CH. 14-3 DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY POWERS ADVANCED AMERICAN GOVERNMENT.
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Transcript of CH. 14-3 DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY POWERS ADVANCED AMERICAN GOVERNMENT.
CH. 14-3 DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY POWERSADVANCED AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
THE POWER TO MAKE TREATIES
TREATY—formal agreement between two or more sovereign states
The Secretary of State represents the President during most negotiations
Senate must give “advice and consent” with a 2/3 vote.
Treaty is ratified when documents are exchanged between the various parties involved.
Congress may pass a law to repeal a treaty
A 2/3 vote means that a relatively small group of senators could kill a treaty
EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
EXECUTIVE AGREEMENT—a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state, or between their subordinates
Example:
Destroyers-for-bases deal of 1940
USA gave Great Britain 50 “over-age” U.S. Destroyers that Britain needed
The United States received 99-year leases to a string of air and naval bases extending from Newfoundland to the Caribbean
THE POWER OF RECOGNITION
RECOGNITION--The President receives the diplomatic representative of another sovereign state
This act acknowledges the legal existence of that state.
The USA does not have to agree with the policies or conduct of the other state (ex.—China)
The President can show displeasure with another country by asking for that country’s ambassador to leave the country
The person removed is now called “persona non grata”
Or “an unwelcome person”
COMMANDER IN CHIEF
Leader of all American armed forces
President’s powers as commander in chief are almost without limit
President has the finally authority and responsibility on all military decisions
MAKING UNDECLARED WAR
Does the Constitution give the President the power to make war without a declaration from Congress?
Some people say “No” but history says otherwise
1798—John Adams had the Navy fight and win battles against the French
Early 1800s—Thomas Jefferson and James Madison used the military against Barbary Coast pirates
Others include Korea, Panama, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan
CONGRESSIONAL RESOLUTIONS
No declared war since WWII
Congress has authorized the President to use force under certain conditions
1957-58—Marines sent to Lebanon to stop a Soviet-backed coup
1962—Cuban Missile Crisis—Soviets began installing nuclear missiles in Cuba
1962—Sanctioned military action dealing with erection of the Berlin Wall
1964—Defeat communist aggression in Southeast Asia (American forces finally withdrawn in 1973)
1991—Military campaign to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait (Operation Desert Storm—approx. 6 weeks)
2001—War in Afghanistan begins
2002—War in Iraq begins
OTHER USES OF MILITARY POWER
Invasion of Grenada in 1983 to stop a coup
1989—Invasion of Panama to oust the dictator and protect American interests
Use of force in the Balkans: 1995—Bosnia; 1999—Kosovo in response to civil war and ethnic cleansing
THE WAR POWERS RESOLUTION
Enacted in 1973
Initially vetoed by President Nixon
Congress overrode the veto with a 2/3 vote
1) President must report to Congress within 48 hours of committing troops to combat with details about the operation
2) Commitment of troops can last no more than 60 days unless Congress agrees to a longer period. The deadline may be extended for 30 days to allow for the safe withdrawal of troops
3) Congress may end the combat mission at any time by passing a concurrent resolution
The constitutionality of the War Powers Act remains in dispute
THE END