Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. 10 Sexual... · How does meiosis provide variation? 1....
Transcript of Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics. 10 Sexual... · How does meiosis provide variation? 1....
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Ch. 10 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
p. 270 -
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10.1 Meiosis
p. 270 - 276
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Essential Question
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Main Idea ! Meiosis produces haploid gametes
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Where are the instructions for each trait located in a cell?
! On the DNA inside the nucleus
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Genes ! DNA segments ! Genes are segments of DNA on a
chromosome in the nucleus of a cell
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How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
! 46
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How many do each parent contribute?
! 23
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Homologous Chromosomes ! Chromosomes that make up a pair, one
chromosome from each parent
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Gametes ! Sex cells (egg and sperm) ! Contain ½ the number of chromosomes
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How many chromosomes do human gametes have?
! 23 or n
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Haploid ! A cell with ½ the number of
chromosomes of a diploid cell ! Sex cells are haploid ! Represented by n
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Fertilization ! When a haploid gamete joins with
another haploid gamete
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How many chromosomes does a fertilized cell have?
! 46 or 2n
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Diploid ! Having 2 copies of each chromosome
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Meiosis ! Formation of gametes ! Cell division that reduces the number of
chromosomes by separating homologous chromosomes
! Involves 2 stages; Meiosis I and Meiosis II
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Meiosis I - Interphase ! Chromosomes replicate ! Chromatin condenses
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Meiosis I – Prophase I ! Pairing of homologous
chromosomes ! Each chromosome
consists of two chromatids
! Nuclear envelope breaks down
! Spindles form
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Meiosis I – Prophase I ! Crossing over – segments of
chromosomes are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes
! The results of crossing over are new kinds of genes
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Meiosis I – Metaphase I ! Chromosome centromeres attach to
spindle fibers ! Homologous chromosomes line up at
the equator
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Meiosis I – Anaphase I ! Homologous chromosomes separate
and move to opposite poles of the cell
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Meiosis I – Telophase I ! Spindles break down ! Chromosomes uncoil and form two
nuclei ! Cell divides
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End of 10.1 I
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Meiosis II – Prophase II ! A second set of phases begins as the
spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes condense
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Meiosis II – Metaphase II ! A haploid number of chromosomes line
up at the equator
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Meiosis II – Anaphase II ! Sister chromatids are pulled apart at the
centromere by spindle fibers and move toward the opposite poles of the cell
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Meiosis II – Telophase II ! Chromosomes reach the poles and the
nuclear membrane and nuclei reform
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Meiosis II - Cytokinesis ! Results in four haploid cells, each with n
number of chromosomes
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Mitosis vs. Meioisis ! One division ! Two identical cells
formed ! Daughter cells
genetically identical ! Occurs only in body
cells ! Involved in growth
and repair
! 2 sets of divisions ! 4 haploid cells
formed ! Daughter cells NOT
genetically identical ! Occurs in
reproductive cells ! Involved in
production of gametes
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How does meiosis provide variation?
1. Depending on how the chromosomes line up at the equator, four gametes with four different combinations of chromosomes can result
2. Crossing over
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Where does an asexual organism get its chromosomes?
! The organism inherits all of its chromosomes from a single parent
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Why is sexual reproduction beneficial?
! Beneficial genes multiply faster over time than they do when reproduction occurs asexually.
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10.2 Mendelian Genetics
p. 277 - 282
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Essential Question
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Main Idea ! Mendel explained how a dominant allele
can mask the presence of a recessive allele
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What is heredity? ! The passing of traits to the next
generation ! Also called inheritance
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How did Mendel perform cross pollination in pea plants?
! By transferring a male gamete from the flower of one pea plant to the female reproductive organ in a flower of another pea plant
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Genetics ! The science of heredity
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What is the P generation? ! The parent generation ! Yellow seeds (YY) crossed with green
seeds (yy)
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What is the F1 generation? ! The offspring of the P cross ! All appeared yellow (Yy)
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What is the F2 generation? ! The offspring from the F1 cross ! Most (3/4) appeared yellow (YY or Yy)
and some (1/4) appeared green (yy)
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What did Mendel conclude? ! That there must be two forms of the
seed trait in pea plants – yellow and green
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allele ! An alternative form of a single gene
passed from generation to generation ! Example: pea color (yellow or green),
pea shape (round or wrinkled)
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Dominant ! A trait that appears ! Denoted by an uppercase letter
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Recessive ! A trait that is masked ! Denoted by a lowercase letter
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Example: ! If yellow (Y) is dominant and green
(y) is recessive, what color will the pea be?
1. YY 2. Yy 3. yy
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Homozygous ! An organism with two of he same
alleles for a particular trait ! YY ! yy
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Heterozygous ! An organism with two different alleles
for a particular trait ! Yy
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Genotype ! An organism’s allele pairs
! YY, Yy, or yy
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Phenotype ! The observable characteristic
! Yellow or green
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Law of Segregation ! The two alleles for each trait separate
during meiosis ! During fertilization, two alleles for that
trait unite
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Hybrids ! A heterozygous organism ! Yy
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Monohybrid cross ! A cross that involves hybrids for a single
trait ! Three possible genotypes: YY, Yy, yy ! Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 ! Phenotypic ratio is 3:1
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Dihybrid cross ! The simultaneous inheritance of two or
more traits in the same plant ! They are heterozygous for both traits
! 4 types of alleles: Y_R_, yyR_, Y_rr, yyrr ! Phenotypic ration (9:3:3:1)
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Law of independent assortment
! Random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation
! Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently
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Punnett Squares ! Used to predict the possible offspring of
a cross between two known genotypes
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Main Idea ! The crossing over of linked genes is a
source of genetic variation
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Genetic Recombination ! The new combination of genes
produced by crossing over and independent assortment
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Polyploidy ! Is the occurrence of one or more extra
sets of all chromosomes in an organism ! 1 in 3 plants are polyploid
! Helps with vigor and size
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End of Ch. 10