Ch. 14 Plankton, Algae, Plants-PDF - Orange Coast Collegeocconline.occ.cccd.edu/online/lsnyder/Ch 14...
Transcript of Ch. 14 Plankton, Algae, Plants-PDF - Orange Coast Collegeocconline.occ.cccd.edu/online/lsnyder/Ch 14...
Plankton = Wanderer (Greek)
• Suspended in water column
• Float or weakly swim with currents
• Can’t move against currents
• Producers & Consumers
PHYTOPLANKTON(PLANT PLANKTON)
•Autotrophs (primary producers)
•Make glucose (photosynthesis)
• >40% of global primary productivity
•Form base of ocean food web
•OXYGEN for all life
Types of Phytoplankton:
1. Diatoms (Silica “Glass” shell)
2. Dinoflagellates (Cellulose shell)
3. Coccolithophores (Calcium plates)
1. Diatoms
•Dominant & most productive
organism in world!
•55% of sun’s energy converted to
glucose
•Largely made of silica
glass-like
2. Dinoflagellates
•Most free-floating
•Some live in coral tissue
•Reproduce (up to 1X/day) by cell division
•Move by 2 flagella: adjust vertically in
water column (light, nutrients)
Peridiniumsp.
Dinophysissp.
Ceratium sp.
Bioluminescence
•Light produced by organismby a chemical reaction
•Most common at surface (Dinoflagellates)
•Energy released in this reaction occurs as light, NOT heat
→→→→Organism doesn’t overheat
NoctilucaNoctiluca sp.sp.
Why produce light?
•Luminescence triggered by predator disturbance
•Light distracts predator (zooplankton)
•Attracts secondary predator(eats zooplankton)
•Dinoflagellate –less likely to be eaten
“Predator” movement
triggers
Red Tides (Dinoflagellate Bloom)
•Phylum Pyrrophyta = “Fire Plant”
•Mass development of dinoflagellates
discolor water
•Often caused by
excess nutrients
•Enter ocean from
land (runoff)
•Fertilizer,
sewage
Red Tide Impacts:
•Toxic to marine life: accumulates in
clams, mussels, scallops, fish, mammals
•Death to some species, Human
poisoning after consumption (30 min.)
•Symptoms:
•Paralytic: paralysis, asthma, heart
attack (rare)
•Neurotoxic: tingling, paralysis,
memory loss
•Diarrhetic: cramps, vomiting, diarrhea
Zooplankton (Animal Plankton)
•Heterotrophic = Consumers
•Mostly eat phytoplankton, or other
zooplankton
•Most can move
•Spend whole life as plankton
OR
•Larval stage only
Annelid worm
Ribbon
worm
Radiolarian
Jelly
Snail
Fish
Copepod
Lobster
Holoplanton: Plankton for whole life
• Small, single-celled, many with shell
Foraminifera Ciliates
• Small, but NUMEROUS!
Most numerous animal on Planet!
Copepods =
70% of all
Zooplankton
Holoplanton: Plankton for whole life
Bell up to 3.5 m (12’)
Nematocysts: sting prey
•Big (Macroplankton), but still floaters
•Krill: ~5 cm (2”), Herbivores
•Numerous in Antarctica
•Eaten by: Whales, birds, seals, fish, squid
•Cnidarians (jellies): body parts
specialized
Feeding
Meroplankton: Temporary Plankton
• Early life as plankton (float)
–Larvae, eggs
–Rest of life: benthic, pelagicswimmers, intertidal
Crab
SquidSeastar
Fish egg & fry Sea Urchin
Octopus
Clam
Shrimp
Larger, Attached Marine Producers
1. Plants: Surface dwelling Angiosperms
•Reproduce with flowers & seeds
a.Sea “grasses”
•Pollen distributed
by H2O
•Roots help
uptake nutrients
→→→→ High productivity
Surf grass
Phyllospadix sp.
Eelgrass (Zostera sp.)
Shallow water of Bays & estuaries
Wave-swept subtidal
Larger, Attached Marine Producers
b. Mangroves c. Salt Marsh
Salt-tolerant trees Grasses & succulents
Tropical estuaries Salt tolerant
Temperate estuaries
Prop Roots
FlowerSeed
& Bays
Cordgrass Batismaritima
Larger, Attached Marine Producers
2. Algae (seaweed): 3 groups
•Only grow in Euphotic zone
•Flexible, covered in gelatinous
material
•Highly productive:
•Water, CO2, & nutrients readily
available
Sea
Lettuce
Enteromorpha sp.Dead Man’s Fingers
Codiumfragile
Green Algae
(Chlorophyta)
•Photosynthesis: No
accessory pigments
•Live at or near surface
•To depths: 10 m (33ft)
Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
•Surface & deeper water
•To 268m (879 ft)
•Accessory pigments aid photosynthesis
Calcium carbonate in tissues
Coralline algae
Encrusting
coralline
algae
protects from
grazers & wave action
Feather
BoaGiant Kelp (Macrocystis)
Holdfast
Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)
•Include Kelps (to 200 ft long)
•Grow in H2O to 115 ft deep
•Accessory pigments
•Quick growth (20”/day)