Ch 11 the Endocrine System

7/31/2019 Ch 11 the Endocrine System

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The Endocrine System


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What is the system?

1.Made up of glands that produce and secretehormones (chemical messengers)

2.Regulation of growth, metabolism, sexual

development3.Responses to stress and injury4.Internal balance of

body systems (homeostasis)


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BIG IDEA

HORMONES are chemical

MESSENGERS that act on target cells(or organs)Endocrine secretions inside the body

Exocrine secretions outside the body (sweat)


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Major Structures


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Hormone Action

Steroids - watersoluble

Non steroid

hormones

Prostoglandins -act locally, onnearby organs


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Hormone Control

The pituitary is oftencalled the master

gland

Its actions are

controlled by thehypothalamus in thebrain.


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Pituitary Gland

22 = Thalamus24 = Hypothalamus


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11.4 Control of Hormones

Negativefeedback systemWhen thehormone levelsrise, the organ

that secretes thehormone isswitched off


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Growth hormone or GH - GHstimulates growth in childhood and isimportant for maintaining a healthy

body composition. In adults it is alsoimportant for maintaining musclemass and bone mass. It can affect

fat distribution in the body.


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Problems with the pituitary gland canresult in Dwarfism


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Or a person can grow too much.These are pictures of the manknown as The Alton Giant,Robert Wadlow.


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Adrenocorticotropin or ACTH - ACTHstimulates production of cortisol by the

adrenal glands. Cortisol, a so-called"stress hormone," is vital to survival. Ithelps maintain blood pressure and bloodglucose levels.

Many diet aids claim thatthey block cortisol levels.Cortisol from stress maylead to fat deposits in thebelly.

Thyroid stimulating hormone or TSH


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Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH -TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to makethyroid hormones, which, in turn, control

(regulate) the body's metabolism, energy,growth and development, and nervoussystem activity.


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Luteinizing hormone or LH - LH regulatestestosterone in men and estrogen in women.(gonadotropin)

Follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH - FSHpromotes sperm production in men andstimulates the ovaries to release eggs

(ovulate) in women. LH and FSH worktogether to allow normal function of theovaries or testes.(gonadotropin)


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P t i Pit it H


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Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Oxytocin - Oxytocin causes milk letdown in

nursing mothers and contractions duringchildbirth.


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Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic hormone or ADH - ADH, also

called vasopressin, is stored in the back part ofthe pituitary gland and regulates water balance.If this hormone is not secreted properly, this can

lead to problems of sodium (salt) and waterbalance, and could also affect the kidneys sothat they do not work as well.


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Diuretics increase urine productionMany common foods and drinks containchemicals that are diuretics (alcohol)

Midol relieves symptoms of bloatingbecause it contains a diuretic thatwill make you urinate more

Active Ingredients: (in eachcaplet): Acetaminophen (500 mg) (PainReliever), Caffeine (60mg) (Diuretic,Stimulant), Pyrilamine Maleate (15 mg)(Diuretic)

Inactive Ingredients: Carnauba Wax, CroscarmelloseSodium, FD&C Blue 2, Hypromellose, MagnesiumStearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, PregelatinizedStarch, Propylene Glycol, Shellac, Titanium Dioxide,Triacetin

THYROID GLAND


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THYROID GLAND

The thyroid hormones

control your metabolism,which is the body's abilityto break down food and

store it as energy andrelease of energy


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Thyroxin (T4) & Tri-iodothyronine(T3) -both increase the rate at which cells releaseenergy from carbohydrates

Calcitonin regulates the bloodconcentration of calcium

BMR basal metabolic rate : how many

calories the body must consume to maintain life

THYROID HORMONES


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Problems with the Thyroid

Thyroid hormone is partly made of iodine.Iodine is essential for the formation ofthyroxin. If a person doesnt eat enoughiodine, they cant make thyroid hormone.

so it the size of the follicle grows glandgrows GOITER.

Iodine is only found in seafood, so if salt

wasnt iodized, a lot of people wouldnt getenough iodine, and there would be a lot ofgoiters.


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Goiter

H th idi


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HypothyroidismBefore and After Treatment


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Cretinism (hypothyroidism in infants)


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Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAPafuuM-yk


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Hyperthyroidism (Grave s Disease)


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Parathyroid Glands

Located behind thethyroid, four tiny glands

Parathyroid Hormone(PTH) - takes calcium

from the bones tomake it available in theblood

Adrenal Glands


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Adrenal Glands

Located at the top of the kidneysAdrenal Cortex - outer areaAdrenal Medulla - inner area

Adrenal Glands = Adrenaline

Adrenal Medulla


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Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine & Norepinephrineincreased heart rate, breathing rate,elevated blood pressure (fight or flight,response to stress)

People with severe lifethreatening allergies often carryinjectors


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Adrenal Cortex

Aldosterone a mineralcorticoid, helpskidneys conserve sodium and excretepotassium, maintaining blood pressure

Cortisol glucocortoid, keeps bloodglucose levels stable

Adrenal Sex Hormones - androgens(male) and estrogens (female)

Adrenal Gland Disorders


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Adrenal Gland Disorders

Cushings syndromeo hypersecretion of cortisolo Round moon face and buffalo

hump

Addisons disease


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o Hyposecretion of cortisolo Low blood pressure resultso Increased pigmentation

Pancreas


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The pancreas is a large gland behind yourstomach that helps the body to maintainhealthy blood sugar (glucose) levels.Contains islands of cells called the Islets ofLangerhans which secrete glucagon and

insulin


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Glucagon stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen, raises blood sugar

concentration Insulin decreases blood sugar

concentrations, affects the uptake of

glucose by cells

*Both hormones worktogether to maintain abalance in the blood sugar


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Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus results from an insulindeficiency, blood sugar rises(hypoglycemia) and excess is excreted in

the urine. Type I - insulin dependent diabetes

mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes, oftencaused by inherited immune disorder thatdestroys pancreatic cells

Diabetic neuropathies are a family of


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nerve disorders caused by diabetes.People with diabetes can developnerve damage throughout the body.Symptoms include pain, tingling, ornumbness-loss of feeling-in thehands, arms, feet, and legs. Thiscan result in wounds that are slow toheal.

T pe II mat re onset diabetes ( s all


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Type II mature onset diabetes (usuallyafter the age of 40), often individuals are

overweight, can be controlled with dietand exercise

Blood sugar test, devicepricks the finger andmeasures the amount ofsugar in the blood

Injection of insulin will lower


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the blood sugar levels

Hypoglycemia can occur if levelsbecome too low, can be cured withdirect injection of glucose or witheating something high in sugar.This is why diabetics often have

candy.

Diabetes InsipidusS


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Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is an

uncommon condition that occurswhen the kidneys are unable toconserve water as they perform theirfunction of filtering blood.

The amount of water conserved iscontrolled by antidiuretic hormone(ADH), also called vasopressin.ADH is a hormone produced in aregion of the brain called thehypothalamus.

Symptoms

Excessive thirst

---May be intense oruncontrollable

----May involve a craving for icewater

Excessive urine volume

Oth E d i Gl d
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003702/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003702/


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Other Endocrine Glands

Pineal Gland located between thecerebral hemispheres, secretesmelatonin, important for maintaining

Circadian rhythms (light and dark activity) Thymus Gland large in young children,gradually shrinks with age, secretesthymosins, important to immune function

Reproductive Glands testes and ovaries testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

Steroids


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Ste o ds

Anabolic steroids areartificially producedhormones that are thesame as, or similar to,

androgens, the male-typesex hormones in the body.There are more than 100variations of anabolicsteroids. The most powerful

androgen is testosterone.

Ch 11 the Endocrine System

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