A+ --> a- mutation (forward mutation) a- --> a+ reverse mutation (reversion)
Ch 12.4 Mutations. Mutation: -inheritable changes in genetic material.
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Transcript of Ch 12.4 Mutations. Mutation: -inheritable changes in genetic material.
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Mutation:-inheritable changes in genetic material
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…changes that affect a single orfew nucleotides.
…occur at a single pointin DNA sequence.
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Substitution: one base exchanged for another(ex: sickle cell anemia)
Insertion: extra base(s) are inserted
Deletion: DNA is deleted/left out
…all are frameshift mutations ; can alter the protein/cause abnormality…
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Sickle Cell: a substitution mutation
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ChromosomalMutations:
Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
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Polyploidy-Organism has extra sets of chromosomes in gametes.
…normal gametes are (2N); Triploid (3N)orTetraploid (4N) can occur.
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Domestication of plants/animals: all modern-day food products were once “wild”- humans have tamed & shaped nature to better suit human needs.
Selective Breeding: allowing only those organisms with desirable traits toproduce the next generation.
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Inbreeding: continued breeding of individualswith similar traits.
Can also increaserisk of genetic defects.
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Increasing variation through genetic engineering of mutations
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This bacteria has beenmodified to turn CO2 into fuel.
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This bacteria has been GM’ed to eat oil.