Ch-14 Blood

Blood is a connective tissue formed primarily in the bone marrow.

Functions:• Transport nutrients, oxygen, waste and hormones.• Distributes heat.• Promotes homeostasis.

An average adult has about 5 liters of blood in the body. It accounts for 8% body weight.

Blood Composition• Plasma• Red blood cells • White blood cells• Platelets

1. Plasma

• Composition: 92% water, wastes, salts and proteins.

Proteins:• Albumins- maintain osmotic blood pressure.• Globulins- transports lipids and fat soluble

vitamins.• Fibrogens- aids in blood coagulation.

2. Platelets

• Cell fragments that help with blood clotting, or thrombus.• Hemostasis- coagulation of blood.• Proteins repair the holes in the vessels.• Lack of platelets = hemophilia• Life span = 12 days

Hemostasis= stoppage of blood

Blood vessel spasms and contracts.

5. Blood clot forms and surface forms a scab.

3. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

• Carry oxygen to the lungs and tissues via hemoglobin. (O2 = scarlet red color.)

• Constantly produced within red bone marrow.• Life span ~120days • Lack nuclei• Flexible to fit through capillaries.• Lack of rbc’s = anemia.

4. White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

• Primary cells of the immune system that produce antibodies.

• Normal count 5,000 – 10,000 (mL)• leukopenia • low WBC count• flu, measles, chicken pox, & AIDS

• leukocytosis • high WBC count• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body

fluids and leukemia (cancer of white blood cells.)

Types of WBC’s

1. Neutrophils: (54%-62% of all leukocytes)• General phagocytosis; acute bacterial

infections.• First to arrive at infections

2. Basophils: (less than 1% of leukocytes)• Cause inflammatory reactions: - release histamine (inflammation) -Heparin- natural anticoagulant to keep blood

flowing.

3. Eosinophils: (1-3% of all leukocytes) • moderate allergic reactions• defend against parasitic worm infestations

4. Monocytes: (3-9% of all leukocytes)• leave bloodstream to become macrophages,

which digest bacteria and dead cells.• elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

5. Lymphocytes: (25-33% of all leukocytes)• Important in immunity due to T and B Cells.• Produce antibodies• Decreased T Cells in AIDS patients.

Diapadesis• How leukocytes squeeze through capillary

walls to leave the blood vessels and enter infected tissues.

Blood Typing• Proteins called antigens coat the outside of the red blood cells.

• 4 Types: ABABO= no coating

O= universal donor AB = universal recipient

O+ most common blood typeAB- most rare blood typeBlood Typing Game

Blood Typing con’t

• Rh Blood Group – discovered in rhesus monkeys.- agglutinogen D protein coating = (+)- NO agglutinogen D coating = (-)- causes concern for transplants and transfusions and some pregnancies.

Example: An Rh- mother pregnant with a Rh+ baby leads to miscarriage or erythroblastosis fetalis if not treated with a Rhogam serum.

The end!

Blood Doping

Blood Doping• http://on.aol.com/

video/the-problem-of-blood-doping-517653049

Stop at nothinghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKscASTSN5U