Ch 10 Biodiversity. What Biodiversity Means Variety of organisms in a given area Variety of...
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Transcript of Ch 10 Biodiversity. What Biodiversity Means Variety of organisms in a given area Variety of...
Ch 10 BiodiversityCh 10 Biodiversity
What Biodiversity MeansWhat Biodiversity Means
Variety of organisms Variety of organisms in a given areain a given area
Genetic variation Genetic variation within a population within a population
Variety of species in a Variety of species in a communitycommunity
Variety of Variety of communities in an communities in an ecosystem.ecosystem.
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Certain areas contain Certain areas contain extraordinary variety extraordinary variety of species.of species.
Need to understand Need to understand and preserve and preserve biodiversity for our biodiversity for our own survivalown survival
BiodiversityBiodiversity
about 1.7 million spp about 1.7 million spp (species) most of (species) most of which are insects. which are insects.
Actual number is Actual number is unknown.unknown.
Estimate of greater Estimate of greater than 10 million total # than 10 million total # of speciesof species
Exist in remote Exist in remote wilderness, deep wilderness, deep ocean & even citiesocean & even cities
Unknown DiversityUnknown Diversity
Species Are Connected to Species Are Connected to EcosystemsEcosystems
Species play an Species play an important role in any important role in any ecosystem.ecosystem.
Every species is Every species is dependent on or dependent on or depended upon by at depended upon by at least 1 other spp.least 1 other spp.
1 species disappears, 1 species disappears, a strand in a food web a strand in a food web is removed. is removed.
keystone specieskeystone species
critical to functioning of critical to functioning of ecosystem in which it ecosystem in which it liveslives
Affects survival and Affects survival and abundance of many abundance of many other species in its other species in its communitycommunity
Pacific Coast Kelp Pacific Coast Kelp →Sea Urchins →Sea →Sea Urchins →Sea OtterOtter Prairie Dogs aerate soil in grasslands
Genetic diversity within populationsGenetic diversity within populations
Critical factor in Critical factor in species survivalspecies survival
Increases chances for Increases chances for survival in survival in environmental environmental changeschanges
Small and isolated Small and isolated populations are less populations are less likely to survive such likely to survive such pressures.pressures.
Bottleneck EffectBottleneck Effect
Population Population decreases, decreases, genetic diversity genetic diversity decreasesdecreases
Bottleneck EffectBottleneck Effect Even if population is able Even if population is able
to to again, an inbreeding again, an inbreeding within a smaller variety of within a smaller variety of genes will occur.genes will occur.
Population members may Population members may be more likely to inherit be more likely to inherit genetic diseasesgenetic diseases
Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity
Medical – DrugsMedical – Drugs Industrial – ChemicalsIndustrial – Chemicals AgriculturalAgricultural
Hybrid crops resistant Hybrid crops resistant to diseaseto disease
EthicsEthics Aesthetics & Aesthetics &
recreationrecreation Pets, wildlife viewing, Pets, wildlife viewing,
nature enjoymentnature enjoyment
Biodiversity at RiskBiodiversity at Risk
Sec. 10-2Sec. 10-2
Current ExtinctionsCurrent Extinctions
Midst of another mass Midst of another mass extinction.extinction.
Rate is estimated to Rate is estimated to have have by a multiple by a multiple of 50 since 1800of 50 since 1800
25% of all species 25% of all species on Earth becoming on Earth becoming extinct 1800 - 2100extinct 1800 - 2100
Different from past b/c Different from past b/c humans are primary humans are primary cause of extinctions.cause of extinctions.
Amphibians extremely sensitive to environmental change
Species at RiskSpecies at Risk
Migrating spp Migrating spp Those that require Those that require
large or special large or special habitatshabitats
Those exploited by Those exploited by humanshumans Not illegal to hunt Not illegal to hunt
polar bears in Canadapolar bears in Canada
Endangered speciesEndangered species
In danger of extinction In danger of extinction throughout all or a throughout all or a significant part of its significant part of its rangerange
Is under protection by Is under protection by regulations or regulations or conservation conservation measuresmeasures
Threatened speciesThreatened species
species that has been species that has been identified to be likely identified to be likely to become to become endangered in the endangered in the foreseeable futureforeseeable future
983 species of plants 983 species of plants and animals that are and animals that are threatened or threatened or endangered (2002)endangered (2002)
How Do Humans Cause How Do Humans Cause Extinctions?Extinctions?
human population human population growth has accelerated growth has accelerated and so has the rate of and so has the rate of extinctionsextinctions
Major causes:Major causes: destruction of habitatsdestruction of habitats Introduction of nonnative Introduction of nonnative
speciesspecies PollutionPollution Overharvesting of Overharvesting of
speciesspecies
How Do Humans Cause How Do Humans Cause Extinctions?Extinctions?
Habitat Destruction and Habitat Destruction and FragmentationFragmentation
Humans build and Humans build and harvest resourcesharvest resources
Destroy & fragment Destroy & fragment habitats of other spp.habitats of other spp.
75% of extinctions are 75% of extinctions are due to habitat lossdue to habitat loss
Cougars – Florida Cougars – Florida PantherPanther <80 left east of MI <80 left east of MI
RiverRiver
Invasive Exotic SpeciesInvasive Exotic Species
Not native to a Not native to a particular areaparticular area
Familiar organisms Familiar organisms are exotic if brought are exotic if brought into area not normally into area not normally found – cats & ratsfound – cats & rats
Non-native: alien, Non-native: alien, exotic, foreign, non-exotic, foreign, non-indigenous, invasiveindigenous, invasive
Threaten native spp.Threaten native spp.Non-native sword fern in Hawaii rainforests – facilitates fire
Imported SpeciesImported Species
Aggressive & spread over Aggressive & spread over large areaslarge areas
Disrupt ecosystemDisrupt ecosystem Interfere with human Interfere with human
activityactivity One of the biggest threats One of the biggest threats
to endangered species & to endangered species & biodiversitybiodiversity
Bio-InvasionBio-Invasion –rapid –rapid expansion of species by expansion of species by direct or indirect human direct or indirect human activities, to areas where activities, to areas where they did not previously they did not previously existexist
BirdsBirds
StarlingsStarlings Congregate in large Congregate in large
flocksflocks Make lots of noise & Make lots of noise &
messmess Drive away song Drive away song
birds by competing birds by competing for foodfor food
Some feed on farm Some feed on farm cropscrops
PlantsPlants
Intentional/accidental Intentional/accidental importationimportation
Purple loosestrifePurple loosestrife Accidentally by a ship Accidentally by a ship
from Europefrom Europe Displacing food supply Displacing food supply
of many wild animalsof many wild animals Reduces carrying Reduces carrying
capacity (the number capacity (the number of species it can of species it can sustain) of wetlands it sustain) of wetlands it invadesinvades
PlantsPlants
Water HyacinthWater Hyacinth Considered a Considered a weed weed – a – a
plant that grows in an plant that grows in an unwanted locationunwanted location
Turning waterways into Turning waterways into wetlands & choking life wetlands & choking life out of wetlandsout of wetlands
Crabgrass/Crabgrass/dandelions/crown dandelions/crown vetchvetch weedsweeds
PlantsPlants
KudzuKudzu Imported from Japan in Imported from Japan in
1876 for 1001876 for 100thth celebration in celebration in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
Used to help prevent Used to help prevent erosionerosion
Vines destroy forests by Vines destroy forests by competing for sunlightcompeting for sunlight
May take up to 10 yrs to May take up to 10 yrs to killkill
KudzuKudzu
Kudzu – introduced to SE United States grows rampant, overtaking trees. In its native China, cold winters cause it to die back in cold weather, and several insects are natural predators
InvertebratesInvertebrates
Zebra MusselZebra Mussel Native to Caspian Sea Native to Caspian Sea
in Soviet Unionin Soviet Union 11stst Spotted in US in Spotted in US in
1988 in Lake St. Clair 1988 in Lake St. Clair (between Lake (between Lake Huron/Erie)Huron/Erie)
Accidental arrival on Accidental arrival on European freighter European freighter around ’85 – ’86 caused around ’85 – ’86 caused pop. explosionpop. explosion
InvertebratesInvertebrates
Zebra MusselZebra Mussel Colonizing rock Colonizing rock
bottoms where fish bottoms where fish spawnspawn
Filter feeders may Filter feeders may make water too clean make water too clean for fish by eating all for fish by eating all the algaethe algae
Clog industries’ intake Clog industries’ intake pipespipes
Harvesting, Hunting, and PoachingHarvesting, Hunting, and Poaching
Thousands are Thousands are harvested & sold as harvested & sold as pets, houseplants, pets, houseplants, wood, food, or herbal wood, food, or herbal medicine.medicine.
PoachingPoaching is the is the illegal harvesting of illegal harvesting of fish, game, or other fish, game, or other species.species.
PollutionPollution
Pesticides, cleaning Pesticides, cleaning agents, drugs, and agents, drugs, and other chemicals into other chemicals into food webs food webs
Long term effects Long term effects may not be clear for may not be clear for after many yearsafter many years
PollutionPollution
Bald eagle was Bald eagle was endangered because endangered because of a pesticide known of a pesticide known as DDTas DDT
Now illegal to use in Now illegal to use in the U.S.the U.S.
Still manufactured Still manufactured here & used around here & used around world.world.
Areas of Critical BiodiversityAreas of Critical Biodiversity Areas where a large Areas where a large
number of number of endemic endemic species existspecies exist native to and only native to and only
found in a particular found in a particular place place
Endemic plant Endemic plant species as indicator species as indicator species: are sensitive species: are sensitive to environmental to environmental changeschanges
Giant Sand Treader Camel Cricket found in CO, NM & UT
Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain Forests
Home to over half of Home to over half of world’s species world’s species Despite covering only Despite covering only
7% of Earth’s land 7% of Earth’s land surfacesurface
Most have never been Most have never been described described
Unknown # are Unknown # are disappearing as forests disappearing as forests are cleared for farming are cleared for farming or cattle grazingor cattle grazing
Coral Reefs & Coastal EcosystemCoral Reefs & Coastal Ecosystem
Provide millions of Provide millions of people with foodpeople with food
Tourism revenue,Tourism revenue, Coastal protectionCoastal protection Sources of new Sources of new
chemicalschemicals Poorly studied Poorly studied Not as well protected Not as well protected
by laws as terrestrial by laws as terrestrial areas areareas are
Coral Reefs & Coastal EcosystemCoral Reefs & Coastal Ecosystem
swamps, marshes, swamps, marshes, shores, and kelp beds shores, and kelp beds
Threatening human Threatening human ActivitiesActivities PollutionPollution Development along Development along
waterwayswaterways OverfishingOverfishing
IslandsIslands
Limited # of mainland Limited # of mainland spp colonize new spp colonize new islandisland
In turn evolve into In turn evolve into new spp – very new spp – very distinct & limiteddistinct & limited
Become endangered Become endangered b/c of invasive sppb/c of invasive spp Hawaiian Hawaiian
honeycreeperhoneycreeper
Biodiversity HotspotsBiodiversity Hotspots
most threatened most threatened areas of high species areas of high species diversitydiversity tropical rainforests, tropical rainforests,
coastal areas, and coastal areas, and islandsislands
Have lost at least Have lost at least 70% of natural 70% of natural vegetationvegetation
Biodiversity HotspotsBiodiversity Hotspots
The Future of BiodiversityThe Future of Biodiversity
Sec 10-3Sec 10-3
Captive-Breeding ProgramsCaptive-Breeding Programs
breeding species in breeding species in captivitycaptivity
But the question But the question remains whether or remains whether or not these restored not these restored populations will ever populations will ever reproduce in the wildreproduce in the wild
California CondorCalifornia Condor
Preserving Genetic MaterialPreserving Genetic Material
Germ plasmGerm plasm chromosomes and geneschromosomes and genes Contained in protoplasm of Contained in protoplasm of
germ cellsgerm cells Seeds, sperm, eggs, or pure Seeds, sperm, eggs, or pure
DNADNA
Germ-plasm banks store Germ-plasm banks store material in controlled material in controlled environments for future environments for future use in research or species-use in research or species-recovery efforts.recovery efforts.
Zoos, Aquariums, Parks, and Zoos, Aquariums, Parks, and GardensGardens
are living museums of are living museums of the world’s the world’s biodiversitybiodiversity
species’ last hope for species’ last hope for survivalsurvival
rarely have enough rarely have enough resources or resources or knowledge to knowledge to preservepreserve
Preserving Habitats and Preserving Habitats and EcosystemsEcosystems
Small plots of land for Small plots of land for single population is single population is usually not enoughusually not enough
protecting habitats of protecting habitats of endangered and endangered and threatened species threatened species means preserving or means preserving or managing large areasmanaging large areas
Conservation StrategiesConservation Strategies
Protect entire Protect entire ecosystem rather ecosystem rather than individual than individual speciesspecies
save most species in save most species in an ecosystem instead an ecosystem instead of only ones been of only ones been identified as identified as endangeredendangered
Conservation StrategiesConservation Strategies
1.1. identify areas of identify areas of native habitat that native habitat that can be preserved, can be preserved, restored, and linked restored, and linked into large networks.into large networks.
2.2. promote products promote products that have been that have been harvested with harvested with sustainable sustainable practicespractices
Legal Protection for SpeciesLegal Protection for Species
US Congress – 1973US Congress – 1973 Endangered Species Endangered Species
ActAct is designed to is designed to protect any plant or protect any plant or animal species in animal species in danger of extinctiondanger of extinction
Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)
1.1. list of all endangered list of all endangered and threatened and threatened speciesspecies
2.2. Protection from human Protection from human harmharm
3.3. Prevention of Federal Prevention of Federal Govt projects that Govt projects that harmharm
4.4. Recovery plan for Recovery plan for each sppeach spp
Protect or restore Protect or restore habitathabitat
Habitat Conservation PlansHabitat Conservation Plans
land-use plan land-use plan attempts to protect attempts to protect
threatened or threatened or endangered species endangered species across a given areaacross a given area
Allows some tradeoffs Allows some tradeoffs between harm to species between harm to species and additional and additional conservation conservation commitments among commitments among cooperating partiescooperating parties
International CooperationInternational Cooperation
International Union for International Union for the Conservation of the Conservation of Nature and Natural Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)Resources (IUCN)
Facilitates efforts to Facilitates efforts to protect species and protect species and habitatshabitats
Red ListsRed Lists of species in of species in danger of extinction danger of extinction around the worldaround the world
Private Conservation EffortsPrivate Conservation Efforts
advises governments advises governments on ways to manage on ways to manage natural resourcesnatural resources
works with groups like works with groups like the World Wildlife the World Wildlife Fund to sponsor Fund to sponsor projectsprojects attempting to stop attempting to stop
poaching in Ugandapoaching in Uganda
CITES-Convention on International CITES-Convention on International Trade in Endangered SpeciesTrade in Endangered Species
Stop slaughter of Stop slaughter of African elephants for African elephants for tuskstusks
worldwide ban on all worldwide ban on all sales, imports, and sales, imports, and exportsexports
Private Conservation EffortsPrivate Conservation Efforts
World Wildlife FundWorld Wildlife Fund encourages the sustainable use of resources and encourages the sustainable use of resources and
supports wildlife protectionsupports wildlife protection
The Nature ConservancyThe Nature Conservancy helped purchase millions of hectacres of habitat helped purchase millions of hectacres of habitat
preserves in 29 countriespreserves in 29 countries
Conservation InternationalConservation International ID biodiversity hotspotsID biodiversity hotspots
Greenpeace InternationalGreenpeace International Organizes direct and sometimes confrontational Organizes direct and sometimes confrontational
actionsactions