland, Hungarian leaders launched reforms to

encourage private enterprise, a small stock market, & a new constitution with free elections

2. 1st country to vote the Communist Party out of existence

E. Hungarian Communists Disband1. A socialist & democratic party formed a coalition to rule

2. In 2001 there was economic hardship due to weak exports, decline in foreign investment and excessive spending

II. Germany UnifiesA. Fall of the Berlin Wall

1. In Oct 1989 huge demonstrations had broken out in East Germany demanding the right to travel freely

2. On Nov. 9, 1989 East German leader Egon Krenz believed that opening the border would save Communism in East Germany

3. Instead the East German Communist Party ceased to exist

B. Reunification1. As a result reunification occurred uniting both Germany’s

2. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl assured world leaders that a unified Germany would not be a threat to the rest of the world

C. A New Chancellor1. Reunification forced new leader Gerhard Schroeder to accept

global responsibility since they were now the largest Central European country

2. Germany is the worlds third largest economy in the world

III. Democracy Spreads in CzechoslovakiaA. Czechoslovakia Reforms

1. Citizens demanded democracy & freedom in 1989 & began to protest in Wenceslas Square

2. The govt. led by Milos Jakes resisted but had to resign after 500,000 demonstrators crowded downtown Prague demanding change

A. Czechoslovakia Reforms3. Nov. 25, 1989 the Communist Party member resigned and

political hero Vaclav Havel was elected president

B. Czechoslovakia Breaks Up1. As a result of economic hardship Czechoslovakia broke up

into Slovakia and the Czech Republic in Jan. 1993

2. Both countries slowly began to recover economically; the Czech Republic joined the EU and Slovakia hopes to join soon