CH 02 Symbols

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=07842b5 0533802 498Chapter 2Symbols

2.1 CommunicationCommunication can determine whether ajob will be a success or a failure. In industry,drawings convey the designers concepts to

those performing the work. Intricate detailscan be much more accurately and efficientlydescribed through graphic presentation thanthrough the written word.In the case of welded construction, a greatdeal of information may be required in orderfor the welder to successfully provide a weldadequate for the designers intended purpose.Using written notes is one method for con-veying the necessary design concepts. How-

ever, written descriptions can become quitecomplex and time consuming for intricatedetails. A simpler and more efficient methoduses welding symbols.The American Welding Society has devel-oped a system of standard welding symbolsnow used and accepted worldwide. Figure 2.1depicts the various types of weld and weldingsymbols and explains the purposes and loca-tions of the basic elements. A detailed

description of the system can be found inAWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding,Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination.Figure 2.2 shows the advantages offeredwhen welding symbols replace the writtenexplanation. Figures 2.3 and 2.4 show otherwelding symbols and how they are used tospecify the welding requirements. The adja-cent details illustrate the significance of eachsymbol.Just as the welding sym bol is important tothe welder, equally important is the weldinginspectors knowledge of its meaning. With-ou t this knowledge, the inspector would beunable to assure that the welder has compliedwith the requirements set forth by the

designer. Typical information depicted bywelding symbols that is of interest to a weld-ing inspector includes type of weld, size ofweld, weld location, joint configuration, fin-ished condition of face and root of the weld,as well as any special instructions.Knowledge of the information provided bythe welding symbol is essential to the inspec-tor when a weld is to be visually examined(VT). Once the inspector understands whatthe engineer requires, a thorough and highlyeffective visual examination can result. Manysituations warrant a more extensive checkthan can be provided by visual examinationalone. In such cases, other forms of non-

destructive examination (NDE) are oftenemployed.The inspector can gain a great deal ofinsight from the welding symbol as to theapplicability of a particular test when nonde-structive examination is involved. In ultra-sonic testing (UT), for example, usefulinformation provided by the welding symbolmight include the joint configuration and

location. From this information, the NDEoperator can determine whether the test canbe physically conducted as well as whattransducer angle would most readily revealany discontinuities.

Th e welding symbol can also provide valu-able information concerning how the test canbe applied when radiographic examination(RT) is to be used. Information such as jointconfiguration, weld location, type of weld,and size of weld can help the radiographer todetermine the types of discontinuities whichmay be present and the best m ethod for theirdetection. Such details allow the inspector toplan his test so that the best technique andprocedure will be used,

3COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: pleasecall the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

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W 0 7 8 4 2 b 5 0533803 3244iSymbois

Basic Weldlng Symbolsand meir Loeation Signiiicance

Figure 2.1-AWS StandardWelding Symbols

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: pleasecall the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

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Figure 2.1 (Continued)-AWS Standard Welding Symbols


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25"

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2 2-118)2 (2-1/8)

25"WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

GROOVE WELD SYMBOLWITH COMBINED DIMENSIONSFigure 2.2-Comparison of Welding Symbol and Written Explanation

2.2 NondestructiveExamination SymbolsWith the increased use of nondestructiveexamination by consiruction industries, itbecomes convenient for the engineer toinclude testing requirements on the fabrica-tion drawings. Noting testing requirements onthe drawings helps to avoid many after-the-fact inconsistencies associated with the extentor type of testing. As with welding symbols, asystem has been established to communicatenondestructive examination information usingsymbols similar to those used for welding. Acomplete description of this system isincluded in AWS A2.4.The construction of nondestructive exami-nation symbols uses the same basic elementsfound in welding symbols along with similargoverning niles. Therefore, arrow-side andother-side designations retain their same loca-

tion significance. Figure 2.5 shows the basicelements of the examination symbol and theirstandard locations with respect to one ano ther.Figure 2.6 illustrates the shorthand nota-tions used with nondestructive examinationsymbols.

2.3 Master Chart of Welding,Allied Processes, andThermal Cutting

Inspection personnel must be familiar withthe welding and allied processes within thescope of their work. A welding or allied pro-cess is basic to the operation to be performed,and may be subdivided into more specificprocesses.In the hierarchy of welding, the weldingprocess stands first. Each welding processdefinition is complete so that it will standalone. Processes are defined for prescribedelements of operation. Thismethod of organi-zation is the basis for the M aster Chart shownin Figure 2.7.The chart is a display of a hierarchy ofwelding and allied processes; the highestgeneric leve ls (least specific) are in the center,and the more specific are in boxes on theperimeter. The chart is intended to be com pre-hensive and includes not only widely usedproduction processes, but also some that are oflimited use because they have been replacedby other processes, have only recently beenintroduced , or have limited applications.


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WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL(A) SEE OF SINGLE-FILLET WELD

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL(6) SIZE OF EQUAL DOUBLE-FILLET WELDS

114; ,i141L[w8a8WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

(C) SIZE OF UNEQUAL DOUBLE-FILLET WELDSA LEGON> i K,EMBER AWELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL MEMBER BEMBER B i14 x 112(D) SIZE OF UNEQUAL LEG FILLET WELD

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL(E) CONTINUOUS FILLET WELD

WELD SYMBOL(F) LENGTH OF flLLET WELD

Figure 2.3-Examples of Typical Fillet Welds Showingthe CorrespondingSymbolsand DimensionsCOPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,

User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: pleasecall the Document Policy Group at 1-800-451-1584.

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0784265 0533807 T 7 T8/Symbols

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL

r 14

WELD CROSS SECTION(6 ) SYMBOL

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL(D)

WELD CROSS SECTION SYMBOL(E)

yI 3:SYMBOL7tZELD CROSS' SECTION 7 3 3(F)

Figure 2.4-Examples of Typical Groove Welds Showingthe CorrespondingSymbols and DimensionsCOPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,


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NUMBEROFEXAMINATIONSLENGTH OF SECTIONTO BE EXAMINED

EXAMINE IN FIELD

REFERENCE LINESPECIFICATIONOROTHERREFERENCE

EXAMINE-ALL-AROUNDTAIL

EXAMINATION METHODLElTER DESIGNATIONS

Figure 2.Etandard Location of Elements for NDE Symbols

Figure 2.6-Examples of Typical Nondestructive Examination SymbolsCOPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,


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-RING (adip soldenng DSfumaceraldenng FSkiductlaisdderlng ISiMared sddenng IRSirmsoldering INSresistancesddehg RStechnoidenng TSultrB8onic sdderlng U Swave soldaring ws

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aMsion&ding DFWeqibsm welding EXWfwgew M n g mwfm elding FRW

iriciionstir wdding FSWWELDINGAND inenafricwnw&ng m w - ihotpressure welding HFWd i w&ng ROWJOINING -hot isanatw:pr8s8ure ws ing HiPW

direct drive rict!m weiding FRW-DD

PROCESSES u b s m c wading usw

RC W E W N O U)WCS t u d Wd n gabrnk m e n d ingbarememi arcW n gcsrbai wddhig

pascsrbaiarc '&dhgshielded caibai arc weldingh n n c a r b o n m w d d n gelecweaswingfluxmed arc weldinggasmaiaic weldingga5 tungstenarc weidlng

g r s - s h w luxmad an:weldingsen-shieldednmmedEUC w m n gP u W pasmemi arcwddingmOn c f f i d n g gas m& arc weldingpulsedgasbingstenc W M n gmagn&caiiy impelled c weldingplasmaarc weldingshielded metal arcwddirmsubmqai arc weldingswies submergedarc welding

swAHWBMAWCAWC A W 4CAW-sCAW-TEGWFCAWF CA WGFCAWWSGMAWGMAW-PGMAW-SGTAWGTAW-PMIAWPAWSMAWSAWS A W S

I ' /E ! w u amMoa brazingdiliuskx brazingd e braringauniwrrnicbrazingfunacebrazingi brazingihirared brazingresistance brazingtwchbrazingtwin caibai rcbrazing

Figure 2.7-Master Chart of Welding, Allied Processes,and Thermal Cutting


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Figure 2.7 (Continued)-Master Chart of Welding,Aied hoc-, and Thermai Cutting

COPYRIGHT 2003; American Welding Society, Inc. Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./5924979112,User=, 10/29/2003 22:55:01 MST Questions or comments about this message: please

call the Document Policy Group at 1 800 451 1584

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CH 02 Symbols

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