Ch. 1 Warm-Up

1. How is anatomy different from physiology?

2. What are the levels of organization of the human body from smallest largest?

3. List the 11 organ systems of the body.

Intro to Anatomy & PhysiologyUNIT 1

Objectives:•Explore the history of Anatomy & Physiology•Explain how structure complements function•Name the levels of structural organization•List the functions necessary for life•List the survival needs of the body•Define homeostasis and explain its

significance•Use correct anatomical terms to describe the

body

•Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

•Physiology: the function of the body parts

•Complementarity of Structure & Function▫What a structure can do depends on its

specific form▫“Structure determines function”

Subdivisions of Anatomy

•Gross or Macroscopic▫parts visible to naked eye

•Microscopic▫Cytology: study of cells▫Histology: study of tissues

•Developmental▫Embryology: study changes that occur

before birth

History of Anatomy & Physiology•Egyptians perfected

mummification▫Major organs

cleaned and placed in clay jars

▫Body cavity filled with sawdust-like materials

▫Natron used to dry the body

▫Wrapped in linen Then covered in a

shroud

Ancient Egyptians• In the process of mummifying people ancient

Egyptians were able to identify and document:▫Heart & vessels▫Liver▫Spleen▫Kidneys▫Uterus▫Bladder▫Hypothalamus**Even though they didn’t really know what they

did or how they worked…**

Ancient Greece•Hippocrates

▫Hippocratic Corpus▫Hippocratic Oath

•Aristotle▫Father of comparative

anatomy (based off of dissections)

•1st recorded school of anatomy▫Alexandria

The 1st to allow cutting and examination of dead bodies (criminals only)

Ancient Greece gets weird…

•Galen▫Performed vivisections on monkeys and

pigs to gain physiological understanding YES, that means cutting open something

while it is still alive…▫Studied wounds of Gladiators

Called wounds “windows into the body” Only 5 gladiators died under his care

16th Century•Anatomical Theatres

▫People traveled extreme distances to watch professors teach during dissections Stadium style seating Increased the number of people who could benefit

from each cadaver Increased grave robbing

▫The discovery of electricity opened another can of worms… Galvanism: contraction of muscle due to electric

current Ideas for Shelley’s “Frankenstein”

17th & 18th Centuries• Many artists trained in

anatomy in order to produce life-like artwork▫Leonardo da Vinci▫Michelangelo▫Rembrandt

• This included attending lectures, public dissections, and private studies

• Only certified anatomists were allowed to perform dissections, but anyone could watch for a certain price

Levels of Structural Organization atomic molecular cellular tissue organ organ system organism

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Overview of Organ Systems

Functions Necessary for Humans to Live

1. Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside)2. Movement (internal & external)3. Responsiveness: sense changes and respond4. Digestion: break down foods for absorption5. Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body6. Excretion: remove wastes7. Reproduction: cell division, whole organism8. Growth: increase in size/part

Survival Needs

•Nutrients (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Salt, etc.)

•Oxygen•Water•Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or 37C)•Atmospheric Pressure & Gravity

▫“Packing for Mars” by Mary Roach

Homeostasis•Maintain relatively stable internal conditions•Receptor (input) control center effector

(response)•Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of

stimulus▫Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar

levels•Positive (+) feedback: increases response

▫Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting•Diseases = homeostatic imbalance

Anatomical Position•Body erect, feet slightly apart, palm face

forward, thumbs pointing out

Terms you need to know:•Superior (cranial)•Inferior (caudal)•Ventral (anterior)•Dorsal (posterior)•Medial•Lateral•Proximal•Distal•Superficial

(external)•Deep (internal)

•Axial•Appendicular•Saggital plane•Frontal (coronal)

plane•Transverse

(horizontal) plane

Directional Terms

Directional Terms

Directional Terms

Regional Terms

•Axial: main part of body = head, neck, & trunk

•Appendicular: limbs attached to axis

The body can be divided into flat surfaces called planes

• Sagittal planeSagittal plane▫ divides into right/left

• Frontal/coronal planeFrontal/coronal plane▫ divides into anterior/posterior

• Transverse/horizontal planeTransverse/horizontal plane▫ divides into superior/inferior

Which plane is shown below?

kidneys

brain

thigh

Body Cavities• Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity::

▫Cranial cavity▫Vertebral/spinal

cavity• Ventral body cavityVentral body cavity

▫Thoracic lungs, heart,

trachea, esophagus▫Abdominopelvic

digestive, reproductive, urinary

Body Cavities

• Oral cavity (within mouth)• Nasal cavity (inside nose)• Orbital cavities (hold the eyes)• Middle ear cavities (in skull, transmit & amplify

sound)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Abdominopelvic Regions