Ch 001 Smart Ant Introd.pdf
Transcript of Ch 001 Smart Ant Introd.pdf
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7/21/2019 Ch 001 Smart Ant Introd.pdf
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UNIVERSITTKARLSRUHE (TH)
Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
by Werner Wiesbeck
Introduction to Smart Antennas
forBase Stations
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UNIVERSITTKARLSRUHE (TH)
Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 2 IHE UKA
Survey Smart Antennas
Subject pagesCh. 01 Smart Ant. Introd.ppt 20Ch. 02 Smart Ant. Feed Netw.ppt 26
Ch. 03.1 Lin. Ant. Arrays.ppt 27
Ch. 03.2 Cylindrical Arrays.ppt 28
Ch. 04 Diversity.ppt 27Ch. 04 Diversity Text
Ch. 05 SDMA, Pat. Synt.ppt 17
CH. 06 MIMO Literature
Ch. 06.1 MIMO CW.ppt 44
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Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 3 IHE UKA
Smart Antennas, a Contribution?
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Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 4 IHE UKA
Outline
The problem
The idea
Antennaslcircular arrays
lbi-conical antennalultra wide band antennas
Smart antenna systemslDiversity
lSFIR (spatial filtering for interference reduction)
lSDMA (space division multiple access)
lMIMO (multiple In-multiple Out)
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Smart Antennas: Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA)
- directive beam
- users in different angularpositions can be servedin the same traffic channel
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 6 IHE UKA
SDMA with Conformal Antennas
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Smart Antennas: Spatial Filtering for InterferenceReduction (SFIR)
-directive beam
-different traffic
-channels for every user
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Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 8 IHE UKA
Indoor-Applications
1
3
1
2
2
9
31
84
8
238
280
28
80
8 80
5 8
6 8
680
80
580
28
28
8 8 0 6 8 0
6
80
101
1 01
1 01
1 01
1 01
1 01
Bay AreaLocations
MapArt
RT E I F T A R EF r I nf rm t i n Pl l l
1- - 4-42 1; - 7-1 114 H ur FAX: - 7- 724
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
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Smart Antennas: Spatial Filter Interference Reduction(SFIR) Jammer Suppression
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 10 IHE UKA
Smart Antennas: Transmitter Follow Up
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
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Adaptive Arrays for Smart Antennas
BeamformingNetwork
Beamforming
Control
Informationin the signal
Externalinformation
InformationProcessing
BeamformingAlgorithm
Signal
Weights
HardwareControl
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ADC1
2ADC
N ADC
Analoge and Digital Beam-Forming
Analoge Beam-Forming
Digital Beam-Forming
phase shifter
beam-forming network
additional noise
loss of information
adaptive filter (AF)
simultaneous beams
SNR retained
no loss of informationy qi( )
wN
i
w2
i
w1
i
j
Nw
w2
j
w1
j
y qj( )
y qj( )
memory
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
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Beam-forming with Conformal Antenna Arrays
Advantages of cylindrical arrays:
Increase the angular sector served by a single array
Gain is no function of scan angle
Elevation scanning is possible without a large array in z-direction
Integration in curved surfaces is possible
Why conformal antennas ?
General Cases
Planar
Multi-face Planar Arrays
Conformal Arrays (here: Cylindrical)
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Conformal Antenna Principles
The gain of a conformal array is roughly the same gain as that for the projected planar array
The gain of a conformal array decreases as the directivity of the single element increases
The beam-width of conformal arrays is usually larger than that of the projected planar one
Conformal array analysis and synthesis depends on the elements used in the
array:
isotropic elements (theoretical sources)
azimuth omni-directional elements (usually dipoles)
directive elements
Additionally it depends on the part of the geometry used, like in the cylindrical
case:
m sector arrays
m complete arrays
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Historical Background of Planar and Conformal Antennas
1994993992991990989988987986985
Conformal
Antennas
Multilayered Aperture
Coupled Antennas
Single Layered Aperture
Coupled Antennas
Single Layered Patch Antennas
Microstrip Technology
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Optimization Principles for Beam-Forming of SmartAntennas
Iterative Least Mean Squares
Adaptive Array Theory (applies Array Kovarianz-Matrix)
Successive Projection (minimal correction of the aperture
distribution)
Genetic Algorithm
Simulated Annealing
......
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
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Omnidirectional Pattern of a16x4 Circular X-BandArray
d
r
1
d = 0 05
0
r
= 2 2
r
1
= 2 8
0
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0
30
12
0
150
18
0
210
240
270
300
330
f / deg
Horizontal plane
calculated measured
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
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Pattern Synthesis for Sector Arrays with DirectionalSingle Elements, Projection Method
Array factor for directive elements:
Simplified (scalar) element pattern:
Projected position on the tangential plane:
Length of the projected array:
FGr = Inn= 0
N-1
fn(q,y) ej kasinqcos(y-nDy)+jn[ ]
fn
(q,y) = f (q,y- nDy)
L =2a sin N2
Dy
yn= a siny
n= a sin n Dy( )
y
y
Cn()=C1(-E)
element pattern
2a
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 19 IHE UKA
- 5 0
- 4 0
- 3 0
- 2 0
- 1 0
0
4.3
Scatteringparameters/dB
4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.3
frequency / GHz
S11
S12
S21
S22
Measured Scattering Parameters of the
8x Element Subarray
Layout of the
Used Antenna Element
Kapton
Rohacell HF 51
Ground PlaneRT/Duroid 5880
Rohacell HF 51
Reflector
8x1 Element Sub-ArrayOffset Slots, Corporate Feed, Sequential Feeding
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
Introduction to Smart Antennas Page 20 IHE UKA
O
180
+90
Magnitude/dB
- 4 5 +45
-135 +135
0
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 40
- 30
-20
- 10
0Co-Pol
X-Pol
O
180
+90
Magnitude/dB
- 45 +45
-135 +135
0
- 10
-20
-30
-40
-30
- 20
-10
0Co-Pol
X-Pol
Vertical Polarization H -Plane) Horizontal Polarization E -Plane)
8x1 Element Sub-ArrayOffset Slots, Corporate Feed, Sequential Feeding
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Institut fr Hchstfrequenztechnikund Elektronik
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Multiple In-Multiple Out (MIMO)
Efficient use of the 4-D communication space:
Spectrum Time Space
MIMO-Channel
transmitter space-time
processing
space-timeprocessing
receiver
Code