Ch. 13 - ReformationCh. 13 - Reformation

Catholic ResponsesCatholic Responses

By: Lynn WangPeriod 5

Caravaggio<http://i43.tinypic.com/20ac40z.jpg

Before We Begin…• Church Strengths:– Most of the population remained loyal to the Church 2 – Had appeal of security and familiarity, as well as

splendor in rituals, art 1

– Support from poor by Church charity 1

• Church Weaknesses:– Many areas of Europe turned Protestant 1

– Pope has limited power 1

– Need for organized, defined doctrine 1

• Church recognized need for reforms… 1

Counter-Reformation/Catholic Revival1(Chambers)2 (Sherman)

Reformation Map

Map of Europe separated by each region’s religion

<http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w=486&h=345>

Pope Paul III• Previously, weak popes in Catholic

Church 1

• Pope Paul III is elected 1534 1

• Ultimate goal: strengthen papacy’s role in Church 1

1(Chambers)2 (Pollen “The Counter-Reformation”)

• Proposes Church Council to organize Church 1 doctrine Council of Trent (1545) 1

• Roman Inquisition 1

• Added highly qualified members to College of Cardinals (elects popes) to ensure succession of competent popes 1• St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V 2

Pope Paul III - Titian<http://www.jssgallery.org/Other_Artists/Titian/PortraitPopePaulIII.jpg>

Pope Paul III (Cont.)• Not particularly pious

• Trained to become an apolostic notary - handles Church’s paperwork (“Pope Paul III” -wiki, “Notarius”)

• Had a mistress (Sylvia Ruffini), several children (gave positions, ex: cardinal) (“Pope Paul III”)• **Interesting thought** - Pope Paul III

embodied the “impious” papacy that began the Reformation

• Made Sublimus Dei – forbid slavery of native Americans, but instituted it elsewhere (“Sublimus Dei”)

• Supported the arts• Farnesse Palace (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”)• Had Michelangelo paint The Last

Judgement, continue St. Peter’s basilica (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”)

The Last Judgement – Michelangelohttp://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/images/166/Christianity/Michelangelo_Frescoe_Last_Judgement%20Sisten%20Chapel.jpg

Council of Trent• Consisted of Church leaders 1

– Italians (supported papacy) – were majority 1

– Non-Italians (wanted diluted religious authority) 1

• Met through 1545-1563 in Trent, Italy 1

1(Chambers) 2(“Counter-Reformation”)

• Focused on clarifying Church practices 1• To end doubt and ambiguity 1

• “For the peace and union of the Church; for the reformation of the Clergy and the Christian people; for the…extinction of the enemies of the Christian name, -…the sacred…council of Trent…hath begun” (Weber 76).

• Attempts at curbing papacy’s luxurious lifestyle with reforms 2

• Thomas Aquinas’ ideas are central 1

<http://catholicharboroffaithandmorals.com/Council%20of%20Trent.jpg >

Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) 2

• Aristotlean 1

• Philosophy is from pre-existing knowledge 1

• Used Five Ways to prove the existence of God 1

• Theology is to discover truths of God through reasoning but the Church offers the technical aspects 2

• Faith and reason combine in harmony 2

1(McInerny)2 (“St. Thomas Aquinas”)

<http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/S/St-Thomas-Aquinas-9187231-1-402.jpg>

Council of Trent Conclusions• Seven sacraments are unshakable (including

transubstantiation) 2

• Bible is not enough, Church tradition is essential to faith 1

• Priest should be present in many rituals (ex: marriage) 1

• Concept of free will, with salvation reached through good deeds and faith 1

• Latin version of bible by St. Jerome is made holy 1

• Grand rituals encouraged flowering of art 1

1(Chambers)2(“Counter-Reformation”)

St. Teresa• Lived from 1515-1582, Spanish 2

• Beautiful and frivolous in her youth 3

• Sent to convent as a girl, became severely ill, God appeared in visions 1, 2

• Teresa gains followers, Church is concerned until Spanish king approves of her 1

• Teresa and her followers travel across Spain building covenants 1

3(Stein)2(Zimmerman)

1(Chambers)

St. Teresa<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fpau1jzLLvM/UHv5Mbt8yEI/AAAAAAAABdo/29WssI_tpbxk/s1600/St_TeresaAvila.jpg>

Ignatius Loyola• Lived from 1491-1556, Spanish 1

• Born to a noble family, raised with chivalric, religious values 1

• Saw religion in chivalric, military views 1

• Believes in discipline, education (studied 11 years, attended universities) 2

1(Chambers) 2(Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”) 3(“Society of Jesus”)

• Had 8-day long vision of an outline of Spiritual Exercises and the Society of Jesus 1

• Loyola and followers approved by Paul III in 1538 as a religious order – The Society of Jesus 1

• "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it” - Loyola3

Ignatius Loyola<http://www.stigchurch.org/Assets/ignatius-portrait.jpg>

The Spiritual Exercises• Revised multiple times 1

• Discusses Church doctrines and how to live faithfully 1

• Requires 4-week long period to examine own faith, make connection to God 1

• Salvation is voluntary – there is free will, and good works that one does leads to salvation 1

• “Missions” – sections of The Spiritual Exercises preached; popular in England 2

1(Chambers)2(Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”)

The Spiritual Exercises<http://libraries.slu.edu/a/digital_collections/spiritual-journeys/images/exercises-title.jpg>

The Society of Jesus• Four duties:– Mission Work 1

– Preaching 1

– Listening to confessions 1

– Teaching 1

• Schools became famously good, some Protestants enroll children who converted 1

• Intellectually gifted chosen, given high education effective tool for Church 1

• Conversion preferred over execution 1

1(Chambers)

<http://www.loyolapress.com/assets/fg_comp/137218_content.jpg>

Baroque Period• Dramatic, passionate, to awe the

audience 1

• From idea of grandeur in Church image 1

• Used striking contrasts of light and dark 2

• Sense of unity emphasized 2

• Council of Trent and Catholic Church want art to evoke religious piety 2

1(Chambers)2(“Baroque”)

<http://www.nyu.edu/classes/gilbert/classic/images/barorchdetail.gif>

Examples:• Caravaggio 1

• Rubens 1

• Velásquez 1

• Bernini 1

• Claudio Monteverdi (music) 1

Baroque Art Examples• Claudio Monteverdi -

composer, developed opera and orchestra 1

– Orfeo 1 (Toccata d’Orfeo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fH5zbdzV4k)

Caravaggio used dramatic light and dark 1

The Calling of St. Matthew – Caravaggio

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg/300px-Caravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg>

The Fall of Phaeton – Rubens

<http://uploads7.wikipaintings.org/images/peter-paul-rubens/the-fall-of-phaeton.jpg>Rubens painted the

magnificence of the Church and faith 1

The Ecstasy of St.

Teresa<http://castinet.castilleja.org/users/pmckee/culture_civilizations/bernini.-ecstasy2.jpg>

Bernini’s sculpture and architecture epitomized the Baroque Period qualities 1

1(Chambers)

Use of Propaganda• Propaganda utilized by both

Reformation and Counter-Reformation 1

– Both try to portray other as Devil 1

– Invention of printing press plays large part 1

• Catholics demonize Luther 1

• Song lyrics with certain words replaced used 1

– Distributed through pamphlets with pictures 1

1(Hartmann)

Luther’s Game of Heresy<http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jahartmann/images/Propaganda_in_the_Reformation.pdf>

Other Church Actions• Inquisition restarted in 1542 1

– Harsh punishment for accused 1

• Index of Forbidden Books in 1557 1

– Books considered heretical, have ideas different from Church, are banned 2

– Only ended in 1966 with Pope Paul VI 2

1(Cline “Counter-Reformation”)2(Cline “Index of Forbidden Books (Index of Prohibited Books)”)

The Room of the Roman Inquisition – Picart<http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/204435/1/The-Room-Of-The-Roman-Inquisition,-1722.jpg>

Women in the Time Period• Women became highly involved in community

work1

– Religious orders, like charities 1

1(Chambers)

Baroque Women Fashion<http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w=486&h=345.>