Ch. 12. Notes: Genetics Mendel- The “Father of Genetics” -Used peas in experiments. -Peas are,...
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Transcript of Ch. 12. Notes: Genetics Mendel- The “Father of Genetics” -Used peas in experiments. -Peas are,...
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NOTES ON GENETICS
Ch. 12
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Notes: Genetics
Mendel- The “Father of Genetics”-Used peas in experiments.-Peas are, in nature, self
pollinators
-Mendel was able to control the pollination by covering the flowers and removing the pollen grains.
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Pollen Grains
Pistil
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Family Pedigree
Shows certain genetic traits passed down.
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P GENERATION- THE PARENTS IN A PEDIGREE. F1 GENERATION- OFFSPRING FROM THE PARENTS, (1ST GENERATION) F2 GENERATION- OFFSPRING FROM 2, F1 PARENTS, (2ND GENERATION).
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1st (TOP) line is the ______ Generation3rd line is the ______ Generation.
2nd line is the _______Generation.
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Punnett Square
Punnett Square- A chart that shows the possible
genotypes of a cross.
*The femalegoes across the top, malegoes downthe side.
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Gametes Gametes = Sex Cells
=sperm / egg
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Haploid= (Half)=(1N) *In Humans 1(23) = 23 *Half the normal number of
chromosomes. *Find it only in gametes.
Diploid=(Full set)=(2N) *In Humans 2(23) = 46 *Full number of chromosomes *Found in body cells
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Genotype -The actual letters for a trait.
Ex. BB, Hh, kk
Phenotype -The physical appearance of a trait.
Ex. Blue, Curly, Tall
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Ex: Which is the genotype?
A- White rabbit
B- WW
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Heterozygous -Hybrid -means “different”, use a Hh(one is capital, one is lower case)
Homozygous -Purebred -means “same”, use HH or hh(Both are capital, or both are lower
case.)
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Liger-hybrid example
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Purebred example-Arabian horse
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Allele -Used to describe the letters in a genotype.
Ex. 2 alleles-BB There are 2 alleles for every
trait, “one comes from mom and one comes from dad”.
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Human ChromosomesHumans have 46 chromosomes, organized in 23 pairs.
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The first 22 pairs are called AUTOSOMES.
The last pair, #23, are called the SEX CHROMOSOMES.
*In males it is XY and in
females it is XX.
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When female gametes form: XX Diploid
( beginning cell)
X (egg) *** (3 polar bodies)
*Haploid cells form and only give X’s to the offspring.
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When male gametes form:
XY Diploid (beginning cell)
X Y Haploid
*Haploid cells give either X or Y to the offspring.
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Genes on the Sex ChromosomesThe genes found on the sex chromosomes are called SEX-LINKED.
Ex. Baldness in men
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Usually with sex linked disorders, the males express/show the disorder and the females are the carriers.
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Example:Colorblindness-Sex linked trait-Missing certain pigments in
eyes to decipher certain colors.
-Most common kind is red/green colorblindness
-Affects 8% males and 1% females
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Last, but not least…
Dominant traits are written as ______ Capital letters, always written first if
paired with a recessive allele. BB, Rr
Recessive traits are written as ______ Lower case letters, always written
second with the dominant allele. tt