Ch 14 Chart
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Transcript of Ch 14 Chart
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Person Area of Study Time Period Major Contributions/Beliefs/Important
Facts
Major Works
Copernicus Science 1473-1543 Heliocentric universe Threat to Church authority Rejected by the Catholic Church Condemned 1616
On The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres
Galileo Science 1564-1642 1609: first used a telescope New science: more than arguments
and facts
Natural philosopher for Medicis Universe based on mathematics New philosophy: mechanistic Changing views of divine purpose Reconcile religion and science Church rejects Galileos views
Starry Messenger(1610) (Copernican theory
must be true)
Letters on Sunspots(1613) (Copernican
theory must be true)
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems
(1623)
Newton Science 1642-1727 Mathematician and Physicist Basis for Modern Physics Proponent of empirical data and
observation
Scientific method Opponent of Descartes and
rationalism
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica (orderly planetary movement
because of mutual attraction and gravity)
Harvey Science 1578-1657 Leading Medical Scientist Doctor to James I Founder of Modern Physiology
De Motu Cordis
Brahe Science 1546-1601 Advocated earth centered system Better instruments for naked eye
observation
Extensive data for KeplerKepler Science 1571-1630 Disagreed with Brahe
Motion of planets is elliptical Relates varying planet speeds Framework for heliocentric
The New Astronomy(1609) (based on
Brahes empirical data and Copernicus
heliocentric universe model)
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universe
Mechanistic viewpointBoyle Science 1627-1691 Philaretus (Lover of Truth)
Boyles Law
Chemical Analysis
The Sceptical Chymist
Hooke Science 1635-1703 cells in cork tissue MicrographiaDiscourse of Earthquakes
Descartes Philosophy 1596-1650 Break with Scholasticism andAristotelianism
Mind and body dualism (body is forthe use of the senses; mind used to
prove truth but the body can be
tricked)
Should master and improve oneself
Discourse on Methods(rationalism; truth in
math and science must be discovered
through thoughts)
Cartesian Circle (we have the ability to
rationalize and clearly perceive God exists)
Cogito, Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am)
(the mind has to exist)
Moral Code (we should follow accepted
laws even if theyre stupid)
Hobbes Philosophy 1588-1679 English Supported absolutism Liked Galileo and Descartes Opposed Scholasticism and the old
ways of thinking
Hates wars and chaos Desires religious uniformity Negative view of human nature (all
animalistic)
Social Contract ( absolutism; everyone is
free and equal but we give our consent to
the government to be governed)
Spinoza Philosophy 1632-1677 Jewish Incorporated Protestant ideas Inspired by Descartes Inspired by but challenges dualism
Theologico-Political Treatise(1670)(explains
geometric proofs and challenges dualism)
Ethics(1677) (God and nature are one in the
same; questions are okay; emotion is more
important than reason; no inherent good or
evil; nature is all good and if it doesnt seem
like it its a result of limited human
understanding)
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Leibniz Philosophy 1646-1716 Curb Louis XIV Scholasticism should be
analyzed(not necessarily bad)
Theodicy(1704/1710) (best of allpossibly
worldsPangloss- because God, who is
perfect, created it)
The Monadology(monads help the universe
move and control life; opposite of free will)
Discourse on Metaphysics
New Essays on Human Understanding
Locke Philosophy 1632-1704 Discusses governments and humanunderstanding based on experience
and observation
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
Second Treatise of Government
(Government is responsible for protecting
the life, liberty, and property of governed;
less extreme than absolutism)
Letter Concerning Toleration (religious)
Pascal Philosophy/the
Church
1623-1662 French Refuted Scholasticism and
Descartes
Reconcile reasoning and faith Disliked religious extremes A loving God exists (anti skepticism-
God only exists because of religion
or because of reason God doesnt
exist and religion is pointless)
Humanity is corrupt and unworthyof God (in natural state)
Leap of Faith (separate religionand reason; science guides towardsnot explains faith and grace)
Calculator
Probability theory
On the Art of Persuasion (theories cant be
understood without God)
The Pensees (defend Christianity;
probability means we should live like God
exists; we cant understand everything but
grace and humility help understanding)
Bacon Philosophy 1561-1626 Science moves forward with newtechnology, ideas, methods, and
discoveries
Father of empiricism Bible and nature (natural world)
are two books with one author
To understand the natural world is
De Augmentis Scientarium (advancement of
learning)
The New Atlantis(scientific utopia)
Magna Insaturatio/ Part II New Organon
(Novum Organum)(branch out in methods
and ideas; dont get stuck in old ways)
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to understand divinity (natural
theology)
Bernini Art (Baroque 1598-1680 Sculptor Architect (ornate and dramatic)
Catholic (inspire religious fervor) Physical naturalism (in motion)
David(1623-1624)
Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1652)
St. Peters Basilica and Square
Rubens Art (Dutch Realism) 1577-1640 Baroque style Crowded but controlled Vitality, space, and symbolism Catholic Spiritual and mythological
Christ Risen(1617)
Carravaggio Art (Baroque) 1573-1610 Father of Baroque painting Physical and emotional reality
(naturalism)
Tenebrism (dramatic lighting) Chiascuro (light and dark shading) Mostly Catholic paintings (opposed
Protestan threat and rational
painting)
The Calling of Saint Matthew
Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1601)
Velasquez Art (Baroque) 1599-1660 Free, loose style Religious and secular subjects Court of Philip IV
Las Meinas(1656)
Rembrandt Art (Dutch Realism) 1606-1669 Dutch Realism Portraits Protestant Realism Chiaroscuro (light and shadow) Human nature Character Motivation
Philosopher in Meditation (1632)
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Daily life (working class) Storyteller (every detail counts) Biblical
Vermeer Art (Dutch Realism) 1632-1675 Dutch realist Quiet/still/soft-spoken Bright colors Inner tension (grounded in life but
somehow
disconnected)(psychological and
spiritual)
Forced questions Domestic scenes Light and space to evoke intimacy Celebrates life and success
The Procuress(1632)
Van Dyck Art (Baroque) 1599-1641 Flemish Baroque Court/Churches in England Iconography Print making Color Harmony between humans,
animals, and nature
Charles I King of England at the Hunt(1635)
Rigaud Art (Baroque) 1659-1743 Portraits Symbol of absolutism (for Louis
XIV)
Portrait of Louis XIV(1702)
Hardouin-
Mansart and
LeBrun
Art (Baroque) *1661* Design for the Sun King Emphasis on grandeur and power
of king
Emphasized Counter Reformationand absolutism
Versailles
Cavendish Women/Science 1623-1673 Scientific literature Understood and debated/argued
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
(1666)
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new science
Solve practical problems Grounds of Natural Philosophy(1668)Description of a New World, Called theBlazing World(1666)(introduce women to
new science)
de Fontenelle Conversation on the Plurality of Worlds
Chatelet Newtonianism for Ladies(1737)
Cunitz
Elisabetha/
Johannes
Hevelius
Maria
Winkelmann/
Gottfried
Kirch
Women/Science German female astronomer Astronomer couple 1703 Winkelmann discovered
comet, not ascribed to her instead
of husband until 1930
Racine Literature
Corneille Literature
Moliere Literature
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Milton Literature
Dryden Literature
Butler Literature
Cervantes Literature