ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1....

6
2/7/14 1 Three main control systems NERVOUS SYSTEM Fine, rapid movements Muscle control Neurons Synapses ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Slow movements, wide temporal range Metabolic processes Hormones SENSORY SYSTEM How body receives/sends sensory signals Most Bssues under control of both nervous and endocrine systems Chapter 14: Nervous system General organizaBonal scheme Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Vertebrate Nervous System FuncBon and Structure Body Control Nervous System Groups of cells specialized for repeated producBon of electrical signals between cells Conducts impulses Integrates signals from mulBple neurons Generates new impulses based on sensory sBmuli Signal Movement 1. Signal arrives at neuron 2. Transduced to adjacent neurons OR to sensory receptor cells 3. Signal sent to organs to carry out funcBon Signal (sBmulus) Sensory receptor cells Other neurons Organs (carry out funcBons) Structural division of nervous system 1. Central Nervous System: large structures Brain, spinal cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System: all other neurons outside of CNS Central Nervous System Lots of neurons and support cells interact to perform funcBons 1. Sensory neurons: Relay messages FROM receptor cells TO the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

Transcript of ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1....

Page 1: ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1. Brain&funcBon&is&localized& 2. Brains&have&maps& 3. Size&maers& 4. EvoluBon&favors&expansion&of&forebrains&

2/7/14  

1  

Three  main  control  systems  

NERVOUS  SYSTEM  •  Fine,  rapid  movements  – Muscle  control  

•  Neurons  •  Synapses  

ENDOCRINE  SYSTEM  •  Slow  movements,  wide  temporal  range  – Metabolic  processes  

•  Hormones  

SENSORY  SYSTEM  •  How  body  receives/sends  sensory  signals  

•  Most  Bssues  under  control  of  both  nervous  and  endocrine  systems  

Chapter  14:  Nervous  system  •  General  organizaBonal  scheme  – Central  Nervous  System    – Peripheral  Nervous  System  

•  Vertebrate  Nervous  System  – FuncBon  and  Structure  – Body  Control  

Nervous  System  •  Groups  of  cells  specialized  for  repeated  producBon  of  electrical  signals  between  cells  – Conducts  impulses  –  Integrates  signals  from  mulBple  neurons  

– Generates  new  impulses  based  on  sensory  sBmuli  

Signal  Movement  

1.  Signal  arrives  at  neuron    2.  Transduced  to  adjacent  neurons  OR  to  

sensory  receptor  cells  3.  Signal  sent  to  organs  to  carry  out  funcBon  

Signal  (sBmulus)  

Sensory  receptor  cells  

Other  neurons  

Organs  (carry  out  funcBons)  

Structural  division  of  nervous  system  1.  Central  Nervous  System:  large  

structures    –  Brain,  spinal  cord  

2.  Peripheral  Nervous  System:  all  other  neurons  outside  of  CNS  

Central  Nervous  System  •  Lots  of  neurons  and  support  cells  interact  to  perform  funcBons  1.  Sensory  neurons:  Relay  messages  FROM  

receptor  cells  TO  the  CNS  (brain  or  spinal  cord)    

Page 2: ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1. Brain&funcBon&is&localized& 2. Brains&have&maps& 3. Size&maers& 4. EvoluBon&favors&expansion&of&forebrains&

2/7/14  

2  

Central  Nervous  System  •  Lots  of  neurons  and  support  cells  interact  to  perform  funcBons  2.  Motor  neurons:  Relay  messages  from  the  CNS  to  

effectors  (muscles  and  organs)  

Central  Nervous  System  •  Lots  of  neurons  and  support  cells  interact  to  perform  funcBons  3.  Interneurons:  Relay  informaBon  WITHIN  the  

CNS  

InformaBon  travels  in  neural  circuits  1.  SBmulus  excites  

sensory  neurons    –  Sends  info  TO  CNS  

2.  Info  moves  within  CNS  (processed)  

3.  Info  leaves  via  motor  neurons    –  Axons  innervate  

effectors  4.  Effector  cells  receive  

info  –  Carry  out  funcBon  

Peripheral  Nervous  System  •  All  sensory  or  motor  neurons  outside  of  CNS  

•  Composed  of  nerves  •  Axons  of  neurons  bundled  together  

Peripheral  Nervous  System  

a.  SomaBc  Nervous  System  (voluntary)  

b.  Autonomic  Nervous  System  (involuntary)  

•  Different  neurons  make  up  different  pathways  1.  Sensory  pathway  à  sensory  neurons  2.  Motor  pathway  à  motor  neurons  

Peripheral  Nervous  System  1.  SomaBc  Nervous  System  •  Observable  behaviors  

and  movements  •  Skeletal  muscles  

2.  Autonomic  Nervous  System  •  Controls  involuntary  

behaviors  •  Cardiac  muscles,  

glands  

Page 3: ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1. Brain&funcBon&is&localized& 2. Brains&have&maps& 3. Size&maers& 4. EvoluBon&favors&expansion&of&forebrains&

2/7/14  

3  

Chapter  14:  Nervous  system  •  General  organizaBonal  scheme  – Central  Nervous  System    – Peripheral  Nervous  System  

•  Vertebrate  Nervous  System  – FuncBon  and  Structure  – Body  Control  

Vertebrate  Central  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

•  CNS:  Brain  and  spinal  cord  – Centralized  and  cephalized  

CentralizaBon  and  cephalizaBon  •  CentralizaBon:  neurons  collected  into  a  central  region  of  the  body  

•  CephalizaBon:  concentraBon  of  neurons  at  one  end  of  the  body    (BRAIN)  

More  interneurons  (BeZer  control)  

More  complex  spaBal  arrangement    (CephalizaBon)   Larger  brains  

(control  over  more  funcBons)  

Vertebrate  Central  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

•  2  types  of  Bssues:  1.  Grey  maZer:  neuronal  cell  bodies,  processes,  and  

synapses  2.  White  maZer:  myelinated  axons  

The  Brain  

•  Three  regions,  5  subdivisions  – FuncBon  varies  by  region  – Many  funcBons  use  several  regions  

The  Brain  •  Brain  is  the  “processing  center”  for  sensory  input    –  Input  arrives  at  different  regions  

– Processing  occurs  in  different  regions  

Page 4: ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1. Brain&funcBon&is&localized& 2. Brains&have&maps& 3. Size&maers& 4. EvoluBon&favors&expansion&of&forebrains&

2/7/14  

4  

Inside  the  brain  

1.  Brain  funcBon  is  localized  2.  Brains  have  maps  3.  Size  maZers  4.  EvoluBon  favors  expansion  of  forebrains  5.  Neural  circuits  are  plasBc  

1.    Brain  funcBon  is  localized  •  Neurons  in  different  regions  perform  different  

funcBons   •  Phrenology:  study  of  “brain  bumps”    •  Traits  and  behaviors    

•  FuncBonal  magneBc  resonance  imaging  (fMRI)  and  Positron  emission  tomography  (PET)  scans  •  Confirm  localizaBon  of  

funcBons      

1.    Brain  funcBon  is  localized  •  Neurons  in  different  regions  perform  different  

funcBons  

2.    Brains  have  maps  

•  Somatotopic  map:  parts  of  body  are  mapped  onto  the  corresponding  parts  of  the  brain    à  sBmulus  in  specific  secBon  of  brain  elicits  response  in  that  part  of  the  body    

•  Roughly  correspond  to  locaBon  on  body  

3.  Size  maZers  •  Bigger  is  beZer!  

 More  complex  

spaBal  arrangement    (CephalizaBon)  

Larger  brains  (control  over  

more  funcBons)  

More  interneurons  (BeZer  control)  

4.  EvoluBon  favors  expansion  of  forebrains  

•  Bigger  forebrain  is  EVEN  beZer!  

 More  complex  

spaBal  arrangement    (CephalizaBon)  

Larger  brains  (control  over  

more  funcBons)  

More  interneurons  (BeZer  control)  

Larger  forebrain  (cerebral  cortex)  

•  Many  vertebrate  lineages  evolved  larger  forebrains  

 

Page 5: ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1. Brain&funcBon&is&localized& 2. Brains&have&maps& 3. Size&maers& 4. EvoluBon&favors&expansion&of&forebrains&

2/7/14  

5  

5.  Neural  circuits  are  plasBc  •  Change  in  strength  and  effecBveness  over  Bme  – Storage  of  long-­‐term  memory:  long-­‐term  memories  generally  aren’t  lost  in  concussed  paBents  

•  New  neurons  may  develop  within  lifeBme  – Recent  findings  have  sBmulated  research  in  the  stem  cell  field!  

Peripheral  Nervous  System  •  PNS:  collecBon  of  nerves  that  relay  informaBon  to/from  CNS  •  Axons  of  neurons  bundled  together  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

•  Afferent  neurons  (sensory  neurons)  carry  nerve  impulses  to  CNS  

•  Efferent  neurons  (motor  neurons):  carry  impulses  away  from  CNS  to  effectors  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

•  Nerves  are  not  integrated  within  the  PNS  – All  informaBon  funneled  through  CNS  for  processing  

•  Cranial  nerves  connect  PNS  to  brain  

•  Spinal  nerves  connect  PNS  to  spinal  cord  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

•  Peripheral  Nervous  System:  1.  SomaBc  Nervous  

System  

2.  Autonomic  Nervous  System  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

1.  SomaBc  Nervous  System  – Observable  behaviors:  LocomoBon,  muscles,  speech,  breathing  

– Motor  signals  DO  NOT  synapse  (communicate)  with  other  neurons    •  Motor  neurons  extend  from  CNS  directly  to  effector  (organ,  muscle)  

Page 6: ch 14 CNS - Vertebrate Physiology · 2015-02-06 · 2/7/14 4 Inside&the&brain& 1. Brain&funcBon&is&localized& 2. Brains&have&maps& 3. Size&maers& 4. EvoluBon&favors&expansion&of&forebrains&

2/7/14  

6  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

2.  Autonomic  Nervous  System  – Smooth  muscles,  glands,  acid-­‐secreBng  cells  in  stomach  

– Motor  neurons  synapse  with  other  neurons  at  peripheral  ganglia  

CNS   Ganglia   Effector  Preganglionic  neurons    

-­‐ Neurons  from  CNS  

Postganglionic  neurons    

-­‐  Neurons  to  effectors  -­‐ Neurons  release  Ach  (sBmulates  AP)  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

2.  Autonomic  Nervous  System  1.  ParasympatheBc  2.  SympatheBc  

SympatheIc  :“fight  or  flight”  •  Movements,  stressful  acBviBes    

•  Ganglia  connect  spinal  cord  to  effectors  –  Ganglia  located  near  spinal  cord  –  Short  preganglionic  neurons  (from  

CNS),  long  postganglionic  neurons  (to  effectors)  

•  Most  neurons  release  epinephrine  (stress  hormone)  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

ParasympatheIc  :“business  as  usual”  

•  Internal  metabolic  processes  

•  Ganglia  connect  brain  stem  to  effectors  –  Ganglia  located  near  effector  –  Long  preganglionic  neurons  (from  

CNS),  short  postganglionic  neurons  (to  effectors)  

•  All  release  acetylcholine(neurotransmiZer)  

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure  

•  May  funcBon  together    – Regulate  different  specific  funcBons  within  system  – Oppose  the  effects  of  the  other  (keeping  system  balanced)    

Vertebrate  Peripheral  Nervous  System:    FuncBon  and  Structure