Ch. 10 – Cell Division and Growth

Cell Growth usually involves an organism making MORE cells.

The size a cell reaches is limited by the cell’s surface area to volume ratio. As the cell grows, its surface area doesn’t grow as quickly as its volume does (therefore, its surface area to volume ratio DECREASES as it grows in size).

Cell Size

Surface Area (length x width x 6)

Volume (length x width x height)

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells

Section 10-1

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If a cell gets too big, the surface area of its membrane cannot bring oxygen and nutrients fast enough to meet the needs of its volume.

The cell will divide when it gets too big through a process called mitosis.

Cell growth can also be limited by nutrient availability and space. Cell division can be regulated by proteins called kinases.

Uncontrolled cell growth can result in cancer.

M phase

G2 phase

S phase

G1 phase

Figure 10–4 The Cell CycleSection 10-2

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Holds sister chromatids together in the middle.

Two identical, “sister” chromatids.

Chromosome structure before cell division.

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Section 10-2Figure 10–5 Mitosis

and Cytokinesis

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Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Section 10-2

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Section 10-2

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Section 10-2

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Section 10-2

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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Centrioles

Chromatin

Interphase

Nuclear envelope

Cytokinesis

Nuclear envelope reforming

Telophase

Anaphase

Individual chromosomes

Metaphase

Centriole

Spindle

CentrioleChromosomes

(paired chromatids)

Prophase

Centromere

Spindle forming

Section 10-2

Figure 10–5 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

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includes

is divided into is divided into

Section 10-2

Cell Cycle

M phase (Mitosis)

Interphase

G1 phase S phase ProphaseG2 phase Metaphase TelophaseAnaphase

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Link to animation review of meiosis

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter3/animation__how_meiosis_works.htmlLink to animation of mitosis/meiosis comparison

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter3/animation__comparison_of_meiosis_and_mitosis__quiz_1_.html

link to mitosis animation

Sea Star regeneration

Fruit Tree Grafting

Budding in Hydra

There are 2 types of Reproduction:Asexual Sexual________

One parent contributesGenetic info. to offspring

Two parents contributegenetic info. to offspring

Offspring are identical to each other an parent

Offspring are similar to each other an parent

Mitosis is used to make offspring cells

Meiosis is used by each parent to make sex cells called gametes which fuse into a cell that grows into offspring.

Ex: animals, plants

Ex: plants, some animlas, protists, bacteria

MEIOSIS

Meiosis is a special type of cell division used to make sex cells called gametes.

Meiosis is used to give sex cells half the species' normal chromosome number.

Background Information on Chromosomes- Humans have 46 chromosomes in each body cell.- These 46 chromosomes are organized into 23 pairs. These are known as homologous pairs.- In each pair humans have, one of the chromosomes was donated from mom's egg and one from dad's sperm.

Pairs of chromosomes contain information for the same types of traits.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes will be separated and only one will be passed to each sex cell that is made.

Meiosis I

Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.

The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-15 Meiosis

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Meiosis I

Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.

The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-15 Meiosis

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Meiosis I

Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.

The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-15 Meiosis

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Meiosis I

Interphase I Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I

Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate Chromosomes.

Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.

Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes.

The fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward the opposite ends of the cell.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-15 Meiosis

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Meiosis II

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-17 Meiosis II

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Meiosis II

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-17 Meiosis II

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Meiosis II

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-17 Meiosis II

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Meiosis II

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-17 Meiosis II

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Meiosis II

Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original.

Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase IIThe chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis.

The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell.

Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells.

Section 11-4

Figure 11-17 Meiosis II

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Meiosis Vocabulary

Synapsis - A process where homologous chromosomes pair up with each other during prophase I

Tetrad - A structure formed from "paired up" homologous chromosomes. XX

Diploid - A term used to describe the normal species chromosome number (for organisms with their chromosomes in pairs). The human diploid number is 46.

Haploid (n)- A term used to describe a cell with one copy of each type of chromosome.

There are 2 ways that meiosis introduces variety into sex cells:

1. Independent Assortment – a process where the homologous pairs of chromosomes can line up on either side of the metaphase plate.For example:

XXXXXXXX

X = mom donatedX = dad donated

XXXXXXXX

Section 11-4

Crossing-Over

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2. Crossing Over: A process where homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange chromosome parts during meiosis I.

Meiosis is different in females and males:

Males Females