CGE hands-on training CGE hands-on training workshop on GHG workshop on GHG

inventoriesinventories

Jan 8-12Jan 8-12

Environmental Management Corp.Environmental Management Corp.

Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea

Dr. Kyoung-sik ChoiDr. Kyoung-sik Choi

ObjectivesObjectives

• Test and analysis for Tier 1 method • Feasibility study of Tier 2 Method• CH4 Emission Coefficient constant by

characteristics of landfill

- Landfill Condition– Climate

• Comparison between Tier 1 and Tier 2 • Developing of reliable emission method by Tier

2 method

Apply IPCC Default value

UnderestimateEmission

IPCC MethodMeasurement of Emission

Reliability Problems

Measurement &Development of Reliability

Developing Status

IPCC Good Practice

How?

[Initial Status]

[MOE Proposal]

Developing status

Emission Patterns in Landfill

ExtractionWell

SurfaceDiffusion

Time

Emission Rate

Crack orWeak Point

A B

CH4 Emission rate in landfill vs Time

IPCC Good Practice GuidanceIPCC Good Practice Guidance

Default Method : Tier 1Default Method : Tier 1

• AssumptionAssumption– MSW landfilled in a year would be converted MSW landfilled in a year would be converted comcom

pletelypletely into CH into CH44 which would be emitted from the l which would be emitted from the l

andfill in the same yearandfill in the same year

• Limitation to applicationLimitation to application– Only applicable for landfills demonstrating constaOnly applicable for landfills demonstrating consta

nt quality and quantity of MSW with respect to timnt quality and quantity of MSW with respect to timee

• Default MethodDefault Method

CHCH44 = (MSW = (MSWTT x MSW x MSWFF x L x L00–R) x (1-OX)–R) x (1-OX)

MSWT = Total MSW generated (Gg/yr)

MSWF = Fraction of MSW disposed at Landfills

L0 = Methane generation potential (Gg CH4/Gg waste)

L0 = MCFⅹDOCⅹDOCFⅹFⅹ16/12

MCF = Methane Correction Factor (fraction)

DOC = Degradable organic carbon (fraction)

DOCF = Fraction DOC dissimilated

F = Fraction by volume of CH4 in landfill gas

R = Recovered CH4 (Gg/year)

OX = Oxidation factor (fraction)

• Tier 2 : FOD MethodTier 2 : FOD Method

AssumptionAssumption• Assumption total landfill sites as a similar type Assumption total landfill sites as a similar type

landfilllandfill• Annual waste amount is a certain level during landfill Annual waste amount is a certain level during landfill

periodsperiods

ApplicationApplication• To record disposal activity data in the landfill To record disposal activity data in the landfill

QCH4(CH4Emission : ton/yr) = k × L0 × M0

MCH4 (CH4Emission : ton) =M0× L0 × {exp(-kc)-exp(-kt)}

QuestionsQuestions

• GHG emission calculation correct?GHG emission calculation correct?

• Degree of the exact data necessary?Degree of the exact data necessary?

• Different from existing research?Different from existing research?

Decision TreeAre

waste disposal activity

data obtainable for thecurrent inventory

year?

YESAre

wastedisposal activitydata availablefor previous

years?

Estimate CH4 emissions using

the First Order Decay

(FOD) method

YES

Use IPCC default values, per

capita or other methods to estimate

activity data

Estimate CH4

emissions usingthe IPCC default

methodNO

Is this a key source

category(Note 1)?

NO

Obtain or estimate data on historical changes

in solid waste disposal

YES

NO

Selection of Emission Selection of Emission MethodMethod

<Tier 1 or Tier 2><Tier 1 or Tier 2>

Tier 1

available data for disposal activity in the landfill?

Key parameter for Tier 1 Method(1) Total MSW (2) DOC (3) DOCF (4) MCF

(5) R (6) OX

CH4 Emission(ton/yr) = (MSWT x MSWF x MCF x DOC x DOCF x F x 16/12 –R) x (1-OX)

Credibility diagnosis of variable Credibility diagnosis of variable on landfill areaon landfill area

• Landfill quantity(MSWLandfill quantity(MSWTT x MSW x MSWFF))– National statistics data “national waste generation and National statistics data “national waste generation and

treatment status”treatment status”• DOC(organic carbon)DOC(organic carbon)

– Carbon content of organic wasteCarbon content of organic waste 96 national waste statistics investigation, developed nations 96 national waste statistics investigation, developed nations

datadata

– Development of estimation equation for domestic conditionsDevelopment of estimation equation for domestic conditions

DOC(%) = 0.114 x FW + 0.320 x PA + 0.366 x WO + 0.571 x RU + 0.061 x SL + 0.114 x AN + 0.285 x OT

Uncertainty and possibility of error Accuracy of carbon content accordingto waste characteristic

Use of existing document data

• DOCDOCFF(fraction DOC dissimilated)(fraction DOC dissimilated)– IPCC Good Practice basic value : 0.5~0.6 IPCC Good Practice basic value : 0.5~0.6

• Average value : 0.55 selectionAverage value : 0.55 selection

– Comparison of domestic and international data Comparison of domestic and international data • Dong-a Construction(1997) : domestic waste -> 0.596Dong-a Construction(1997) : domestic waste -> 0.596• USA EPAUSA EPA : domestic waste -> 0.584 : domestic waste -> 0.584

Uncertainty and possibility of error

DOCF data on sludge, animal and plant waste and other combustibes

Use of existing document dataDecide by basic experiment

• MCF(Methane correction factor)MCF(Methane correction factor)– IPCC basic value IPCC basic value

• Sanitary landfill : 1.0Sanitary landfill : 1.0• Non-sanitary landfill : 0.4~0.8Non-sanitary landfill : 0.4~0.8

– Select 1.0 by MCFSelect 1.0 by MCF• Foundation : present landfill in progress is Foundation : present landfill in progress is

sanitary landfillsanitary landfill

Uncertainty and possibility of error

Non-sanitary landfill that has

finished landfill

Investigation of non-sanitarylandfill’s role in the perspective of generation quantity

• R(recovery ratio of CH4)R(recovery ratio of CH4)Status of landfill LFG recovery useStatus of landfill LFG recovery use

Uncertainty and possibility of error

•In cases of flaring, exact estimation of CH4 oxidation

quantity is difficult

•Difficult to ensure national statistics dataNecessity of systematic data collection

OX(oxidation factor) Sanitary landfill : 0.1 Select 0.1 by regarding domestic landfill as sanitary landfill

Uncertainty and possibility of error Difficult to estimate exact OX on-site

Variable value decided at current Variable value decided at current research studiesresearch studies

variable IPCC USA MOE Current Research (2000) (2000)

MCF 0.6~1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

DOC(%) estimation equation 18~21 8.2 development of indigenous equation

DOCF 0.5~0.6 0.77 0.77 0.55

F 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

R(%) each landfill each landfill 13 13

OX 0.0~0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

Estimation equation of CH4 Estimation equation of CH4 generation quantitygeneration quantity

CH4 total emission quantity(ton/yr) = 0.3667 x DOC x MSWL

CH4 original emission quantity(ton/yr) = 0.319 x DOC x MSWL

<comparison of 1997 results>IPCC : 712,619 ton CH4

MOE(2000) : 987,384 ton CH4

Current research result : 637,934 ton CH4

Change of landfill GHG estimation Change of landfill GHG estimation equationequation

Tier 1 Tier 2Tier 1 Tier 2

• PreconditionPrecondition– Investigation on landfill record of national landfill Investigation on landfill record of national landfill

sitesite• Investigation item : landfill quantity, landfill waste, Investigation item : landfill quantity, landfill waste,

landfill periodlandfill period

• Expected problemsExpected problems– Estimation of disposal activity data on non-Estimation of disposal activity data on non-

sanitary landfillsanitary landfill– Insufficient investigation on plant waste landfillInsufficient investigation on plant waste landfill

Flow diagram of CH4 generation quantity of Flow diagram of CH4 generation quantity of domestic landfill by Tier 2domestic landfill by Tier 2

Classify national landfill according to landfill characteristic

Decide CH4 generation rate constant according to landfill characteristic

Decide landfill quantity, landfill year and CH4 generation rate constant

In cases of regarding national landfill as singular landfill

Estimation of CH4 generation quantity of specific year

Decision Method of for CH4 Decision Method of for CH4 emissionemission

CH4 generation dynamic equation

)}exp(){exp(04

ktkcMLQ tCH

DevelopedMethod e

itkt

iiCH MkLQ

)1(

10,0

4

swCH MLkdt

dM 0

4

IPCC Method

N

i

itkitktCH eeLMQ

ii

1

))1(())((00)( )(

)()(4

Developed Fortran Codes

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 10 20 30 40

year passed(year)

TC

E

<Fortran result> Ulsan Sung-am landfill

Decision of main variable of Tier 2 :Decision of main variable of Tier 2 :CH4 emission factor and CH4 generation rate constantCH4 emission factor and CH4 generation rate constant

LandfillLandfill

CH4 emission factor(LCH4 emission factor(L00))

(ton-TCE/ton-Waste)(ton-TCE/ton-Waste)

CH4 emission velocity constantCH4 emission velocity constant

(k : yr(k : yr-1-1))NoteNote

1 time1 time 2 times2 times AverageAverage 1 time1 time 2 times2 times AverageAverage

Ulsan city, SunUlsan city, Sung-am Dongg-am Dong 0.33540.3354 0.32530.3253 0.33040.3304 0.07040.0704 0.03100.0310 0.05070.0507

Kyong-gi proviKyong-gi province, Yong-in cnce, Yong-in c

ityity0.39850.3985 0.30380.3038 0.35120.3512 0.02780.0278 0.02720.0272 0.02750.0275

Choong-nam Choong-nam province, Bo-rprovince, Bo-r

yung cityyung city0.11880.1188 0.072680.07268 0.095740.09574 0.04310.0431 0.04160.0416 0.04240.0424

Choong-book Choong-book province, Jae-province, Jae-

chun citychun city0.10150.1015 0.095550.09555 0.098520.09852

Insufficient Insufficient landfill landfill record datarecord data

Choong-nam Choong-nam province, Chuprovince, Chu

n-an cityn-an city0.33960.3396 0.28040.2804 0.31000.3100 0.06320.0632 0.07310.0731 0.06820.0682

CH4 emission quantity for each landfill by Tier 1CH4 emission quantity for each landfill by Tier 1

LandfillLandfillLandfill quantity and Landfill quantity and

average during average during investigation periodinvestigation period

Total GHG Total GHG emission quantity emission quantity

during during investigation investigation period(TCE)period(TCE)

Average GHG Average GHG emission quantity emission quantity

during investigation during investigation period(TCE)period(TCE)

GHG emission GHG emission quantity for year quantity for year

2001(TCE)2001(TCE)

Ulsan city, SunUlsan city, Sung-am Dongg-am Dong

1,605,966ton(6 1,605,966ton(6 years)years)

Average : 267,661 Average : 267,661 tonton

489,578 ton489,578 ton 81,597 ton81,597 ton 40,574 ton40,574 ton

Kyong-gi provinKyong-gi province, Yong-in cityce, Yong-in city

308,628 ton(6 years)308,628 ton(6 years)

Average : 51,438 Average : 51,438 tonton

96,167 ton96,167 ton 16,028 ton16,028 ton 10,578 ton10,578 ton

Choong-nam prChoong-nam province, Bo-ryunovince, Bo-ryun

g cityg city

73,073 ton(3 years)73,073 ton(3 years)

Average : 24,358 Average : 24,358 tonton

6,343 ton6,343 ton 2,114 ton2,114 ton 1,942 ton1,942 ton

Choong-book prChoong-book province, Jae-chuovince, Jae-chu

n cityn city

147,167 ton(4 years)147,167 ton(4 years)

Average : 36,792 Average : 36,792 tonton

13,055 ton13,055 ton 3,264 ton3,264 ton 3,292 ton3,292 ton

Choong-nam prChoong-nam province, Chun-aovince, Chun-a

n cityn city

336, 404 ton(6 336, 404 ton(6 years)years)

Average : 56,067 Average : 56,067 tonton

90,191 ton90,191 ton 15,032 ton15,032 ton 7,296 ton7,296 ton

Comparison between Tier 1 & Tier Comparison between Tier 1 & Tier 2 method Results2 method Results

(Yongin Landfill) (Yongin Landfill)

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

TCE(

ton/

yr)

Tier 1 Result

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Year

TCE(

ton/

yr)

Tier 2 Result

ConclusionConclusion

• Introduction and development of improved CH4 Introduction and development of improved CH4 estimation equation and finalization of CH4 geneestimation equation and finalization of CH4 generation rate constant decision methodration rate constant decision method– IPCC applies yearly average landfill quantityIPCC applies yearly average landfill quantity

• In cases of severe changes in yearly landfill quantity, creIn cases of severe changes in yearly landfill quantity, credibility of emission estimation results decreasedibility of emission estimation results decrease

• CH4 emission quantity estimated during landfill hCH4 emission quantity estimated during landfill had Tier 1 with results much higher than Tier 2 read Tier 1 with results much higher than Tier 2 resultssults– Due to the hypothesis that Tier 1 emits landfill waDue to the hypothesis that Tier 1 emits landfill wa

ste at the same time as it is landfilledste at the same time as it is landfilled

• Precondition to estimate Tier 2 Precondition to estimate Tier 2 – Collection of landfill record informationCollection of landfill record information– Classification according to national landfill Classification according to national landfill

characteristicscharacteristics• Landfill waste, landfill method, landfill period and date, Landfill waste, landfill method, landfill period and date,

landfill quantity, climatelandfill quantity, climate

• It is assumed that CH4 emission estimation by It is assumed that CH4 emission estimation by Tier 2 is possible within 1~2 years in the near Tier 2 is possible within 1~2 years in the near futurefuture

• Unsatisfactory management of statistics data Unsatisfactory management of statistics data on landfill quantity and characteristicson landfill quantity and characteristics– Due to inconsistency, data follow-up and CH4 Due to inconsistency, data follow-up and CH4

emission quantity estimation is difficultemission quantity estimation is difficult– Necessary to develop guide on landfill waste Necessary to develop guide on landfill waste

managementmanagement