Ch. 1 - Matter I. States of Matter »Kinetic Molecular Theory »States of Matter.
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Transcript of Ch. 1 - Matter I. States of Matter »Kinetic Molecular Theory »States of Matter.
Ch. 1 - MatterI. States of Matter
» Kinetic Molecular Theory
» States of Matter
A. Kinetic Molecular Theory
» KMT
» Particles of matter are always in motion.
» The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles increases as temperature increases.
B. Five States of Matter
» Bose-Einstein Condensate
» Atoms mount on top of each other
B. Four States of Matter
» Solids» very low KE - particles
vibrate but can’t move around
» fixed shape » fixed volume
B. Four States of Matter
» Liquids» low KE - particles can
move around but are still close together
» variable shape
» fixed volume
B. Four States of Matter
» Gases» high KE - particles can
separate and move throughout container
» variable shape» variable volume
B. Four States of Matter
» Plasma» very high KE - particles collide with
enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
» gas-like, variableshape & volume
» stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, CRTs
Ch. 1 - MatterII. Classification of Matter
»Matter Flowchart
»Pure Substances
»Mixtures
A. Matter Flowchart
MATTER
Can it be physically separated?
Homogeneous Mixture
(solution)
Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element
MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE
yes no
Can it be chemically decomposed?
noyesIs the composition uniform?
noyes
Colloids Suspensions
A. Matter Flowchart» Examples:
» graphite
» pepper
» sugar (sucrose)
» paint
» soda
element
hetero. mixture
compound
hetero. mixture
solution
B. Pure Substances» Element
» composed of identical atoms» EX: copper wire, aluminum foil
B. Pure Substances
» Compound
» composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
» properties differ from those of individual elements
» EX: table salt (NaCl)
» Ionic vs Molecular compounds
B. Pure Substances
» Law of Definite Composition
» A given compound always contains the same, fixed ratio of elements.
» Law of Multiple Proportions
» Elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds.
B. Pure Substances» For example…
Two different compounds, each has a definite composition.
C. Mixtures» Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances.» Can be separated by physical means.
» Distillation, density, filtration, magnetism, boiling points
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
C. Mixtures
» Solution» homogeneous» very small particles» no Tyndall effect
Tyndall Effect
particles don’t settleEX: rubbing alcohol
C. Mixtures
» Colloid» heterogeneous» medium-sized particles» Tyndall effect» particles don’t settle» EX: milk
C. Mixtures
» Suspension» heterogeneous» large particles» Tyndall effect» particles settle» EX: fresh-squeezed
lemonade
C. Mixtures» Examples:
» mayonnaise
» muddy water
» fog
» saltwater
» Italian salad dressing
colloid
suspension
colloid
solution
suspension
Ch. 1 - Matter
III. Properties & Changes in Matter
»Extensive vs. Intensive
»Physical vs. Chemical
A. Extensive vs. Intensive
» Extensive Property
» depends on the amount of matter present
» Intensive Property
» depends on the identity of substance, not the amount
A. Extensive vs. Intensive» Examples:
» boiling point
» volume
» mass
» density
» conductivity
intensive
extensive
extensive
intensive
intensive
B. Physical vs. Chemical
» Physical Property
» can be observed without changing the identity of the substance
» Chemical Property
» describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity
B. Physical vs. Chemical
» Examples:
» melting point
» flammable
» density
» magnetic
» tarnishes in air
physical
chemical
physical
physical
chemical
B. Physical vs. Chemical» Physical Change
» changes the form of a substance without changing its identity
» properties remain the same
» Chemical Change
» changes the identity of a substance
» products have different properties
B. Physical vs. Chemical
» Signs of a Chemical Change
» change in color or odor
» formation of a gas
» formation of a precipitate (solid)
» change in light or heat
B. Physical vs. Chemical» Examples:
» rusting iron
» dissolving in water
» burning a log
» melting ice
» grinding spices
chemical
physical
chemical
physical
physical
Intro to periodic table
» Groups (Families)» Periods» Noble Gases» Metals vs. Nonmetals» Metalloids (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te)» Alkali Metals» Halogens