The Age of Napoleon

Ch 11 Sec 3

Born 1769◦Island of Corsica

Sent to military school at age 9◦Graduated at 16◦Became lieutenant

Napoleon Bonaparte

Hero of the Hour◦Oct. 1795 Defended Nat’l Convention from royalist rebels

Savior of French Republic

Military Success

◦1796 - Directory appoints to lead French Army against Austria Crushed Austrian threat to France Went to Egypt but was defeated by British navy

Kept reports out of press

Coup d’Etat – sudden seize of power◦1799 – Directory lost control of political situation in France Lost confidence of French people

Consul and Emperor

Nov. 9, 1799 – Napoleon put in charge of army◦Troops drove out members of Nat’l Assembly

◦Legislature dissolves Directory◦Creates three consuls– Napoleon is one◦Assumes dictatorial power as first consul

1800 – plebiscite approves new constitution◦Vote of the people◦Constitution gives all power to Napoleon

Napoleon’s Domestic Policies

Concordat w/Pope Pius VII (agreement) - 1801◦Gov’t recognized influence of church on society

◦Rejected church control in nat’l affairs◦People that had bought Church lands got to keep them

Peace with the Church

Napoleonic Code (Civil Code)◦Uniform set of laws◦Eliminated injustice Equality of all citizens before the law Right of individual to choose a profession

Religious toleration Abolition of serfdom

Codification of the Laws

Good◦Equality before the law◦Gov’t careers open to anyone

Bad◦Limited liberty◦Promoted order and authority over individual rights

◦Restricted freedom of speech and press gov’t inspected all manuscripts and mail

Preserver of the Revolution?

Napoleon establishes order and stability◦Supports strong central gov’t, stable economy, and equality in taxation Didn’t care about rank in society or birth

◦Set up tax-collecting system and national bank Promoted sound financial management Better control of gov’t

A New Bureaucracy

Created a new aristocracy◦Based on meritorious service to the nation

◦1808-1814 – created 3200 nobles 60% were military officers 40% civil service or state and local officials

Reduced gov’t corruption ◦Dismissed corrupt officials◦Established lycees – gov’t-run public schools Open to male students of all backgrounds

Jobs given based on merit, not family connections

Does the image portray Napoleon as a positive or negative person?

How can you tell? What images/colors/symbols lead you to believe this?

Was this created by a person inside or outside of France?

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QiSnQpGC9nI/UGuRgpOTJRI/AAAAAAAAon8/jwzwxVukNDo/s1600/Mauzaisse-Napoleon-1833.jpg

Napoleon Crowned as Emperor◦1804 – declared himself emperor Supported by French voters Crowned himself, instead of pope

1799 – France at war w/ Russia, GB and Austria◦Began signing peace treaties in 1802

1803 - GB, Russia, Austria and Sweden form coalition against France

Takes army against coalition◦Crushes opposition◦Unpredictable◦Rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia sign treaties

Building the Empire

1807-1812 Napoleon is master of Europe

Three major parts of Grand Empire◦French Empire◦Dependent states◦Allied states

French Empire◦Enlarged France extending to Rhine River

◦Also included parts of northern Italy

Dependent states◦Areas ruled by Napoleon’s relatives◦Spain, Holland, Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine

Allied states◦Defeated by Napoleon and forced to join fight against GB

◦Prussia, Austria

French Empire◦1812 – few countries free of Napoleon’s control GB, Ottoman Empire, Sweden, Portugal, Russia

◦Conquered people feel loyalty to homeland

◦Huge and unstable empire

French ideals spread throughout Grand Empire◦Legal equality◦Religious toleration◦Economic freedom

Destroy old order in inner core and dependent states◦Nobility and clergy lose power and privileges

Spreading the Principles of the Revolution

Napoleon sells Louisiana◦United States buys in 1803 - $15 million

◦$236 million as of 2013 $.42/acre

◦Gained $ and punished British enemies

Loss of American Territories

Battle of Trafalgar - 1805◦Only battle lost by Napoleon to Coalition Major naval defeat – British Admiral Horatio Nelson

◦French fleet destroyed Assured supremacy of GB on the seas Forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading GB

British Resistance

The Continental System◦Nov. 1806 – Napoleon orders blockade of GB Prevent all trade and communication w/other countries

◦Continental system Make continental Europe more self-sufficient

Intended to destroy economy of GB

Blockade unsuccessful◦Smugglers bring cargo from Britain to Europe

◦Allies disregarded his orders◦New markets in Middle East and Latin America

Britain Blockades France◦Stopped neutral ships bound for Europe

Hurts Napoleon more than GB

Sense of a unique identity of a group of people

As Napoleon conquered, people became united in their hatred of him

Increased their sense of national identity◦Gave them more power

Nationalism

1812 – thirst for power leads to disastrous mistake◦Alexander I, czar of Russia, refuses to stop selling grain to GB

◦Napoleon and Alexander suspect each other of having plans for Poland

◦Napoleon decides to invade Russia

Invasion of Russia

Jun 1812 – Napoleon leads Grand Army into Russia◦Many troops were not French◦Feel little loyalty

Scorched-Earth Policy◦Russian army retreats toward Moscow◦Burn crops and land so French cannot live off land

◦Soldiers desert French army

◦Sept. 7, 1812 – Battle of Borodino Battle swings between both sides Russia eventually retreats and Napoleon takes Moscow

Alexander torches Moscow so Napoleon couldn’t have it

Napoleon stays for 5 weeks

◦October – Napoleon orders return to France Begins the retreat with 100,000 Snow fall begins in November and

soldiers freeze Napoleon returns to France in January

1813 w/40,000 troops

Coalition Defeats Napoleon◦Fights Coalition of GB, Russia, Prussia, and

Sweden◦Napoleon raises another army in a few

months Untrained soldiers Battle of Lepzig – Oct. 1813 – army severely

beaten◦Empire Crumbles Jan 1814 – Prussians, Russians, and Austrians

march on Paris March – Czar Alexander I and Frederick

William III of Prussia march through Paris

The Final Defeat

April 1814 – Napoleon gives up throne◦Exiled to Elba – island off coast of Italy

The Hundred Days◦Louis XVIII takes throne Brother of Louis XVI Unpopular among peasants Suspected of wanting to undo reforms of revolution

◦Napoleon escapes from Elba Thousands welcome him in Paris Volunteers join his army Napoleon regains position as emperor

Battle of Waterloo – June 18, 1815◦British army defeats Napoleon Prussian army helped

Ends Hundred Days◦Napoleon’s second reign as Emperor◦Napoleon exiled to St. Helena island in Atlantic Ocean

◦Dies after 6 years◦1821 at age of 53

Congress of Vienna Convenes

Ch. 12 Sec 2

After defeat of Napoleon◦Goal of new European order Collective security and stability for entire continent

◦Congress of Vienna Series of meetings in Vienna to set up policies to achieve this goal

“Five Great Powers”◦Prussia, Russia, Austria represented by rulers

◦GB, France represented by foreign ministers

◦Klemens von Metternich Foreign minister of Austria

Metternich Restores Stability

◦Three Goals of Metternich Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries

Restore balance of power so that no country would be threat

Restore Europe’s royal families to thrones held before Napoleon – legitimacy

Containment of France◦Congress makes weak countries around France stronger

◦Allow countries of Europe to contain France

Balance of Power◦Leaders of Europe don’t want to go too far Too severe – France may take revenge Break up France – another country might become too strong

◦Easy on French Give up all territories Napoleon took France remains intact Keeps overseas possessions, army, and independent gov’t

Based on tradition and belief in value of social stability

Obedience to public authority Relied heavily on influence of religion Hated revolutions Unwilling to accept demands of people◦Want individual rights or representative

government

Conservatism

Great powers of Europe had right to send armies into other countries◦Restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones

GB refuses this◦Doesn’t think great powers should interfere in other nations internal affairs

Principle of Intervention

Legitimacy

◦Powers affirm principle of legitimacyAgreement that as many as possible of the rulers Napoleon had driven out be restored

France – Louis XVIII given throneBourbon rulers of Spain and Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Former rulers of the German States

Congress of Vienna is political triumph◦Fair decisions = no grudges◦Nations of entire continent were cooperating

◦Peace lasts from 1815-1853