Ch 06 Lecture Outline A

8/8/2019 Ch 06 Lecture Outline A

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PowerPoint Lecture Slides

prepared by

Janice Meeking,

Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

6

Bones and

SkeletalTissues: Part A


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Skeletal Cartilages

Contain no blood vessels or nerves

Dense connective tissue girdle of

perichondrium contains blood vessels for

nutrient delivery to cartilage


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Skeletal Cartilages

1. Hyaline cartilages

Provide support, flexibility, and resilience

Most abundant type

2. Elastic cartilages

Similar to hyaline cartilages, but containelastic fibers

3. Fibrocartilages

Collagen fibershave great tensile strength


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.1

Axialskeleton

Appendicularskeleton

Hyalinecartilages

Elasticcartilages

Fibrocartilages

Cartilages

Bones of skeleton

EpiglottisLarynx

TracheaCricoidcartilage

Lung

Respiratory tubecartilages

inneckandthorax

Thyroid

cartilageCartilagein

externalear

Cartilagesin

noseArticular

Cartilage

ofa joint

Costal

cartilage

Cartilagein

Intervertebral

disc

Pubic

symphysis

Articularcartilage

ofa joint

Meniscus

(padlikecartilagein

knee joint)


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GrowthofCartilage

Appositional

Cells secrete matrix against the external face of

existing cartilage

Interstitial

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix,

expanding cartilage from within

Calcification of cartilage occurs during Normal bone growth

Old age


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BonesoftheSkeleton

Two main groups, by location

Axial skeleton (brown)

Appendicular skeleton (yellow)


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Cartilagein

externalearCartilagesin

noseArticular

Cartilage

ofa joint

Costal

cartilage

Cartilagein

Intervertebral

disc

Pubic

symphysis

Articularcartilage

ofa joint

Meniscus

(padlikecartilagein

knee joint)


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ClassificationofBonesby Shape

Long bones

Longer than they are wide

Short bones Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)

Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)


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ClassificationofBonesby Shape

Flat bones

Thin, flat, slightly curved

Irregular bones Complicated shapes


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FunctionsofBones

Support

For the body and soft organs

Protection For brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Movement

Levers for muscle action


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FunctionsofBones

Storage

Minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth

factors

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in

marrow cavities

Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone cavities


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BoneMarkings

Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as

Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments,

and tendons

Joint surfaces

Conduits for blood vessels and nerves


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 6.1


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BoneMarkings: Projections

Projections that help to form joints

Head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

Rounded articular projection Ramus

Armlike bar


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BoneMarkings: Depressionsand Openings

Meatus

Canal-like passageway

Sinus

Cavity within a bone

Fossa

Shallow, basinlike

depression

Groove

Furrow

Fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Foramen

Round or oval opening

through a bone


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Bone Textures

Compact bone

Dense outer layer

Spongy (cancellous) bone Honeycomb of trabeculae


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StructureofaLongBone

Diaphysis (shaft)

Compact bone collar surrounds medullary

(marrow) cavity

Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow

marrow)


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StructureofaLongBone

Epiphyses

Expanded ends

Spongy bone interior Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate)

Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3a-b

Proximalepiphysis

(b)

(a)

Epiphyseal

line

Articular

cartilage

Periosteum

Spongy bone

Compactbone

Medullary

cavity (lined

by endosteum)

Compactbone

Diaphysis

Distal

epiphysis


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MembranesofBone

Periosteum

Outer fibrous layer

Inner osteogenic layer

Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)

Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells)

Osteogenic cells (stem cells)

Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic

vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina

Secured to underlying bone by Sharpeys fibers


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MembranesofBone

Endosteum

Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of

bone

Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3c

(c)

Yellow

bone marrow

Endosteum

CompactbonePeriosteum

Perforating

(Sharpeys)fibers

Nutrient

arteries


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StructureofShort,Irregular,andFlatBones

Periosteum-covered compact bone on the

outside

Endosteum-covered spongy bone within

Spongy bone called diplo in flat bones

Bone marrow between the trabeculae


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Compact

bone

Trabeculae

Spongy bone

(diplo)


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LocationofHematopoietic Tissue (Red

Marrow)

Red marrow cavities of adults

Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur

and humerus

Trabecular cavities of the diplo of flat bones

Red marrow of newborn infants

Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongybone


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Microscopic Anatomy ofBone

Cells of bones

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

Stem cells in periosteum and endosteumthat give rise to osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.4a-b

(a) Osteogeniccell (b) Osteoblast

Stem cell Matrix-synthesizing

cell responsibleforbone growth


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Microscopic Anatomy ofBone

Cells of bone

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells Osteoclasts

Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.4c-d

(c) Osteocyte

Mature bone cell

that maintains thebone matrix

(d) Osteoclast

Bone-resorbing cell


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Microscopic Anatomy ofBone: Compact

Bone

Haversian system, or osteonstructural unit

Lamellae

Weight-bearing Column-like matrix tubes

Central (Haversian) canal

Contains blood vessels and nerves


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Structures

inthecentral

canal

Artery with

capillaries

Vein

Nervefiber

Lamellae

Collagen

fibersrunin

different

directions

Twisting

force


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Microscopic Anatomy ofBone: Compact

Bone

Perforating (Volkmanns) canals

At right angles to the central canal

Connects blood vessels and nerves of the

periosteum and central canal

Lacunaesmall cavities that contain

osteocytes

Canaliculihairlike canals that connect

lacunae to each other and the central canal


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.7a-c

Endosteum liningbony canals

andcoveringtrabeculae

Perforating

(Volkmanns)canal

Perforating (Sharpeys)fibers

PeriostealbloodvesselPeriosteum

Lacuna (with

osteocyte)

(a)

(b) (c)

Lacunae

Lamellae

Nerve

VeinArtery

Canaliculi

Osteocyte

inalacuna

Circumferentiallamellae

Osteon

(Haversiansystem)

Central

(Haversian)canal

Central

canal

Interstitiallamellae

Lamellae

Compact

bone

Spongy bone


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Microscopic Anatomy ofBone:Spongy

Bone

Trabeculae

Align along lines of stress

No osteons

Contain irregularly arranged lamellae,

osteocytes, and canaliculi

Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.3b

(b)

Lacunae

Lamellae

Nerve

Vein

Artery

Canaliculus

Osteocyteinalacuna

Central

canal


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Chemical CompositionofBone: Organic

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes,

osteoclasts

Osteoidorganic bone matrix secreted by

osteoblasts

Ground substance (proteoglycans,

glycoproteins)

Collagen fibers

Provide tensile strength and flexibility


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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education Inc

Chemical CompositionofBone:Inorganic

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

65% of bone by mass

Mainly calcium phosphate crystals

Responsible for hardness and resistance to

compression

Ch 06 Lecture Outline A

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