Ch. 15: The Spirit of Ch. 15: The Spirit of ReformReformP. 407

Lesson 1: Social ReformLesson 1: Social ReformP. 410

Religion & ReformReligion & ReformSecond Great Awakening: late 1700s thru mid-1800s◦Renewed religious interest, marked by revivals

◦Brings changes to American religion, education, literature

◦People try to form utopias

The Impact of ReligionThe Impact of ReligionLyman Beecher: CT minister who led temperance movement◦ME & some other states outlaw manufacture & sale of alcohol

Changing EducationChanging EducationHorace Mann: MA lawyer & leader of education reform◦1839: MA founds the nation’s 1st state-supported normal school

New colleges & universities open◦Ex: Oberlin College of Ohio (1833) Admitted both women & African

Americans

Helping People with Helping People with DisabilitiesDisabilities

Thomas Gallaudet: developed a method to teach those w/ hearing impairments◦Opened Hartford School for the Deaf in

CT (1817)Samuel Gridley Howe: helped ppl

w/ vision impairments◦Printed books using Braille◦Headed the Perkins Institute (school

for visually impaired in Boston)

Dorothea Dix: schoolteacher who began visiting prisons in 1841◦Educated public about the poor conditions for prisoners & the mentally ill

Helping People with Helping People with Disabilities (cont.)Disabilities (cont.)

Culture ChangesCulture Changes Transcendentalism: Stressed

the relationship b/t humans & nature & the importance of the individual conscience

◦ Margaret Fuller: Women’s rights◦ Ralph Waldo Emerson: Overcome

prejudice◦ Henry David Thoreau: Civil

disobedience

Culture Changes (cont.)Culture Changes (cont.)

Other writers: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson

Art:◦Hudson River School◦Print-making (Nathaniel Currier, James Merritt Ives)

Lesson 2: The Lesson 2: The AbolitionistsAbolitionists

The Colonization PlanThe Colonization Plan1816: American Colonization Society formed◦Raised $ to send free African Americans out of the country

◦Acquired land in west Africa for a colony

1822: 1st settlers arrive in Liberia1847: Liberia becomes independent country

Making the Case Against Making the Case Against SlaverySlaveryWilliam Lloyd Garrison: MA abolitionist◦1831: started The Liberator newspaper

◦Called for an immediate end to slavery

◦1832: started the New England Anti-Slavery Society

◦1833: started the American Anti-Slavery Society

Making the Case Against Making the Case Against Slavery (cont.)Slavery (cont.)

Sarah & Angelina Grimke: supported abolition & women’s rights◦1839: write American Slavery As It Is (firsthand stories of life under slavery)

Harriet Beecher Stowe◦1852: publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin

African American African American AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Helped organize & lead the American Anti-Slavery Society, subscribed to The Liberator

1827: Freedom’s Journal begunDavid Walker: publishes

antislavery pamphlet1830: African Americans lead

convention in Philly◦Start African American college?

Encourage free African Americans to move to Canada?

The Role of Frederick The Role of Frederick DouglassDouglass

Ex-slave (escaped in 1838, bought his freedom in 1847)

Joined Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society

Gave antislavery speeches in U.S. & abroad

Edited the antislavery newspapers North Star

Sojourner TruthSojourner TruthBorn a slave as Isabella Baumfree

in NY◦Escaped in 1826; NY bans slavery in

1827Changes name in 1843Works w/ William Lloyd Garrison,

Frederick Douglass, etc.

The Underground RailroadThe Underground RailroadNetwork of escape routesMost famous “conductor”:

Harriet TubmanAs many as 100,000 slaves

escape

Quiz TopicsQuiz TopicsSecond Great AwakeningTemperance movementThomas GallaudetTranscendentalismDorothea DixCivil disobedienceAmerican Colonization SocietyFrederick DouglassUnderground Railroad